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'Louis Dumont' (1911–1998), was a French anthropologist, associate professor at Oxford University during the 1950s, and director at the ''École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales'' (EHESS) in Paris. A specialist on the cultures and societies of India, Dumont also studied western social philosophy and ideologies. His works include ''Homo Hierarchicus: Essai sur le système des castes'' (1966), ''From Mandeville to Marx: The Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology'' (1977) and ''Essais sur l'individualisme: Une perspective anthropologique sur l'idéologie moderne'' (1983), in which he contrasts holism with individualism. His studies on Indian society paved the way for the development of culturological approach to the study to Indian society. The culturological approach identifies itself close to the indological approach.

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★ Alliance theory