LOUIS, DAUPHIN OF FRANCE (1682-1712)

'Louis, Dauphin of France and Duke of Burgundy' (August 16, 1682 - February 18, 1712) was the son of Louis, ''le Grand Dauphin'', and Maria Anna of Bavaria. He is sometimes, inaccurately, known as ''Le Petit Dauphin''.
His paternal grandparents were Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Adelaide Henriette of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.
Born in Versailles, he was second in the line of succession to the throne of his paternal grandfather, Louis XIV. He was styled as ''Duke of Burgundy'' from birth. After his father's death in 1711, Louis succeeded him as heir (Dauphin) to the throne of France. However, both he and his wife Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy contracted an illness and died within six days of one another in early 1712. Their eldest surviving son Louis, Duke of Brittany, succeeded to the title of ''Dauphin'' but succumbed to the same illness. Their youngest son, the Duke of Anjou, then only two years old, survived to become King Louis XV of France in 1715.

Contents

Political role

Marriage and children

Political role

A wicked and arrogant young prince who respected no one, the Duke of Burgundy was turned after much effort into a very pious and religious man by his tutor Fénelon (the famous archbishop of Cambrai). As early as 1702, the 20-year-old duke of Burgundy was admitted by his grandfather Louis XIV in the High Council (''Conseil d'en haut''), in charge of secrets of State regarding religion, diplomacy, and war.
The duc de Bourgogne was influenced by the devout party (see ''dévots''), and he was surrounded by a circle of people, known as the faction of Bourgogne, most notably made up of his old tutor Fénélon, his old governor the duc de Beauvilliers, the duc de Chevreuse (son-in-law of Colbert), and the duc de Saint-Simon (author of famous historical memoirs). These high ranking aristocrats were reformists advocating a return to a less absolute monarchy with councils and intermediary organs of powers (between the king and the people) made up of aristocrats (as opposed to commoners from the bourgeoisie who were appointed by Louis XIV) which would assist the king in the exercise of government power. There was the utopian ideal of a monarchy controlled by the aristocracy (seen as the representation of the people) and non-centralized (with vast powers granted to the provinces), which the duke of Burgundy would probably have applied had he become king.
The premature death of the duc de Bourgogne ruined the hopes of his faction, and most of the men surrounding him died soon afterwards of natural death. However, the Regency (Régence) that started in 1715 put into practice some of their ideas, with the creation of the so-called polysynody, which was soon abandoned in 1718 with a return to the Louis XIV style of absolute monarchy.

Marriage and children

★ On December 7, 1697 he was married to Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy (1685-1712). She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and his first wife Anne Marie of Orléans. Her maternal grandparents were Philippe I, duc d'Orléans and Henrietta Anne Stuart. They had three children:

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★ Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704-1705)

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★ Louis, Dauphin of France (1707-1712)

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★ Louis XV (1710-1774)