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While determining the 'world's tallest structure' has generally been straightforward, the definition of the 'world's tallest building' or the 'world's tallest tower' is less clear. The disputes generally center on what should be counted as a ''building'' or a ''tower'', and what is being measured.
In terms of absolute height, the tallest structures are currently the dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:

★ whether structures under construction should be included in the list

★ whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.
For towers, there is debate over:

★ whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted
For buildings, there is debate over:

★ whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.

★ whether only habitable height is considered.

★ whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.
These debates will likely lose some relevance during 2008-2009, as buildings currently under construction in Dubai (Burj Dubai and a competitor, Al Burj) are planned to exceed all other existing structures in height, including guyed TV towers.

Contents

Tallest structures

Tallest structure by category

Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures

Tallest building by function

Tallest buildings

History of record holders in each CTBUH category

World's tallest freestanding structure on land

History

Timeline of world's tallest chimney

Timeline of guyed structures on land

Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings

Future record-breaking structures

Under construction

Proposed

Never-built record-breaking structures

References

External links

Tallest structures

The tallest standing structure is the KVLY-TV mast 30 miles north of Fargo, North Dakota United States, at . It is a transmission antenna, consisting of a bare metal structure supported by guy-wires.
Transmission antennas of this type are not usually included with the world's tallest buildings because they are not self-supporting. The issue is further complicated if all manmade habitable structures are considered. Under that criterion it is possible to claim 'tallest structure' records for deep mine-shafts, or the Mohole drilling rig, which can be several miles (8-10 km) in vertical length.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, stands at , and has been the world's tallest freestanding structure since 1976. It has the world's highest public observation deck at .
The Petronius Platform stands , leading some to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, as this oil and natural gas platform is partially supported by wires, critics argue that it is not freestanding, and the below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground 'height' is not taken into account in buildings.
The Troll A platform is , without any part of that height being supported by wires.
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in three out the four main categories that are commonly measured: at as measured to its architectural height as well as roof height and highest occupied floor . The Sears Tower is highest in the last category: the highest current height to the top of antenna of any building in the world at .
However, the Burj Dubai, which is scheduled for completion in 2008 or 2009, will break all existing records, being taller than any building in all four categories by a wide margin. While the final height has not been released to the public, the developers state that the building will be at least . The 'Symbol of Dubai', will have more than 160 floors, 56 elevators, apartments, shops, swimming pools, spas, corporate suites, and will be tall. With the spire included, the final height could be more than , but Emaar, the developer, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed buildings, including the nearby Al Burj. ^[1] As of September 3 2007, the tower's developers reported the Burj Dubai's height to be , with 148 completed floors^[2], surpassing Taipei 101 as the tallest high-rise building in the world.

Tallest structure by category

Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measurement includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.

Category	Structure	Country	City	Height (m)	Height (ft)
TV Mast	KVLY-TV mast		Fargo, North Dakota	628.8	2,063
Tower	CN Tower		Toronto, Ontario	553.3	1,815
Skyscraper (under construction) - all categories	Burj Dubai		Dubai	545.7	1,790
Skyscraper (completed only) - to top of antenna	Sears Tower		Chicago	527.3	1,730
Skyscraper (completed only) - to top of spire	Taipei 101	Republic of China(Taiwan)	Taipei	509.2	1,671
Skyscraper (completed only) - to architectural top	Taipei 101	Republic of China(Taiwan)	Taipei	509.2	1,671
Research tower	BREN-Tower		NTS (Jackass Flats, Nevada)	465	1,525
Twin Towers	Petronas Twin Towers		Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	452	1,482
Skyscraper (completed only) - to building roof	Taipei 101	Republic of China(Taiwan)	Taipei	449.2	1,474
Skyscraper (completed only) - to highest occupied floor	Taipei 101	Republic of China(Taiwan)	Taipei	439.2	1,441
Chimney	GRES-2 Power Station		Ekibastusz	419.7	1,377
Lattice tower	Kiev TV Tower		Kiev	385	1,263
Partially guyed tower	Gerbrandy Tower		IJsselstein	366.8	1,203
Electricity Pylon	Yangtze River Crossing		Jiangyin	346.5	1,137
Bridge pillar	Millau Viaduct		Millau	342	1,122
Freestanding Steel Tower	Tokyo Tower		Minato-ku, Tokyo	332.6	1,091
Iron Tower	Eiffel Tower		Paris	324	1,063
Residential building	Q1		Surfers Paradise	323	1059
Hotel	Burj al-Arab		Dubai	321	1,053
Five-sided building	JPMorgan Chase Tower		Houston	305	1,002
Dam	Nurek Dam		Nurek	300	984[3]
Concrete dam	Grande Dixence Dam		Val d'Hérens	285	935
Bridge pillar	Storebæltsbroen		Korsør	254
Minaret	Hassan II Mosque		Casablanca	210	689
Wind turbine	Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow		Laasow, Brandenburg	205	673
Cooling Tower	Niederaussem Power Station		Niederaussem	200	656
Monument	Gateway Arch		St. Louis, Missouri	192	630
Inclined structure Stadium	Le Stade Olympique		Montreal, Quebec	175	574
Masonry tower	San Jacinto Monument		La Porte, Texas	174	570
Church Building	Chicago Temple Building		Chicago	173	568
Obelisk	Washington Monument		Washington, D.C.	169.3	555.5
Masonry building	Philadelphia City Hall		Philadelphia	167	548
Observation wheel	The Star of Nanchang		Nanchang	162	531
Church tower	Ulm Cathedral		Ulm	161	528
Industrial hall	Vehicle Assembly Building		Kennedy Space Center	160	525
Steel Tower	Blackpool Tower		Blackpool	158	518
Memorial cross	Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos		El Escorial	152.4	500
Tomb	Great Pyramid of Giza		Giza, Cairo	138.8 originally 146.6	455.2 480.9
Air traffic control tower	Suvarnabhumi Airport Control Tower		Bangkok, Thailand	132.2	433.7
Roller coaster	Kingda Ka		Jackson, New Jersey	138.98	456
Flagpole, free-standing	Aqaba Flagpole		Aqaba	132	430
Concrete Tower	Pirelli Tower		Milan	127.1	417
Equilateral Pentagon	Baltimore World Trade Center		Baltimore	123.5	405
Statue (w/ pedestal)	Ushiku Daibutsu Bronze Buddha Statue		Ushiku	120	416
Storage silo	Henninger Turm		Frankfurt	120	394
Sculpture	Spire of Dublin		Dublin	120	393
Light advertisement	Bayer Cross Leverkusen		Leverkusen	118	387
Wooden structure	Gliwice Radio Tower		Gliwice	118	387
Aerial tramway support tower	Pillar of third section of Gletscherbahn Kaprun		Kaprun	113.6	373
Flagpole, of regularly hoisted flag	Mastro da Praça dos Três Poderes		Brasília	100	328
Clock Tower	Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster		London	96.3	316
Pre-modern Chinese pagoda	Liaodi Pagoda		Ding County, Hebei	84	275
Lantern Tower	Boston Stump		Boston, Lincolnshire	83.05	272
Statue (w/o pedestal)	Mamayev Kurgan		Volgograd	82	269
Brick minaret	Qutub Minar		Delhi	72.5	237.8
Monolithic obelisk	Tuthmosis II Obelisk		San Giovanni in Laterano	36	118.1

Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures

There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type.

Category	Structure	Country	City	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Remarks
Supported structure	Warsaw Radio Mast		Gąbin	646.38	2,121	completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8th, 1991
Twin Towers	World Trade Center		New York	526.3	1,727 (antenna)	completed in 1972, destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks
Wooden structure	Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower		Mühlacker	190	623	completed in 1934, demolished on April 6th, 1945
Masonry building	Mole Antonelliana		Torino	167.5	549.5	spire destroyed by hurricane in 1953
Pre-Industrial Era building	Lincoln Cathedral		Lincoln	160	524	completed in 1311, spire blown off in 1549

Tallest building by function

Category	Structure	Country	City	Architectural top
				m	ft
Mixed Use ★	Burj Dubai ★ ★		Dubai	545.7 (of est. 818)	1,790 (of est. 2,684)
Mixed Use ★ (completed only)	John Hancock Center		Chicago	344	1,127
Office	Taipei 101	Taiwan	Taipei	509	1,671
Residential	Q1		Gold Coast, Queensland	322.5	1,059
Hotel	Rose Tower		Dubai	333	1,093
Hotel (completed only)	Burj al-Arab		Dubai	321	1,053
Educational	Moscow State University		Moscow	240	787
Hospital	Guy's Hospital		London, England	143	468
Library	W. E. B. DuBois Library		Amherst, Massachusetts	116	381
Cinema	Cineworld, Renfrew Street		Glasgow, Scotland	61.8	203

★ Mixed Use is defined as having both residential and office space.

★
★ As Burj Dubai is still under construction and not yet inhabitable, it currently does not serve a specific function. Upon completion, it will serve as a mixed use building.

Tallest buildings

Up until 1998 the tallest building status was essentially uncontested. Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout, and with antennas excluded, the Sears Tower in Chicago was considered the tallest. When the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were built, controversy arose because the spire extended nine meters higher than the roof of the Sears Tower. Excluding the spire, the Petronas Towers are not taller than the Sears Tower. At their convention in Chicago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) reduced the Sears Tower from world's tallest and pronounced it not second tallest, but third, and pronounced Petronas as world's tallest. This action caused a considerable amount of controversy, so CTBUH defined four categories in which the world's tallest building can be measured:
# Height to the structural or architectural top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles)
# Height to the highest occupied floor
# Height to the top of the roof
# Height to the top of antenna
The height is measured from the pavement level of the main entrance. At the time, the Sears Tower held first place in the second and third categories. Petronas held the first category, and the original World Trade Towers held the fourth. Within months, however, a new antenna was placed on the Sears Tower, giving it hold of the fourth category.
On April 20, 2004, the Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was completed. Its completion gave it the world record for the first three categories. On July 212007 it was announced that the Burj Dubai had surpassed Taipei 101 in height, reaching 512 m (1,680 feet) tall. However Burj Dubai is still under construction.
Today, Taipei 101 leads in the first category with 509 m (1,671 feet); in the second category with an occupied floor at 439 m (1,441 feet); and in the third category with 449 m (1,474 feet). The first category was formerly held by the Petronas Twin Towers with 452 m (1,483 feet), and before that by Sears Tower with 442 m (1,451 feet). The second and third categories were held by the Sears Tower, with 412 m (1,351 feet) and 442 m (1,451 feet) respectively.
The Sears Tower still leads in the fourth category with 527 m (1,729 feet), previously held by the World Trade Center until the extension of the Chicago tower's western broadcast antenna in 2000, over a year prior to the Trade Center's destruction in 2001. Its antenna included, 1 World Trade Center measured 526 m (1,727 feet). The World Trade Center became the world's tallest buildings to be destroyed or demolished; indeed, its site entered the record books twice on September 11, 2001, in that category, replacing the Singer Building, which once stood a block from the WTC site.
The Ostankino Tower and the CN Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not "habitable buildings", which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout.

History of record holders in each CTBUH category

'Date (Event)'	'Architectural top'	'Highest occupied floor'	'Rooftop'	'Antenna'
2008: Burj Dubai est. completion	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai
2003: Taipei 101 completed	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Sears Tower
2000: Sears Tower antenna extension	Petronas Towers	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	Sears Tower
1998: Petronas Towers completed	Petronas Towers	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	World Trade Center
1996: CTBUH defines categories	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	World Trade Center

World's tallest freestanding structure on land

Freestanding structures include observation towers, monuments and other structures not generally considered to be "buildings", but excludes supported structures such as guyed masts and ocean drilling platforms.
''(See also history of tallest skyscrapers.)''
The world's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self-supporting man-made structure that stands above ground. This definition is different from that of world's tallest building or world's tallest structure based on the percent of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self-supporting or supported by exterior cables. Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Visit world's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions.
Since 1976, the tallest freestanding structure on land has been the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, with a height of 553.33 meters (1,815 ft). The Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates will take both this title and that of world's tallest building upon its planned completion in 2009, if it reaches its planned height of over 800 meters (2,625 ft).

History

The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land.

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To
c. 2600 BC	c. 2570 BC	Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Egypt	c. 2600 BC	105	345
c. 2570 BC	c. AD 1300	Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt	c. 2570 BC	146	481	By AD 1439, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (455 ft).
c. 1300	1549	Lincoln Cathedral, England	1092–1311	160	525	The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549. While the reputed height of 525 ft is doubted by A.F. Kendrick,[4] other sources agree on this height.
1549	1625	St. Olav's Church, Tallinn, Estonia	1438–1519	159	522	The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1625 and was rebuilt several times. The current height is 123 m
1625	1874	Strasbourg Cathedral, France	1439	142	469
1874	1876	St. Nikolai, Hamburg, Germany	1846–1874	147	483
1876	1880	Cathédrale Notre Dame, Rouen, France	1202–1876	151	495
1880	1884	Cologne Cathedral, Germany	1248–1880	157	515
1884	1889	Washington Monument, United States	1884	169	555
1889	1930	Eiffel Tower, Paris, France	1889	300	986	The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m.
1930	1931	Chrysler Building, New York, United States	1928–1930	319	1,046
1931	1967	Empire State Building, New York, United States	1930–1931	381	1,250
1967	1975	Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia	1963–1967	537	1,762	Remains the tallest in Europe
1975	2008 (Predicted)	CN Tower, Toronto, Canada	1973–1976	553	1,815	The CN Tower also features the highest public observation deck in the world.

Notable mentions include the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, built in the third century BC, and estimated between 115 to 135 meters (383–440 ft). It was the world's tallest non-pyramidal building for many centuries. Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, which was built in the third century, and was similarly tall at 122 meters (400 ft). These were both the world's tallest or second tallest non-pyramidal buildings for over a thousand years.
The tallest ''secular'' building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena, which is 102 m tall, and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century, and the 97 m tall Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna, also Italy, built between 1109 and 1119.

Timeline of world's tallest chimney

Since the beginning of industrial revolution tall chimneys are built, at the beginning of bricks, latter also of concrete or steel. Although chimneys nver kept the absolute height record, they belong to the tallest free-standing architectural structures and keep often national records ( as tallest free-standing or as tallest structure of a country at all).
In future, things may change, if solar towers, large chimney-like structures are built.
Unfortunately only less information of timeline of world's tallest chimneys are available and so the following table of their development, based on entries of list of chimneys is very thin:

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To
1889	1919	Halsbrücker Esse, Halsbrücke, Germany	1889	140	459
1919	?	Anaconda Smelter Stack, Anaconda, Montana, USA	1919	178.3	585	Tallest chimney built of bricks
1971	1987	Inco Superstack, Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada	1971	380	1247
1987		GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastusz, Kazakhstan	1987	419.7	1410

Timeline of guyed structures on land

As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts and the absolute height record of architectural structures on land is since 1954 kept by them, here is a timeline of world's tallest guyed masts, since the beginning of radio technology.
As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II, the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect. If the 365.25 meter (1,200 ft) tall central tower of NSS Annapolis was already built before 1945, it was the tallest guyed structure between 1945 and 1950.

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To
1913	1920	Central mast of Eilvese transmitter, Eilvese, Germany	1913	250	820	Mast was divided in 145 meters by an insulator, demolished in 1931
1920	1923	Central masts of Nauen Transmitting Station, Nauen, Germany	1920	260	853	2 masts, demolished in 1946
1923	1933	Masts of Ruiselede transmitter, Ruiselede, Belgium	1923	287	942	8 masts, destroyed in 1940
1933	1939	Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary	1933	314	1,031	Blaw-Knox Tower, insulated against ground, destroyed in 1945, afterwards rebuilt
1939	1945	Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster, Herzberg (Elster), Germany	1939	335	1,099	insulated against ground, dismantled in 1945
1945	1948	Blaw-Knox Tower Liblice, Liblice, Czech	1936	280.4	920	Demolished on October 17th, 1972 by explosives. Replaced in 1976 by 2 355 masts.
1948	1949	WIVB-TV Tower, Colden, New York, USA	1948	321.9	1,056
1949	1950	Longwave transmitter Raszyn, Raszyn, Poland	1949	335	1,099	insulated against ground
1950	1954	Forestport Tower, Forestport, New York, USA	1950	371.25	1,218	insulated against ground
1954	1959	Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA	1954	480.5	1,576
1956	1959	KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA	1956	490.7	1,610	Collapsed in 1960
1959	1960	WGME TV Tower, Raymond, Maine, USA	1959	495	1,624
1960	1961	KFVS TV Mast, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA	1960	511.1	1,677
1961	1963	KTAL TV Tower, Vivian, Louisiana, USA	1961	534.3	1,753
1963	1974	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA	1963	628.8	2,063
1974	1991	Warsaw Radio Mast, Gąbin, Poland	1974	646.4	2,121	mast radiator insulated against ground, collapsed in 1991
1991		KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA	1963	628.8	2,063

Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings

''See also: List of tallest buildings in the world, List of tallest structures in the world''

★ The 'structures' list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type. Only the four tallest are listed, as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600-610m (1969-2000 ft).

★ The 'freestanding structures' list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over that do not use guy wires or other external supports.

★ The 'building' list uses architectural height (excluding antennas) and includes only buildings, defined as consisting of habitable floors. Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines. All supertall buildings and higher are listed.

★ Seven buildings appear on the freestanding structures list with higher heights, given the different measurement specifications of the two lists.

★ Collapsed historical structures are not included.

Rank	Name and location	Year completed	Architectural top[5]	Floors
Structures
1	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, United States	1963		–
2	KXJB-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota, United States	1998		–
3	KXTV/KOVR Tower, Walnut Grove, California, United States	2000		–
4	Petronius Platform, Gulf of Mexico	2000		–
Freestanding structures
1	CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada	1976		–
2	Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (currently under construction)	2009	(predicted)	162 (predicted)
3	Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia	1967		–
4	Sears Tower, Chicago, United States	1974		110
5	Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan	2003		101
6	Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1996		–
7	Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998		88
8	Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998		88
9	Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran	2007		–
10	Kuala Lumpur Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1995		–
10	Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1998		88
12	Chimney of GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan	1987		–
13	Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2003		88
13	Tianjin Radio and Television Tower, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China	1991		–
15	Central TV Tower, Bejing, People’s Republic of China	1992		–
Buildings
1	Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (currently under construction)	2009 (predicted)	(predicted)	162 (predicted)
2	Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan	2003		101
3	Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998		88
4	Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998		88
5	Sears Tower, Chicago, United States	1974		110
6	Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1998		88
7	Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2003		88
8	CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China	1997		80
9	Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China	1996		69
10	Empire State Building, New York, United States	1931		102
11	Central Plaza, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1992		78
12	Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1990		70
13	Emirates Office Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2000		54
14	Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan	1997		85
15	Aon Center, Chicago, United States	1973		83
16	The Center, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1998		73
17	John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States	1969		100
18	Rose Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2007		72
19	Shimao International Plaza, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	2006		60
20	Minsheng Bank Building, Wuhan, People's Republic of China	2007		68
21	Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea	1992		105
22	Q1 Tower, Gold Coast City, Australia	2005		78
23	Burj al Arab Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	1999		60
24	Chrysler Building, New York, United States	1930		77
25	Nina Tower I, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2007		80
26	New York Times Building, New York, United States	2007		52
27	Bank of America Plaza, Atlanta, United States	1992		55
28	U.S. Bank Tower, Los Angeles, United States	1989		73
29	Menara Telekom, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	2001		55
30	Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2000		56
31	AT&T Corporate Center, Chicago, United States	1989		60
32	JPMorgan Chase Tower, Houston, United States	1982		75
33	Baiyoke Tower II, Bangkok, Thailand	1997		85
34	Two Prudential Plaza, Chicago, United States	1990		64
35	Kingdom Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	2002		41
36	Aspire Tower, Doha, Qatar	2007		36

Source: Emporis

Future record-breaking structures

Numerous supertall skyscrapers are in various stages of proposal, planning, or construction. Each of these, depending on the order of completion, could become the world's tallest building or structure in at least one category:

Under construction

★ Burj Dubai in Dubai, UAE is expected to be an tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is currently under construction, and as of September, 2007, it is tall, with 148 completed floors. Upon completion (projected for 2009) this will be the tallest manmade structure of any kind in history.

★ The , 150 floor Chicago Spire (formerly Fordham Spire) is currently under construction. If completed, it would surpass the nearby Sears Tower as the tallest tower in North America, and would be the tallest all-residential building in the world. ^[6] Construction began in June 2007, and is expected to be completed in late 2010.

★ The 108 floor (82 for office and occupied space) Freedom Tower of the new World Trade Center began construction in August 2006. ^[7] It is expected to completed in 2010, with an opening in early 2011. If completed, it would stand as the tallest building in New York City. It would also stand as the tallest building in the United States if completed before the Chicago Spire.

★ The tall, 101 floor Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, People's Republic of China has a proposed completion date of 2008. The SWFC had reached its final height in September 2007.

★ The International Commerce Centre in Hong Kong, is scheduled for completion in 2009. As of August, 2007, the construction had reached 77 floors and .

★ The (roof will be at ) Burj al Alam in Dubai, is scheduled for completion in 2010. When completed, it will have 108 stories and have the 5th highest roof in the world.

Proposed

★ Al Burj is a proposed skyscraper, also planned for Dubai, UAE, expected to be approximately tall.

★ The proposed Murjan Tower, designed by Danish firm Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S in Manama, Bahrain is expected to be in height and comprise 200 floors. ^[8]

★ The proposed Mubarak al-Kabir Tower in Madinat al-Hareer (City Of Silk), (Kuwait) is projected to be in height.

★ Noida Tower is proposed for a small metro city in Delhi's NCR region with a target date for completion of 2013.

★ Incheon Tower is a proposal in Korea for a tall building.

★ Sumida Tower has been proposed in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. It is planned to be finished by 2011. ^[9]

★ The Russia Tower, proposed for Moscow, Russia, is expected to be

★ The Port Tower Complex, 593 m (1,947 ft), is a proposed Rs. 20 billion ($330 million (USD)) project being financed by the Karachi Port Trust.^[10] It is projected for completion by 2013.

★ The Jakarta Tower (Menara Jakarta) in Jakarta, Indonesia is projected to be a skyscraper in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta Jakarta, Indonesia. Site preparation began in the 1990s, but construction never began and the project has been on hold since 2003.

Never-built record-breaking structures

★ Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by , but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.

★ During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named '' The Monument to the Third International'', which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of , which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but the time and resource shortages that resulted from the Russian Civil War halted the project.

★ The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before themselves being razed in 1995.

★ The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m) skyscraper in Chicago.

★ Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned tall building in Toronto in 1971.

★ The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be ^[11] tall in 1988.

★ Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998-99 at Solec Kujawski.

★ 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be .

★ Construction was scheduled to begin in 2006 on the now-canceled Strait of Messina Bridge. It would have been the world's largest suspension bridge as well as the tallest, as the proposed height of the two towers, , exceeded the of current record-holder Millau Viaduct in France.

References

1. BBC News, Dubai skyscraper world's tallest
2. Current height as reported at www.burjdubai.com/
3. Highest Dams (World and U.S.)
4. http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/BellsLincoln/BellsLincoln.htm
5. Height for inhabited buildings with floors; does not include TV towers and antennas.
6. http://chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=23109
7. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/04/weekinreview/04ouroussoff.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
8. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=murjantower1-manama-bahrain
9. http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=602
10. http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html
11. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103012

External links

★ Collection of many record holders on Skyscraperpage