LIST OF MASSACRES

Below is a list of incidents that either meet the criteria of resulting in large numbers of deliberate and direct civilian deaths in a single event, or that are commonly labeled as ''massacres'', though they may not be on the same scale.
Generally, the list includes individual events only, but where such an event includes too many individual massacres to list separately (e.g. The Holocaust, Great Purge), the wider event may be listed as well as some of the more prominent individual massacres. Note that the figure for deaths is usually an estimate, and is frequently contested. See the individual article on each massacre for more information. Furthermore, the distinction between genocide and massacres may be difficult and controversial, so this categorization shouldn't be seen as definitive nor authoritative. Please see relevant articles for further information.

Contents

Background key

Ancient and Middle Ages (to 1500)

Modern (from 1500)

1500 to 1799

1800 to 1938

1939 to 1945 - World War II

State-sponsored genocide

Pogroms and religious massacres

Massacres during armed conflicts

State-sponsored or state-condoned massacres during peacetime

Politically motivated non-governmental massacres

Labor conflicts

Criminal and non-political massacres

Footnotes

See also

External links

Background key

Light yellow background	Massacres in which 10,000 or more civilians were intentionally killed.
Dark grey background	Massacres forming part of the Holocaust.[1]
Grey background	Massacres during World War II other than those forming part of the Holocaust.

__TOC__

Ancient and Middle Ages (to 1500)

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary	Claimants
334 BCE	Destruction of Thebes	c.6,000 to 8,000	Greece	Alexander the Great slaughters the population of the city following a revolt. (Subsequently Alexander massacres at least a quarter of a million city dwellers at Sindimana, Gaza and other locations.)
260 BCE	Battle of Changping	400,000	Jincheng, China	The State of Qin defeats the State of Zhao, killing 400,000 Zhao people. The battle becomes a decisive victory in the establishment of the Qin Dynasty.
194 BCE	Hispania Citerior massacres	"multitudes"	Spain	Roman troops under Cato the Elder massacre Hispania Citerior citizens
150 BCE	Lusitanian massacres	c.8,000	Portugal	Roman troops under Galba massacre Lusitani citizens after convincing them to surrender.
71 BCE	Third Servile War	c.6,000	Roman Republic	Surrendering slaves are crucified along the Via Appia
c. 4 BCE	Massacre of the Innocents	c.14,000-64,000	Iudaea province	All boys in the village of Bethlehem are allegedly slaughtered by Herod the Great	,Catholic Encyclopedia: Holy Innocents
36	Pontius Pilate's Massacre of Samaritans		Iudaea province	Pilate murdered Samaritans attempting to "escape the violence of Pilate", considered excessive by Roman standards, action resulted in his recall to Rome	Jewish Antiquities 18.4.2
c. 50	Jerusalem Passover Riot	c.20,000-30,000	Iudaea province	Passover riot in Jerusalem	Jewish Antiquities 20.5.3, Jewish War 2.12.1
c. 55	''Egyptian Prophet'' Massacre	c.30,000	Iudaea province	30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix	Jewish Wars 2.13.5, Jewish Antiquities 20.8.6,
64-68	Nero's persecution after the Great Fire of Rome		Roman Empire	"...a vast multitude, were convicted ... they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights."	Tacitus XV.44
258	Valerian's Massacre		Roman Empire	All Christian bishops, priests, and deacons were executed immediately	Catholic Encyclopedia: Valerian
303-312	Diocletian Persecution	3,000–3,500	Roman Empire	The last, and most severe, episode of persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire	Catholic Encyclopedia: Diocletian
518 or 523	Najran massacre	unknown	Najran (on the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula)	Jewish King Dhu Nuwas orders the forceful conversion of the Christians (mainly Aksumites) in Najran. The Christians are subsequently massacred.	Muir William (Bengal Civil Service). ''Life of Mahomet Volume I''. Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1861. Section 5: Sketch of the Chief Nomad Tribes in the Centre of the Peninsula: Their conversion to Christianity in the 5th century
532	Nika riots	c.30,000	Byzantine Empire	After a sports rivalry turns into a full-scale riot, Emperor Justinian I locks the rioters in the Hippodrome and has them killed.
614	Jerusalem massacres	Unknown	Jerusalem	Persian invaders, aided by local Jews, massacre up to 90,000 Christians.	Conybeare F.C. Antiochus Strategos, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502-517 Horowitz, Elliott. "The Vengeance of the Jews Was Stronger Than Their Avarice": Modern Historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 Jewish Social Studies Volume 4, Number 2
627	Qurayza massacre	600-900	Medina	Slaughter of unarmed male members of the Jewish tribe of Qurayza at the hands of Muslim armed perpetrators following the conclusive victory of the latter in the Battle of the Trench
782	Bloody Verdict of Verden	4,500	Verden, Germany	Massacre of non-Christian Saxons by Charlemagne; The actual scale of the massacre is subject to debate.
1002	St. Brice's Day massacre	unknown	England	Ethelred II orders the slaughter of an unknown number of Danes.
1096	German Crusade	c.10,000	Rhine River	The "People's Crusade" prior to the First Crusade results in the deaths of thousands of Jews living beside or near the river Rhine (see also Emicho).
1098	Siege of Antioch	c.20,000	Antioch, Syria	Almost all Muslim inhabitants are slaughtered after the fall of the city to the Crusaders.
1099	First Crusade/Siege of Jerusalem	c.70,000	Jerusalem	Almost all Muslim and Jewish inhabitants are slaughtered after the fall of the city to the Crusaders.
1190	Clifford's Tower	c.150	York, England	A mob attacks Jewish residents; many commit suicide.
1191	Siege of Acre (Akko)	2,750	Akko	Richard the Lionheart slaughters Muslim and Jewish prisoners taken during the siege.
1209	Albigensian Crusade	20,000 to 100,000	Béziers, France	Crusaders slaughter the Cathars. Other civilian slaughters occur in Toulouse and Saint-Nazaire.
1220	Samarkand massacre	c.75,000	Samarkand, Khwarezm[2]	After the city's surrender, the Mongols under Genghis Khan drive out and slaughter its population. Over 75,000 men, women and children perish.
1221	Herat massacre	600,000	Herat	Genghis Khan's Mongols destroy the city and massacre the population.
1258	Battle of Baghdad	90,000 to  1,000,000	Baghdad	Hulagu Khan's Mongols destroy the city and massacre the population.
1268	Siege of Antioch	40,000	Antioch, Syria	Sultan Baibars' of Egypt attacks, captures and loots the Christian-held city of Antioch. His armies slaughter or enslave every Christian in the city. This marks the end of Antioch's 1500-year history; the city never recovers.
1282	Sicilian Vespers	thousands	Italy	French citizens of Sicily are killed during a revolt.
1289	Siege of Tripoli	c.10,000	Palestine	Muslim conquest of Christian County of Tripoli; virtually the whole population is killed.
1291	Siege of Tyre	10,000	Tyre, Palestine	Baibars' army destroys the city and massacres the population.
1296	Massacre of Berwick	30,000	Berwick, Scotland[3]	As they invade Scotland, forces under the command of Edward I massacre the population of Berwick.
1358	Jacquerie Revolts	8,000	Meaux, France	Peasants are massacred in the aftermath of a revolt.
1348	Black Death Scapegoats	6,000 to 16,000	Germany	Jews are blamed as the cause of the Black Death, leading to their massacre in Mainz (up to 12,000) and Strasbourg (4,000).
1370	Siege of Limoges	3,000	France	Edward, the Black Prince oversaw a cruel siege, which concluded with the massacre of some 3,000 residents according to the chronicler Froissart.	''A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century''. Publisher: Ballantine Books; Reissue edition (July 12, 1987) ISBN-10: 0345349571
1398	Massacre of Delhi	100,000	Delhi, India	Massacre of prisoners under Timur Lenk. (Total deaths from his conquests eventually exceed 20 million.)
1415	Agincourt	c.5,000	Agincourt, France	So that guards may join the fight, Henry V orders the deaths of 5,000 prisoners of war during the Battle of Agincourt.
1453	Constantinople	c.10,000	Byzantine Empire	Following the fall of the city, the Ottoman Turks massacre the Greek Orthodox population for three days .
1480	Sack of Otranto	12,000	Otranto, Italy	the Italian city of Otranto is held by the ottoman empire

Modern (from 1500)

1500 to 1799

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary	Claimants
1571	Enryaku-ji	20,000-30,000	Mount Hiei, Japan	Daimyo Oda Nobunaga burns down the monastery of Enryaku-ji (Enryakuji), at the time a cultural symbol. His target is the disobedient Buddhist Tendai warrior monks.
1572	St. Bartholomew's Day massacre	70,000	France	A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.
1576	Sack of Antwerp	c. 8,000	Belgium	Badly paid Spanish soldiers loot Antwerp.
1622	Indian massacre of 1622	c.347	Virginia, North America	Led by Opechancanough, brother of Powhatan, local Native American tribes attack the Virginia Colony destroying virtually all the settlements save the heavily-fortified Jamestown.
1641	Irish Rebellion of 1641	12,000	Ulster, Ireland	English Protestant planters are killed by dispossessed Irish Catholics.
1648	Khmelnytsky Uprising	tens of thousands	Poland	Jews, Polish nobles and Uniates are killed during a Cossack and peasant uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
1689	Lachine massacre	at least 68	Lachine, New France	Indian warriors burn the small village, kill 24 civilians and take many prisoners, 44 of them are tortured to death. More raids of this kind are to take place later.
1690	Schenectady massacre	at least 60	Schenectady, New York	Unarmed civilians including women and children are massacred by French and Indians [1], [2]
1711	Tuscaroran Attacks	unknown	North Carolina, North America	Members of the Tuscarora tribe kill an unknown number of settlers along the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers in northeastern North Carolina, prompting the abandonment of New Bern and the beginning of the Tuscarora War.
1715	Yamassee Attack	unknown	South Carolina, North America	Assisted by the Spanish, the Yamassee kill several hundred South Carolinian settlers, triggering the Yamassee War.
1768	Massacre of Uman	12,000 - 20,000	Ukraine	Massacre of Poles and Jews in Uman during the Koliyivschyna rebellion.
1778	Cherry Valley massacre	33	Cherry Valley, New York, USA	Iroquois warriors raid a village, killing and scalping civilians.
1782	Gnadenhutten massacre	96	Gnadenhutten, Ohio, USA	Pennsylvanian militia execute Christian Lenape non-combatants, mostly women and children.
1792	September massacres	1,000 to 1,500	Paris, France	The prison population of Paris is killed in a wave of mob violence.
1797	Smyrna massacre (known as the ''Rebellion of Smyrna'')	20,000[4][5]	Smyrna /  Ottoman Empire	Massacre of the Greeks and other Europeans in the city of Smyrna, after a failed revolution against the Turks.

1800 to 1938

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1809	Boyd massacre	66	New Zealand	All but four of 70 passengers on the convict ship Boyd are murdered by Maori on the Whangaroa coast, Northland, after a Maori on board the ship reported being whipped twice for refusing to work. Many of the slain were cooked and eaten.
1821	Massacres in Peloponnese	15,000 [6] [7] [8]	Peloponnese /  Southern Greece	The Turks of Peloponnese, along with the Albanian and Jewish minorities, are exterminated by the Greek rebels in a few weeks of slaughter at the beginning of the Greek War of Independence.
1821	Missolonghi massacre	all but 22 [9]	Missolonghi, Greece	Massacre of Turks are committed by Greek rebels.
1821	Vrachori massacre	500 families[10]	Vrachori, Greece	Massacre of Turks are committed by Greek rebels.
1821	Navarino Massacre	3,000 [11]	Navarino, Greece	Massacre of Turks are committed by Greek rebels.
1821	Siege of Tripoli (1821)	30,000[12]	Tripolis, Greece	Massacre of Turks are committed by Greek rebels.
March 1821	Massacre of Bucharest	10,000[13]	Romania	Massacre of the Orthodox Christians in Bucharest, "even the women and children are not spared"[13]
March 1821	Massacre of Galatz and Yassy	thousands[15] [16]	Greek Orthodox Romania	"Turks of every rank, merchants, and sailors are surprised and massacred in cold blood"[15]
1821	Constantinople massacre	30,000[18]	Constantinople /  Ottoman Empire	As a retaliation for the Greek War of Independence, the Sultan's forces exterminate thousands of Greeks in the capital, including Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V.
1821	Smyrna massacre	10,000[19][20]	Smyrna /  Ottoman Empire	As a retaliation for the Greek War of Independence, the Sultan's forces exterminate thousands of Greeks in Smyrna.
1821	Samothrace massacre	15,000[21]	Samothrace, Greece[22]	The Greek population of the island is wiped out by the Turks.
1821	Cyprus massacre	10,000[23]	Cyprus /  then part of the Ottoman Empire	Massacre of the Greek Cypriots by the Turks.
1822	Chios massacre	c. 42,000 massacred	Chios island, Greece	Reprisals are committed after the Greek Christian population rebels against the Ottoman Empire. An additional 50,000 are enslaved in "The most horrible massacre recorded in modern history"[13]
1824	Kasos massacre	7,000[25]	Chios / Psara islands, Greece	Reprisals are committed after the Greek Christian population rebels against the Ottoman Empire; the island is burnt to the ground.
1824	Psara massacre	17,000[25]	Psara, Greece	Reprisals are committed after the Greek Christian population rebels against the Ottoman Empire; the island is burnt to the ground.
1825	Messolonghi massacre	8,000	Messolonghi, Greece	The Greek population of the city is exterminated after its capture by the Turkish forces.
1831	Salsipuedes genocide	40 to 300	Uruguay	President Fructuoso Rivera oversees the slaughter of Charrua chiefs; the Charruas are subsequently exterminated.
1838	Myall Creek massacre	28	Australia	Aborigines are murdered by white stockmen as revenge for lost cattle.
1838	Haun's Mill massacre	17	Missouri, USA	Mormon men and boys are killed by over 200 militia.
1838	Weenen massacre	c.300	South Africa	Zulus massacre Voortrekker men, women and children.
1840	Maria massacre	26	Coorong, South Australia	All survivors of the shipwrecked brig ''Maria'' were murdered by members of the Ngarrindjeri, resulting in a punative police expedition from Adelaide.
1841	Rufus River massacre	Officially 35+	Australia	Police and volunteers from Adelaide kill a number Maraura people after a two day conflict.
1847	Whitman massacre	17	near Walla Walla, Washington, USA	The Cayuse attack a medical mission established by Marcus Whitman.
1848	Rabacja massacre	unknown	Galicia	Polish peasants massacre nobles.[27]
1852	Bridge Gulch massacre	c.150 to 300	Hayfork, California, USA	A posse from Weaverville attacks an undefended Wintu village.
1853	Gunnison massacre	8	Utah, USA	An exploration party led by John W. Gunnison is massacred by Pahavant Utes.
1857	Mountain Meadows massacre	120	Utah, USA	A wagon train of farming families from Arkansas is killed by Mormon militia.
1864	Sand Creek massacre	c.150	Colorado Territory, USA	United States Cavalry troops attack an undefended Cheyenne/Arapaho village.
1871	La Semaine sanglante	c.20,000 to 50,000	Paris, France	People who took part in the Paris Commune are slaughtered by the French government
1873	Cypress Hills massacre	16 to 23	Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Canada	Assiniboine (Nakoda) people are killed by wolf hunters; one hunter is killed.
1876	Batak massacre	c.5,000	Batak[28]	As part of the reprisals following the April Uprising, bashi-bazouks (Ottoman army irregulars) massacre Bulgarian men, women and children barricaded in Batak's church. More than 7,000 others are massacred throughout Bulgaria.
1890	Beothuk massacres	to extinction	Newfoundland
1895-1897	Hamidian massacres	80,000 to 300,000	Ottoman Empire	On the orders of Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman forces massacre Armenians living in Anatolia.
1897	Crete massacre	55,000[29]	Crete,Greece	Turkish forces massacre Greeks living on Crete after a rebellion.
1903	Kishinev pogrom	45	Chişinău[30]
1904	Herero and Namaqua Genocide	c.65,000	German South West Africa	German colonial troopss attempt to exterminate the Herero and Namaqua peoples, directed by General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha.
1915-1917	Armenian Genocide	c.400,000 to 1.5 million	Ottoman Empire	Forced evacuation and mass killing of Anatolian Armenians during the Young Turks' government.
1915-1918	Assyrian Genocide	c.275,000	Ottoman Empire	The Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia are forcibly relocated and massacred by Ottoman and Kurdish forces.
1916-1919	Pontian Greek Genocide	c.353,000	Ottoman Empire	Massacres of Pontic Greeks by the Young Turks' government.
June 16-17, 1919	Menemen massacre	200-1000	Turkey	Massacre of the Turkish population of Menemen by the Greek Army of occupation.
April 13, 1919	Jallianwallah Bagh or Amritsar massacre	379-1,000+	British India	British troops led by Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fire 1650 rounds of ammunition into a crowd of 20,000. [31]
August, September 1922	Greek scorched earth policy	tens of thousands	Turkey, Western Anatolia	The Greek army systematically burns and destroys Turkish villages after its defeat in the Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922. On its retreat route, the Greek army massacres Turkish inhabitants.
January 1923	Rosewood massacre	26-150	Rosewood, Florida, USA	This African-American town is burned and residents are killed by white mobs.
1923	Kantō massacre	c.2,700 to 6,415	Kantō region, Japan	Korean and Okinawan immigrants, blamed for looting and arson in the wake of the Great Kanto earthquake, are killed by mobs
1925	Marusia massacre	over 500	Antofagasta Region, Chile	Chilean government's response, then headed by Arturo Alessandri, to a strike by the workers of a saltpeter mine, that ended with more than 500 deaths.
1927	Malaita massacre	c. 75	Malaita, Solomon Islands	Kwaio attack on the British Solomon Islands Protectorate authority William R. Bell and deputies, and subsequent punitive expedition
1929	Hebron massacre	c.67	Palestine	An Arab mob wipes out Hebron's old Jewish settlement.
1931-1945	Japanese biological warfare program	3,000 to 200,000[32]	East Asia	An official program of medical experimentation on humans that results in thousands of deaths during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.[33]
1932	''La Matanza''	c.30,000	El Salvador	Having crushed a peasants' rebellion, the military government sanctions the massacre of indigenous peoples.
1933	Simele massacre	c.3,000	Iraq	The first ever massacre conducted by the Iraqi government takes place in the North, targeting Assyrian Christians.
1934	Ranquil massacre	477	Bío-Bío Region, Chile	A massacre of forestry workers made by the Chilean Army in the upper Bio-Bio River in 1934. The worked had previously rebelled and killed the lumbermill administrators they worked for.
1936	Badajoz massacre	1,800-4,000	Spain	On August 14, after taking Badajoz during the Spanish Civil War, Nationalist troops massacred Republican supporters or sympathizers. Many were herded into the town's bull ring and executed.[34]
1936	Jarama Valley massacre	over 1,000	Spain	On November 11, during the Siege of Madrid in the Spanish Civil War, Republican troops took Nationalist prisoners from Madrid and killed them in the Jarama valley, outside the city.[35]
1937-1938	Great Purge	680,000 to 1.3 million	Soviet Union	Stalinist purges aimed at ethnic minorities and perceived dissidents.
1938	Kristallnacht	36 to 200	Germany[36]	The major pre-war anti-Jewish pogrom.

1939 to 1945 - World War II

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1939	Bromberg Bloody Sunday	up to 8,000	Bydgoszcz, Poland	A combination of the 350 to 5,000 ethnic Germans killed during the Polish Defensive War and the subsequent massacre of c.3,000 Polish civilians in reprisal.
1941	Białystok massacre	2,200	Poland	In one of the first massacres of Jews during World War II, the German reserve Police Battalion 309 herds the Jews of Białystok into the city's central synagogue and sets fire to it. Those trying to flee are shot.
	Jedwabne pogrom	380 to 1600	Poland	Jewish residents of Jedwabne and its environs are marched into the center of the village, where they are beaten and killed by a number of their fellow townsmen. Some sources suggest German police and/or military involvement.
	Wąsosz pogrom	400 to 600	Poland	Jewish residents of Wąsosz (Lomza voivodeship)are systematically killed by the Polish police force formed by the Germans after the German invasion. The killings apparently take place without German participation.
	Babi Yar	100,000	Ukraine	In reprisals for acts of sabotage they did not commit, the Jewish population of Kiev is marched in small groups to a ditch at Babi Yar and machine-gunned.
	Ponaren	c.100,000	Lithuania	Jewish and Polish citizens of Vilnius are marched to Ponary Woods and shot by Lithuanian police units (the "Ponary Rifles") are under German supervision. 40,000 are killed in 1941 alone.
	Dnipropetrovsk	12,000	Ukraine	Most of the remaining Jews in the city are marched to a ravine and massacred by ''Einsatzkommando'' 6.
	Odessa massacre	36,000	Ukraine	Mass shootings of the Jews of Odessa.
	Ninth Fort	9,000	Lithuania	Those Jews of Kaunas unable to work – including women and children – are marched to the Ninth Fort and shot. (Over 40,000 Jews will eventually be killed there.)
	Rumbula forest	25,000	Latvia	Over the course of a week, the Jews of Riga are taken to Rumbula forest and shot.
	Simferopol	10,000	Crimea	Mass shooting of Jews. Thereafter, Jews in the region are transported to extermination camps rather than shot.
1941-1945	Ustashi Genocide	~600,000	Independent State of Croatia (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)	Pro-Nazi Ustaša movement conducts a wide-scale planned extermination of Serbs, Jews, Roms and political opponents. Most notably at Jasenovac concentration camp.
1942	Lidice massacre	435	Lidice, Czechoslovakia	German SS soldiers annihilate the whole village.
1942	South Bačka massacre	3,809	Serbia	Mass executions of Serb, Jewish and Roma civilians are carried out by Hungarian fascist troops.
1942-1944	Warsaw Concentration Camp	200,000	Warsaw, Poland	Poles are systematically shot or gassed in provisional gas chambers by German Nazis.
1943	Changjiao massacre	more than 30,000	Hunan	Mass killing of Chinese civilians and mass rape of women.
1943	Pinsk	16,000	Belarus	Mass executions of Jews.
1944-1945	Chameria issue	c.2,000	Chameria[37]	Greek royalist militias battle Pro-German Muslims during the liberation from the Nazi German occupation. Over 25,000 Muslims flee to Albania.
1944	Bačka killings	c.20,000-34,500	Serbia	Mass executions of Hungarian civilians by Yugoslav communist partisans.
1945	Ústí massacre	c.80	Czechoslovakia	Czech soldiers lynch ethnic Germans.
1945	Massacre in Trhová Kamenice	14	Czechoslovakia	German soldiers torture innocent villagers to death at the end of the war.

State-sponsored genocide

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1994	Rwandan Genocide	937,000	Rwanda	Hutus massacre Tutsis.
1995	Srebrenica massacre	8,000	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Massacre of male Bosniaks primarily by the Army of Republika Srpska; the largest massacre in Europe since World War II.
2003	Darfur conflict	c.400,000	Sudan	Ongoing massacre and forced displacement of the Fur people of Western Sudan by government-sponsored Janjaweed militia.

Pogroms and religious massacres

To be in this section, the primary motive for the massacre must have been ethnic or religious hatred.

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1946	Kielce pogrom	37	Poland	Jewish residents of Kielce, most of them returning survivors of the Holocaust, are killed by their Polish neighbors, prompting an exodus of the Jewish population from Poland.
1946	Direct Action Day	c.4,000	British India	Riots are perpetrated by the Muslim League against Hindus in Calcutta which spread to other regions and are followed by the Noakhali Massacre.
1947	India	c.1,000,000	India	After the partition of United India and the British withdrawal, about 1 million to 4 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims are killed in the aftermath.
1962	Oran massacre	c.2,000 to 3,500	Algeria	Arabs lynch European, Jewish and pro-French Algeria Harkis Muslim civilians.
1969	Kilvenmani massacre	c.35	Tamil Nadu, India	Farm laborers and their families are burnt alive by their higher-caste landlords.
1984	Anti-Sikh riots[38]	c.2,733 to 4,000	Delhi, India	Mobs massacre Sikhs following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards.
1985	Ras Burqa massacre	7	Ras Burqa, Egypt	Egyptian policeman machine-gun 12 Israeli tourists, including 9 children.
1988	Sumgait pogrom	at least 32	Sumgait, Azerbaijan	Azerbaijanis launch a three-day pogrom against Armenians in the city of Sumgait. 26 Armenians and 6 Azeris perish.
1998	May 1998 massacre	hundreds maybe thousand of Indonesian born Chinese	Jakarta,Surakarta,Medan,Indonesia
2002	Kaluchak massacre	31	Jammu, India	31 civilians and military personnel are killed by Islamic terrorists from Pakistan.
2002	Godhra Train Burning	60	Godhra, Gujarat, India	A Muslim mob burns alive Hindu men, women, and children travelling in the S-6 compartment of a Sabarmati Express train.
2002	Gujarat violence	c.800 to 2,000	Gujarat, India	Sectarian violence occurs following the Godhra Train Burning.
2004	Yelwa massacre	c.630	Nigeria	Muslim nomads are killed by Christians during ongoing violence in Nigeria.
2004	2004 unrest in Kosovo	19	Kosovo, Serbia	Ethnic Albanians go on a rampage against ethnic Serbs
2004	Gatumba massacre	152	Burundi	Congolese Tutsis are shot, hacked and burned to death during an attack on a refugee camp by Hutu extremists.
2005	Muhuta Church massacre	6	Bujumbura, Burundi
2005	Turbi Village massacre	c.73	Turbi, Kenya	Gunmen, believed to be Borana, open fire on Gabra children making their way to the village's primary school.

Massacres during armed conflicts

To be a massacre, the event must fall outside the laws of war as framed at the time of the massacre.

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1520	Stockholm bloodbath	c.100	Stockholm, Sweden	Danish forces invading Sweden under the command of Christian II decapitate around 100 people, mostly nobility and clergy.
1552	Siege of Kazan	c.20,000-40,000	Kazan, Khanate of Kazan	Civil population of Kazan was massacred just after the fall of the city.
1570	Cyprus massacre	c.30,000[39][40]	Cyprus, Republic of Venice	The Turkish forces massacre thousands of Christians (mostly Greeks and Armenians) following the capture of the island.
1580	Siege of Smerwick	600	Smerwick, Ireland	English forces under Elizabeth I behead some 600 Spanish, Italian and Irish men and women during the Desmond Rebellions.
1631	Sack of Magdeburg	20,000	Magdeburg, Germany	Troops of the Holy Roman Empire besiege then storm Magdeburg during the Thirty Years' War, massacring nearly all its inhabitants.
1644	Massacre of Aberdeen	118	Aberdeen, Scotland	Royalist troops under Montrose kill civilians after the fall of the city.
1644	Bolton Massacre	1,500	Bolton, England	Number of defenders and citizens killed by Royalist forces of Prince Rupert of the Rhine after town stormed.
1644	Massacre of Argyll	900	Aberdeen, Scotland	Royalist troops under Montrose kill civilians across the area.
1649	Fall of Drogheda	at up to 1,000	Drogheda, Ireland	Some of the city's non-combatants are massacred by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army[41]
1651	Sack of Dundee	200-800	Dundee, Scotland	Oliver Cromwell's army under the command of George Monck sack the city.[42]
1678	Burning of Örkened parish	20+	Örkened, Sweden	Charles XI of Sweden orders the parish burnt to ground in order to deal with rebels (snapphane)
1757	Fort William Henry massacre	70-180	Lake George, New York, USA	After surrendering to the French and being promised safe passage to Fort Edward, British and Colonial troops plus civilian camp followers (2000 men, women, and children) are attacked while leaving the fort by France's Indian allies.
1768	Massacre at St. George's Fields	6	St. George's Fields (in Southwark, South London), England	British soldiers clashed with angry supporters of John Wilkes, a popular member of Parliament who had just received a prison sentence for seditious libel. Six Wilkes supporters were killed and fifteen wounded in the carnage.
1778	Wyoming Valley massacre	at least 180 to 227	Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, USA	An encounter between Patriot and Loyalist Americans, after which thirty or more Patriots are massacred by Iroquois mercenaries.
1794	Praga massacre	10,000 to 20,000	Praga, Warsaw, Poland	Kościuszko Uprising: Russian troops massacre civilians as they loot and burn Praga following their victory in battle.
1798	Gibbet Rath massacre	350	Kildare, Ireland	Irish Rebellion of 1798: Rebels surrender but are massacred by British troops.
1832	Bad Axe River	c.Unknown	Bad Axe River, Wisconsin [US]	Illinois militia under the command of General Henry Atkinson attack a Sauk camp at the mouth of Bad Axe River where many Sauk women and children are killed in the fighting. Shortly after, the Winnebago will abandon Black Hawk, forcing him and the Sauk to surrender several weeks later ending the Black Hawk War.
1836	Goliad massacre	342	Goliad, Texas	the Mexican army executes Texan prisoners of war.
1847	San Patricios	50	Chapultepec, Mexico	Irish Catholic prisoners of war who fought for the Mexican Army are executed by the United States Army for desertion and treason.
1857	Cawnpore	c.200	Cawnpore, India	During the Sepoy Rebellion the British garrison agrees to a safe passage out of Cawnpore organized by Nana Sahib, but are attacked and killed. The 200 remaining women and children are held in the Bibi-Ghar where they are killed on July 15, 1857.
1863	Lawrence massacre	c.150	Lawrence, Kansas	Confederate raiders under William Quantrill loot and burn the town killing over 150 men and boys.
1864	Fort Pillow	c.354	Fort Pillow, Tennessee	Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest assaults Fort Pillow, continuing to fire after a white flag is flown by the Union defenders.
1873	Canby massacre	c.4		Four of seven Americans as part of a peace delegation led by General E. R. S. Canby, under the pretext of peace negotiations, are killed by Modoc leader Captain Jack during the Modoc War.
1890	Wounded Knee massacre	153–300	Wounded Knee, South Dakota	The last confrontation of US troops and the Great Sioux Nation
1901	Samar campaign		Samar,Philippines	During the Philippine-American War, while the Philippines are a colonial possession of the USA, Filipinos armed with machetes kill all American soldiers from the garrison of the port of Balangiga on the island of Samar (see Balangiga massacre).
1918	March Days	3,000–12,000	Baku, Azerbaijan	Equating the Azerbaijanis with the Ottoman Turks, Dashnak and Bolshevik forces massacre ethnic Azerbaijanis in revenge for the Armenian Genocide.
1918	September Days	10,000–20,000	Baku, Azerbaijan	Enver Pasha's Army of Islam supported by local Azeri forces recaptures Baku and subsequently massacres ethnic Armenians in retaliation for the March Days.
February 19-21, 1937	Addis Ababa	3,000	Ethiopia	committed by Italian soldiers
1937-1938	Nanjing massacre (Rape of Nanking)	10,000-350,000	China	Committed by the Japanese Imperial Army in the aftermath of the Battle of Nanking. Reports indicate that six-weeks of murder, rape and looting follow the seizure of the city by the Japanese Imperial Army.
1939	Wawer	107	Poland	120 men caught in a Łapanka are shot as a reprisal for the death of two German soldiers, 13 of them survive the massacre under the pile of bodies.
1939-1940	Palmiry massacre	c.2,000	Poland	The Gestapo systematically murders members of the Polish intelligentsia, sportsmen, politicians and common people.
1940	Katyn massacre	25,700	Poland	Members of the Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers are massacred by the Soviets.
1940	Treznea massacre	c.93	Treznea, N. Transylvania, Hungary	The Hungarian army massacres Romanian and Jewish civilians.
1940	Ip massacre	c.100	Ip, N. Transylvania, Hungary	The Hungarians massacre Romanian civilians in Northern Transylvania.
1941	NKVD prisoner massacres	c.100,000[43]	Soviet Union	The Soviet NKVD massacres tens of thousands of Polish and Ukrainian political prisoners at the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.
1941	Fântâna Albă massacre	c.200	Soviet Union	The Soviets massacre Romanian civilians in Northern Bukovina.
1941	Bombing of Belgrade in World War II	17,000	Yugoslavia	The Germans bomb Belgrade, killing 17,000 people. Belgrade is bombed again in 1944, this time by the Allies.
June, 1941	Rainiai massacre	79	Soviet Union	Soviet soldiers and members of the NKVD torture to death 78-79 Lithuanian civilians (former public servants, rich people, Boy Scouts, non-communists).
1941	massacre of Lwów professors	45	Lwów, Poland	Part of the AB Action, forty-five university professors are executed by an Einsatzkommando unit following the German capture of the city on June 30.
1941	Kragujevac massacre	10,000	Serbia	Reprisal killings are committed by German forces after the death of 10 soldiers at the hands of partisans.
1942	Sook Ching massacre	c.50,000-100,000 (Singapore only)	Malaya & Singapore	Japanese troops execute ethnic Chinese Malayans and Singaporeans suspected of being hostile.
1942	Bataan Death March	5,650	Philippines	American and Philippine POWs are marched to prison camps and killed if they fall behind.
1942	Lidice	340	Lidice, Czechoslovakia	After Czech agents, with British assistance, assassinate Nazi Protector of Bohemia-Morovia, and former Deputy Chief of the Gestapo, Reinhard Heydrich the small village of Lidice (in the Czech lands) is surrounded by the German SS and all men and teenagers over 16 are rounded up and shot. The remaining women and children are sent to concentration camps and the village is destroyed.
1942-45	Sandakan POW/Labour Camp	6,000	North Borneo	Indonesian ''romusha'' (forced labourers), as well as Australian and British POWs are forced to construct an airfield at Sandakan. All of the Indonesians are dead by 1945. In addition to deprivation and physical abuse, including summary executions, the surviving POWs are forced to March 260 kilometres (160 miles) to another camp. Only six of those sent on these marches survive the war.
1943	Khatyn massacre	100+	Belarus	The entire village in Belarus is burnt with all its inhabitants by the German Nazis and their Ukrainian collaborators; one of hundreds of Belarusian and Russian villages to share a similar fate.
1943	massacres of Poles in Volhynia	c.100,000	Ukraine	By Ukrainian nationalists
1943	Canicatti Slaughter	12	Sicily	US Troops kill unarmed civilians at a soap factory.
1943	Biscari massacre	76	Sicily	US Troops massacre German and Italian POWs.
1943	Foiba massacre	5,000-10,000	Istria and Dalmatia in Italy	Communist troops under Tito's command purge Italian fascists and collaborators until 1947.
1943	Kalavryta massacre	696	Greece	The male residents of the town are slaughtered by German troops in revenge for partisan activities.
1944	Manila massacre	100,000	Philippines	Retreating Japanese troops slaughter at least 100,000 Filipino civilians. Manila is razed, making it the 2nd most devastated city in World War II after Warsaw.
1944	Koniuchy massacre	38-300	Poland	The civilians of Koniuchy are murdered by 120-150 members of Soviet partisan groups.
1944	Ascq massacre	c.86	France	After two railway cars are derailed, presumably by the French Underground, soldiers of the 12th SS Panzer Division under the command of SS Obersturmführer Walter Hauck murder 86 men in the surrounding area of the Ascq railway station.
1944	Kakolyri (of Kyme) massacre	30	Greece	24 male residents of the village are slaughtered by German troops, who suspect them of helping partisan activities. The partisans previously killed one soldier who was guarding a bridge. 6 male residents of the nearby villages are slaughtered too.
1944	Abbey Ardennes	c. 100+	France	Canadian POWs who were captured during the battle are marched out into a garden and interrogated before being shot by members of the 12th SS Panzer Division.
1944	Tulle Murders	c. 99	France	In response to French Underground activities the 2nd Waffen-SS Panzer Division, upon finding the mutilated remains of 64 German soldiers of the 95th Security Regiment garrison, hangs 99 men and the remaining population of Tulle is sent to labor camps in Germany. Of the 149 townspeople only 48 survive the war.[44]
June 10, 1944	Oradour-sur-Glane massacre	642	France	Responding to recent French Resistance activity (e.g. Tulle Murders) in which German soldiers were killed, 120 SS soldiers of the 2nd Waffen-SS Panzer Division, commanded by SS Sturmbannführer Adolf Diekmann, execute 642 civilians mostly women and children refuged in the church in the town of Oradour-sur-Glane.
1944	Distomo massacre	est. 228-600	Greece	More than 200 residents of the village of Distomo are massacred by the Germans. The exact number of the victims remains unknown.
1944	San Polo di Arezzo massacre	48	Italy	In reprisal for Italian partisan attacks, German soldiers beat and torture the men of San Polo, before burying them alive with 3 captured partisans and explosives.
1944	Wola massacre	up to 50,000	Warsaw, Poland	German troops systematically slaughter most of the civilians in the borough of Wola during the early stage of the Warsaw Uprising.
1944	Meligala massacre	1,500	Greece	ELAS communist fighters attack the village of Meligalas and massacre 1,500 men, women and children. Their bodies are thrown into a large well, known as the "Pigada of Meligala". Many of the victims were collaborators with the Germans (see Greek Civil War).
1944	Putten atrocity	39	Netherlands	General Heinz Helmuth von Wuhlisch orders the execution of 39 Dutch civilians and the village burned after an attack by the Dutch resistance results in the capture of a German soldier despite the later release of the hostage. The remaining men in the village are sent to labor camps and out of 589 only 49 survive at the end of the war.
1944	Amsterdam reprisal	29	Netherlands	29 Dutch civilians are executed and several buildings are set on fire after the assassination of S.D. officer Herbert Oelschagel by the Dutch resistance the previous day.
1944	Malmedy massacre	72-84	Belgium	Executions of surrendered American POWs during the Battle of the Bulge.
1945	Chenogne massacre	60	Belgium	In reprisal for the Malmedy massacre, sixty German soldiers are executed by a unit of the U.S. 11th Armored Division outside the town of Chenogne.
1945	Bleiburg massacre	55,000-300,000	Yugoslavia	Partisans retaliate against Ustashe, Domobrans, and many Croat civilians.
1945	SS Cap Arcona sinking	7,000-8,000	Germany	British RAF aircraft sink the ''SS Cap Arcona'', ''Deutschland'', and ''Thielbek'', which were carrying POWs from the Neuengamme concentration camp. Hawker Typhoons, then Nazis kill survivors as they attempt to make it ashore.
1945	Setif massacre	150 pied-noirs 1,500–45,000 Algerians	Algeria
1945	Sado atrocity	387	Sado, Japan	Japanese soldiers under Lieutenant Yoshiro Tsuda set off an explosion in a nearby gold mine, killing the 387 British, American, Australian and Dutch prisoners of war who had been working in the mine since 1942.
1945	Treuenbrietzen	c.1000	Germany	Red army soldiers execute German civilians.
1947	228 Incident	10,000-30,000	Taiwan	Kuomintang government (Chinese) troops massacre Taiwanese civilians after an uprising.
1948	Hadassah medical convoy massacre	c.77	Mandate for Palestine
1948	Deir Yassin massacre	107	Mandate for Palestine	107 Palestinian civilians are killed by Irgun and Lehi.
1948	Hula massacre	35-58	Hula, South Lebanon	Israeli soldiers kill villagers during Operation Hiram.
1950	Capture of Seoul	c.100,000	Korea	Civilians are executed after the communist capture of Seoul.
1953	Qibya massacre	c.50	West Bank
1956	Kafr Qasim massacre	49	Israel
1968	My Lai massacre	347–504	South Vietnam	USA soldiers executed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.
1971	1971 East Pakistan Intellectuals massacre	c.100	East Pakistan	Pakistan Army and local collaborators kill a large number of doctors, engineers, educators, journalists, and other intellectuals during the flag end of the Bangladesh War of 1971.
January 18, 1976	Karantina massacre	c.1,000	Karantina, Lebanon	Lebanese Christian Militia massacres Kurds and Armenians, as well as some Lebanese and Palestinians in Karantina a district in Beirut Lebanon during the 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War.
1976	Damour massacre	c.330	Damour, Lebanon	Palestinian militants raid the Lebanese Christian town of Damour during the 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War.
1982	Plan de Sánchez massacre	c. 250	Plan de Sánchez, Guatemala	Government army troops and militias raid Mayan indigenous village, rape women, raze village, and murder unarmed residents, mostly women and children during Guatemalan civil war.
1982	Sabra and Shatila massacre	800–3,000	Beirut, Lebanon	Lebanese Christian Militia massacres Palestinian Refugees following Israeli invasion of Beirut.
1991	Lovas massacre	75	Lovas, Croatia	Serb paramilitaries kill civilians.
1991	Gospić massacre	c. 100	Gospić, Croatia	Croat paramilitaries kill civilians.
1991	Vukovar massacre	c. 260	Vukovar, Croatia	Yugoslav army and Serb paramilitaries massacre POWs and wounded civilians.
1991	Škabrnja massacre	86	Škabrnja, Croatia	Serb paramilitaries kill civilians and POWs.
1991	Voćin massacre	45-55	Voćin, Croatia	"White Eagles" a Serb paramilitary group massacres civilians.
1992	Khojaly massacre	613	Khojali, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan	Armenian irregulars massacre Azerbaijani civilians.
1992	Maraghar massacre	145	Maraghar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani forces massacre Armenian civilians.
1992	Višegrad massacre	3,000	Višegrad, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian Serb army takes over the town and massacres many.
1993	Sukhumi massacre	1,200	Abkhazia, Georgia	Abkhaz separatists and their allies committed wide spread atrocities and massacres of Georgian civilians in Sukhumi. The massacre of civilians in Sukhumi lasted one week.
1994	First Markale massacre	68	Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian Serb army shells a crowded civilian marketplace in downtown Sarajevo.
1995	Second Markale massacre	37	Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian Serb army shells a crowded civilian marketplace in downtown Sarajevo.
2001	Dasht-i-Leili massacre	250–3,000	Afghanistan	Taliban prisoners are shot and/or suffocated to death in metal truck containers while being transferred between prisons by Northern Alliance soldiers during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.
2005	Haditha Massacre	24	Iraq	US marines shot and killed 24 Iraqi noncombatants, although an early Marine Corps communique reported that 15 civilians were killed by an "insurgent" roadside bombing.
2007	al Ahamir massacre	10 - 14	Iraq	Al Queda shot and killed between 10 and 14 Iraqi noncombatants.

State-sponsored or state-condoned massacres during peacetime

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1570	Massacre of Novgorod	2,500 - 12,000	Novgorod, Russia	Ivan the Terrible slaughters the population of Novgorod.
1692	Massacre of Glencoe	78	Scotland	The order is signed by King William III
1770	Boston massacre	5	British colony, now US state of Massachusetts	Pre- American Revolution, British soldiers open fire upon a hostile crowd. The soldiers are later acquitted by an all American colonist jury.
1846	Kot massacre	85-90	Kathmandu, Nepal	Queen's secret lover is murdered. She orders Jung Bahadur Rana for the investigation who kills every top nobleman and ultimately seizes the absolute power of Nepal establishing Rana autocracy.
1905	Bloody Sunday	100-1000	Saint Petersburg, Russia	Tsarist soldiers fire on unarmed demonstrators in front of the Winter Palace.
August 16, 1819	Peterloo massacre	11	Manchester, England	Cavalry attack civil rights protestors and 11 are killed, 500 are injured (including women and children)
1909	Adana massacre	>2,000	Adana, Ottoman Empire	Abdul Hamid loyalists massacre Armenians.
1918	Romanov Massacre	c.10	Yekaterinburg, Russia	Bolshevik execution of Nicholas II and the Russian royal household.
1919	Amritsar massacre	c.>379	India	British troops led by Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fires 1650 rounds of ammunition into a crowd of 20,000 people gathered in a garden with its sole exit blocked to prevent people from escaping.
1921	Tulsa Race Riot	39-300	Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA	White mobs invade and burn the segregated black Greenwood district, 1,256 homes. The governor declares martial law, black citizens are rounded up by the National Guard and put into internment camps.
1930	Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre	c.200	Peshawar	British troops fire on hundreds of non-violent protesters in Peshawar.
1932	Bonus March	4-5	Washington, D.C., United States	Federal cavalry troops with rifles and tear gas evict World War I veterans and their families in protest camps around Washington. Hundreds of veterans are injured, several are killed.
1948	Babra Sharif massacre	c.100	Pakistan
1948	Jeju massacre	30,000	Korea	South Korean troops execute people in Jeju after the communist uprising has been crushed
1950	Taejon massacre	7,000	Korea	South Korean troops execute North Korean POWs
1955	6 - 7 September massacres	> 28 killed, 30 injured, 300 raped	Istanbul, Turkey	Killing of members of the Greek community by Turkish civilians during riots against Christianity.
1954-1962	Algerian massacre	>500,000	Algeria	Killing of Algerian civilians by French Army and the FLN during the Algerian War of Independence.
1959	Suppression of the Lhasa Uprising	87,000[3]	Tibet	The Chinese PLA massacres thousands of Tibetans in the Lhasa region during the rebellion against Chinese rule.
1960	Sharpeville massacre	69	South Africa	Police open fire on a crowd of black protesters, 69 people killed and more than 180 injured.
1961	Paris massacre of 1961	32-200[4]	Paris, France	Killing of Algerian demonstrators
1962	Novocherkassk massacre	24 killed, 39 injured	Novocherkassk, Soviet Union	police open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation
1962	Palma Sola massacre	"thousands" [5]	Dominican Republic	The Dominican military destroys the town of Palma Sola, the base of the (mostly Afro-Dominican) political and religious dissident movement known as the ''Liboristas''
1965-1966	September 30th massacre and aftermath	500,000-1 million	Indonesia	The Suharto regime massacres communists and dissidents in rural areas
1968	Orangeburg massacre	3	South Carolina State University, USA	Local police officers fire into a crowd of violent protestors, killing 3 men
1968	Tlatelolco massacre	200–300	Tlatelolco, Mexico	Troops open fire on student demonstrators.
1970	Kent State massacre	4 killed, 9 wounded	Kent State University, Ohio, USA	29 members of the Ohio National Guard open fire on unarmed students protesting against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom is permanently paralyzed.
1971	Massacre of Bangladesh	c.250,000	Bangladesh	Starting with Operation Searchlight in March, the Pakistani Army kills c.250,000 Bangladeshis
1971	Corpus Christi massacre	c.25	Mexico City, Mexico	Special forces open fire on student demonstrators.
1972	Bloody Sunday	14	Derry, Northern Ireland	Shooting of 28 unarmed Irish Catholic Civilians, 14 of whom die, by a Paratroop Regiment of the British Army following a protest march at the introduction of internment without trial.
1975-1979	Cambodia under Pol Pot	2,000,000	Cambodia	2 million Cambodians were killed, political executions, starvation, and forced labor, about 25% to 30% of the entire population.
1976-1983	Argentina's Dirty War ''(Guerra Sucia)''	up to 30,000	Argentina	Jorge Rafael Videla's military government tortures and kills dissident citizens, journalists, and professors as part of a wider continental plan of state terrorism called Operation Condor supported by the U.S. State Department, led by Henry Kissinger under Richard Nixon's presidency.
1980	Gwangju massacre	191–250–2000	Gwangju, South Korea	Government troops attack protesting students and civilians in Gwangju.
1981	Tula massacre	13	atotonilco de Tula,Mexico	13 people are tortured and killed by order of Arturo Durazo Moreno
1981	El Mozote massacre	c.900	El Mozote, El Salvador	Government troops torture and kill the residents of El Mozote.
1982	Hama massacre	5000-20,000	Syria	Government troops attack the rebel town of Hama, poison gas is used in some areas.
1983	Black July	1,000-3,000	Sri Lanka	Government soldiers along with Sinhalese mobs massacred Tamil civilians.
1983, 1989	The Gukurahundi	c.25,000	Zimbabwe	Genocide, and suppression of dissident tribal areas by Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade.
1986-89	Al-Anfal Campaign	50,000-100,000	Iraq	Ethnic cleansing of Kurds by Saddam Hussein.
1988	Halabja poison gas attack	3,000-5,000	Iraq	Gas attack on the Kurdish town by Saddam Hussein.
1988	1988 Massacre of Iranian Prisoners	5,000 +	Iran	Political prisoners are gathered in special prison quarters. They are then retried on orders from Ayatollah Khomeini by three member judging committees. Between 5000 to 30000 are murdered and buried in secret places.
1989	April 9 tragedy	c.20	Soviet Union	Soviet military troops attack Georgian demonstrators in Tbilisi, Georgia
1989	Tiananmen massacre	up to 2,600	Beijing, China	Chinese PLA troops open fire on students and civilians gathered in Beijing.
1990	Black January	133	Soviet Union	Soviet military troops attack Azeri protesters, passers-by and emergency squad members in Baku, Azerbaijan
1991	Vilnius massacre	13	Vilnius, Lithuania	Soviet military troops attacked Lithuanian independence supporters.
1991	Medininkai massacre	7	Medininkai, Lithuania	Soviet military troops attacked Lithuanian customs building.
1991	Dili massacre	271	Dili, East Timor	Timorese protesting Indonesian rule are killed by Indonesian soldiers.
1993	Candelária massacre	8	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	Police retaliate against street children at an orphanage, leading to worldwide criticism.
1994	13 de Marzo	41	Cuba	Refugees drown after a confrontation with the Cuban Navy.
1995	Aguas Blancas massacre	17	Guerrero, Mexico	Motorized Police kill protesters who demand some rights and the release of a prisoner.
1997	Acteal massacre	45	Chiapas, Mexico	Allegedly government-linked paramilitaries attack a prayer meeting professing support for the goals of the EZLN rebels.
1997	Naharaim Peace Island massacre	7	Naharim, Israel	A Jordanian soldier of Palestinian origin, shoots and kills 7 girls on a school trip on Jordanian Peace Island. King Hussein comes to Bet Shemesh to ask for forgiveness.
1999	Liquica Church massacre	Over 200	An East Timor	Pro-Indonesian Militia group attacks East Timorese civilians at the Liquica Roman Catholic Church. Using machetes and automatic rifles, over 200 are killed.
1999	Račak massacre	45	Kosovo, Serbia	A Serbian Special Forces (JSO) attacks Racak village and kills 45 KLA rebels and civilians.
2002	Itaba massacre	173 to 267	Itaba, Burundi	The Burundian Army massacres between 173 and 267 Hutu villagers in reprisal for rebel attacks.
2005	Andijan massacre	200 - 1000	Andijan,Uzbekistan	Uzbek Interior Ministry troops fire into a crowd of protesters in May 2005.

Politically motivated non-governmental massacres

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1856	Pottawatomie massacre	5	Franklin County, Kansas, United States	Radical abolitionist John Brown murders pro-slavery men with swords in "Bleeding Kansas"
1872	Going Snake massacre	22	Oklahoma Territory, United States	Ten US Marshals are ambushed by over thirty Cherokee men during their attempt to arrest a murder suspect. Eight of the Marshals are killed. Fourteen Cherokee men are also killed.
1873	Colfax massacre	100	Colfax, Louisiana, United States
1927	Bath School disaster	45	Bath Township, MI	Andrew Kehoe sets off three bombs, including two at the Bath Consolidated School, due to anger over property taxes. 38 of the dead were students.
1929	1929 Hebron massacre	67	Hebron, then part of the British Mandate of Palestine	Arabs kill 67 Jews in Hebron.
1929	1929 Safed massacre	18	Safed, then part of the British Mandate of Palestine	Arabs kill 18 Jews in Safed.
March 17, 1954	Ma'ale Akrabim massacre	11	Ma'ale Akrabim, Israel	Palestinians from Jordan ambush a bus traveling from Eilat to Tel Aviv, shooting the driver and all aboard.
1963	16th Street Baptist Church bombing	4	16th Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, AL	Ku Klux Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss planted dynamite in the basement of the church.
1972	Lod Airport massacre	26	Ben-Gurion Airport, Israel	Japanese terrorists open fire on civilians in the Ben-Gurion Airport near Lod, Israel. 26 are killed and 78 more are injured.
1972	Bloody Friday	9	Belfast, Northern Ireland	Explosion of 22 bombs in 90 minutes by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in and around central Belfast in an attempt to bring normal life in the City to an end. The bombings kill seven civilians, two British soldiers and seriously injure 130 other people.
1972	Munich massacre	12	Munich, Germany	Palestinian terrorists kidnap and kill Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games.
1972	Claudy bombing	9	Claudy, Northern Ireland	Detonation of three car bombs in Claudy village. The Provisional Irish Republican Army and a local Catholic priest are implicated in the attack.
1974	Kiryat Shmona massacre	18	Kiryat Shmona, Israel	Palestinian terrorists kill Israeli residents in Kiryat Shmona.
1974	Ma'alot massacre	21	Ma'alot, Israel	Palestinian terrorists kill 21 elementary school students in Ma'alot.
1974	Dublin and Monaghan bombings	33	Dublin and Monaghan, Ireland.	Three bombs planted in the Republic of Ireland by the Ulster Volunteer Force. Worst number of casualties in any single day of The Troubles.
1974	Birmingham Pub bombings	21	Birmingham, England	The Provisional IRA explodes two bombs in busy public houses killing 21 civilians, more than half of whom were under the age of 25. Until the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, this is Britain's worst act of mass murder.
1976	6 October massacre	46	Bangkok, Thailand	University Students from Bangkok demonstrate against the return to Thailand of ousted prime minister, Thanom Kittikachorn.
1977	Atocha massacre	5	Madrid, Spain	Far-right activists kill 5 left-wing lawyers during the Spanish transition to democracy.
1978	La Mon restaurant bombing	12	Outside Belfast, Northern Ireland	Provisional Irish Republican Army firebomb attack at a Belfast hotel.
1979	Greensboro massacre	5	Greensboro, North Carolina, United States	Ku Klux Klansmen and American Nazis open fire on an anti-Klan demonstration.
1979	Warrenpoint ambush	18	Warrenpoint, Northern Ireland	Provisional Irish Republican Army attack on a British Army convoy.
1986	Plaza de la Republica Dominicana massacre	12	Madrid, Spain	Iñaki de Juana Chaos, an ETA terrorist, sets up a car bomb in the Dominican Republic Square, killing 12 people and injuring 45.
1987	Remembrance Day massacre	11	Enniskillen, Northern Ireland	The Provisional IRA explodes a bomb targeted at a civilian war commemoration ceremony in the centre of Enniskillen, Northern Ireland.
1988	The Strijdom Square massacre	8	Pretoria, South Africa	8 people are shot and killed (16 are wounded) by right wing extremist Barend Strydom.
1992	Boipatong massacre	46	Boipatong, South Africa	Zulu hostell dwellers go on rampage through township.
1993	St James Church massacre	11	Cape Town, South Africa	Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) kills 11 and wounds 58 people in church during Sunday church service.
1993	Shankill Road bombing	9	Belfast, Northern Ireland	The Provisional IRA kills eight civilians and one of its own by exploding a bomb in a fish shop on the Shankill Road. The bombing sparks a series of reprisals by Loyalist paramilitaries.
1993	Greysteel massacre	8	Greysteel, Northern Ireland	Ulster Freedom Fighters revenge attack for the Shankill Road bombing.
1994	Second Hebron massacre	29	Hebron, West Bank	Israeli extremist Baruch Goldstein opens fire on a group of Palestinian Muslims praying at the Cave of the Patriarchs site.
1994	Shell House massacre	3 - 19	Johannesburg, South Africa	ANC security guards open fire on IFP supporters approaching the ANC headquarters.
1995	Oklahoma City bombing	168	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States	Anti-government extremists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols destroy the 9-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building with a truck bomb, killing 168 and injuring 800.
1995	Atiak massacre	170 – 220	Gulu District, Uganda	Civilians are killed by the Lord's Resistance Army.
1996	Acholpii massacre	c.100	Pader District, Uganda	Sudanese refugees in a refugee settlement are killed by the Lord's Resistance Army .
1997	Lokung/Palabek massacre	c.412	Kitgum District, Uganda	Civilians are bludgeoned or hacked to death by the Lord's Resistance Army.
1997	Thalit massacre	52	Thalit, Algeria
1997	Haouch Khemisti massacre	93	Haouch Mokhfi Khemisti, Algeria
1997	Dairat Labguer massacre	c.50	Dairat Labguer, Algeria
1997	Souhane massacre	64	Souhane, Algeria
1997	Rais massacre	c.200	Rais, Algeria
1997	Bentalha massacre	>200	Bentalha, Algeria
1997	Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 30 December 1997	412	4 villages near Souk El Had, Algeria
1997	Mapiripán Massacre	Unknown	Mapiripán, Colombia	AUC killed an unknown number of civilians with chainsaws, machetes and gunfire, throwing the bodies into the Guaviare River
1998	Wandhama massacre	24	Wandhama, India	24 Kashmiri Pandits are brutally murdered by Pakistani militants .
1998	Sidi Hamed massacre	103	Sidi Hamed, Algeria
1998	Omagh bombing	29 (or 31)	Omagh, Northern Ireland	Irish republicans opposed to the Northern Ireland Peace Process explode a car bomb following an inaccurate warning which leads to people being guided towards the bomb rather than away from it. This is the biggest massacre in any single incident in Northern Ireland related to The Troubles. (The number of dead is sometimes stated as 31 because one of those murdered is a woman pregnant with twins).
1998	Tadjena massacre	42	Algeria
2001	Sbarro restaurant massacre	15	Jerusalem, Israel	Suicide bombing committed by a Palestinian terrorist in a crowded restaurant in Jerusalem, Israel.
2001	September 11, 2001 attacks	2,973	New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania (United States)	Al-Qaeda hijacks 4 U.S. commercial airliners for use in a suicide bombing attack on major American targets. Two planes strike the twin towers at the World Trade Center in New York, causing the majority of the deaths; one hits the Pentagon; another plane is downed in a Pennsylvania field by its hijackers when passengers rush the cockpit.
2002	Bojaya massacre	119	Bojayá, Colombia	FARC guerrillas launch an explosive into a church that is sheltering civilians, killing 119 and wounding 98.
2002	Passover massacre	30	Netanya, Israel	An Arab suicide bomber kills civilians.
2002	2002 Bali Bombing	202	Bali,Indonesia	The 2002 Bali Bombing occurrs in the town of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali, killing 202 people and injuring a further 209.
2003	Jerusalem bus 2 massacre	23	Jerusalem, Israel	Suicide bombing committed by a Palestinian terrorist in a crowded bus in Jerusalem, Israel.
2003	Maxim restaurant massacre	21	Haifa, Israel
2004	Barlonyo massacre	>200	Barlonyo, Lira District, Uganda	Civilians at an IDP camp are murdered by the Lord's Resistance Army.
2004	Ashoura massacre	c.170	Karbala, Baghdad, Iraq
2004	11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings	191	Madrid, Spain	Islamic terrorists plant several bombs aboard four commuter trains in Madrid.
2004	Beslan school massacre	344	Beslan, Russia	Muslim pro-Chechen armed rebels kill 344 children and parents after a three-day standoff with Russian police.
2005	2005 Bali Bombings	23	Bali, Indonesia	Al-Qaeda linked groups explode several bombs at two sites in Jimbaran and Kuta, both in south Bali. Twenty-three people are killed, including three bombers.
2005	7 July 2005 London bombings	55	London, United Kingdom	Four Islamic suicide bombers strike London's public transportation system during the morning rush hour.
2006	Hay al Jihad massacre	40	Baghdad, Iraq	Shia militants execute Sunni civilians.

Labor conflicts

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1854	Eureka Stockade	28	Ballarat, Victoria	Uprising by miners against repression and taxes is put down by soldiers.
1885	Rock Springs massacre	28	Rock Springs, Wyoming	Racially and economically motivated attack by white coal miners on Chinese miners.
1886	Haymarket Riot	12	Chicago, Illinois	May 4, 1886: A bomb is tossed amongst striking workers and police, who open fire on the crowd.
1886	Bay View Massacre	7	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	One day after the Haymarket Riot in Chicago, Wisconsin National Guard troops open fire on striking workers.
1892	Homestead lockout/strike	35	Homestead, Pennsylvania	Pinkerton guards are deployed against striking US Steel laborers in the bloodiest labor conflict in the US.
1897	Lattimer massacre	19	Hazleton, Pennsylvania	Luzerne County Sheriff's posse fires on strikers at the request of mining companies
1907	Iquique Massacre	500 - 2,000	Iquique, northern Chile (formerly Peru)	Forces under Gen. Roberto Silva-Renard fire on thousands of saltpeter miners, their wives and children, protesting working conditions and wages.
1914	Ludlow massacre	20	Ludlow, Colorado	Suppression of a strike by twelve thousand Colorado coal miners.
1920	Matewan massacre	10	Matewan, West Virginia	Confrontation between agents of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency, hired by mine owners, and Matewan police chief Sid Hatfield leading a group of temporarily deputized mine workers attempting to serve warrants.
1928	Banana massacre	c.47 to 2,000	Santa Marta, Colombia	Workers of the United Fruit Company killed by military forces to end a month long union strike.
1927	Columbine Mine massacre	at least 6	Serene, Colorado	500 striking coal miners, some with their families, are attacked with machine guns by a detachment of state police dressed in civilian clothes
1931	Ådalen shootings	5	Sweden	Swedish military forces open fire on labor demonstrators, killing 5 people

Criminal and non-political massacres

:''See also school massacres and "going postal".''

Date	Name	Deaths	Location	Summary
1929	St. Valentine's Day massacre	7	Chicago, Illinois, United States	Members of Bugs Moran's gang are murdered by Al Capone's men.
1938	Tsuyama massacre	30	Tsuyama, Japan	Mutsuo Toi, a 21-year-old man, killed members of his village after being insulted by his neighbours about catching tuberculosis.
1941	Stanley Graham killings	7	Hokitika, New Zealand	Stanley Graham, a farmer, shoots four police officers who try to confiscate his .303 rifle for use in the Second World War. He kills a total of seven people during a 12-day rampage which ends when he is shot dead by police.
1966	University of Texas Tower Shooting	15	Austin, Texas, United States	After killing his mother and wife the night before, Charles Whitman goes on a shooting rampage atop the University of Texas at Austin's observation tower, killing 15 people and injuring 30 before being killed by police.
1977	Neptune massacre	6	New Rochelle, New York, United States	Frederick Cowan killed 5 people,wounded 5 others and killed himself at the Neptune Moving Company in New Rochelle, NY, where he worked.
1978	Jonestown massacre	913	Jonestown, Guyana	Peoples Temple cult attacks Rep. Leo Ryan and delegation. After 5 are killed in shootout, Jim Jones led mass suicide.
1982	Woo Bum-Kon	58	Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea	Dispirited police officer rampaged through 5 villages in rural South Korea, killing 57 (and himself) and wounding 35.
1983	Wah Mee massacre	13	Seattle, Washington, United States	Fourteen people are shot and 13 killed at a gambling club in Seattle's International District.
1984	McDonald's massacre	22	San Diego, California, United States	Twenty-one killed, 19 injured in a shooting rampage at a McDonald's restaurant before the gunman is shot dead.
1984	Milperra massacre	7	Sydney, NSW, Australia	Seven were killed and 19 injured in a clash between outlaw motorcycle gangs, in a suburb of Sydney on Father's Day.
1986	Edmond Postal massacre	15	Edmond, Oklahoma, United States	Fired postman Patrick Sherrill shot twenty-one former fellow employees in the Post Office, killing fourteen of them before committing suicide. ''Between 1986 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed in more than 20 separate incidents involving the United States Postal Service.''
1987	Hoddle Street massacre	7	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	19-year-old Julian Knight shoots seven people dead and wounded another nineteen in thirty minutes before surrendering to police.
1987	Hungerford massacre	17	Hungerford, Berkshire, England	Michael Ryan went a rampage in a small rural town in England, shooting people at random (including his own mother) with an array of firearms before killing himself.
1987	Queen Street massacre	9	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia	A Frank Vitkovic kills eight and injures five in an Australia Post building before jumping 12 stories to his death.
1988	ESL massacre	7	Sunnyvale, California, United States	Former employee Richard Farley returns to Electromagnetic Systems Labs (ESL) with guns and explosives, killing seven people and injuring three others, including Laura Black, a woman he had been stalking for four years.
1989	École Polytechnique massacre	15	Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Saying "I hate feminists", Marc Lépine kills 14 women and wounds 10 women and 4 men at an engineering school, before killing himself.
1989	Standard Gravure shooting	9	Louisville, Kentucky, United States	Employee Joseph Wesbecker went on a rampage and killed eight other employees and himself, while wounding twelve others. He was off work on disability leave due to mental illness at the time of the shootings.
1990	Aramoana massacre	13	Aramoana, New Zealand	Gun collector David Gray opens fire on town residents before being shot dead by the Armed Offenders Squad.
1990	GMAC massacre	10	Jacksonville, Florida, United States	James Edward Pough kills nine people (and himself) at a GMAC office after his car is repossessed.
1991	Strathfield massacre	7	Sydney, NSW, Australia	Wade Frankum opens fire on random people in a shopping mall, and then takes his own life as police close in.
1991	Luby's massacre	23	Killeen, Texas, United States	George Hennard drove his pickup into a cafeteria and opened fire before taking his own life.
1992	Ratima killings	7	Masterton, New Zealand	Raymond Ratima bludgeons or stabs to death four acquaintances before killing his own three children, aged 7, 5 and 2.
1992	Central Coast massacre	7	Central Sydney, NSW, Australia	A gunman shoots his son, an ex-girlfriend, her heavily pregnant sister, the girl's father and another couple with a sawn-off shotgun before finally handing himself in.
1992	Olivehurst High Massacre	4	Olivehurst, California,United States	Armed with a pistol, 20-year-old Eric Houston took hostages at his former high school, killing four people and wounding 10.
1993	101 California Street shootings	9	San Francisco, California, United States	Gian Luigi Ferri kills eight people and injures six with three handguns before turning a concealed fourth handgun on himself.
1993	Brown's Chicken massacre	7	Palatine, Illinois, United States	Seven people were slain at the Brown's Chicken and Pasta in Palatine.
1993	Long Island Rail Road massacre	6	Nassau County, New York, United States	Colin Ferguson shoots 25 passengers on a commuter train, killing 6.
1994	The Bain killings	5	Dunedin, New Zealand	Five members of the Bain family are shot dead in their home. A survivor, David Bain spends 12 years in prison before being released on appeal.
1996	Dunblane massacre	18	Dunblane, Scotland	Thomas Hamilton murders 16 children and their teacher at a primary school in Scotland before shooting himself dead.
1996	Port Arthur massacre (Australia)	35	Tasmania, Australia	Martin Bryant shoots 35 people dead and injures 37 at the tourist town of Port Arthur, Tasmania. At 35, this is the largest shooting incident of its type in Australian history.
1997	Sanaa massacre	8	Yemen	School massacre in Yemen
1998	Jonesboro massacre	5	Arkansas, United States	Two middle school students attacked their school.
1999	Columbine High School massacre	15	Jefferson County, Colorado, United States	Two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, execute a planned shooting rampage, killing 12 fellow students and a teacher before committing suicide.
1999	Wedgwood Baptist Church massacre	7	Fort Worth, Texas, United States	Larry Gene Ashbrook murdered 7 people and injured a further 7 at a concert by Christian rock group Forty Days in Fort Worth, Texas.
2000	The Wichita Massacre	5	Wichita, Kansas, United States	Two brothers go on a week-long murder/assault/rape/robbery spree, which culminated with the execution-style shooting of four naked victims on a soccer field. A fifth victim survived thanks to a hair clip that prevented the bullet from entering her skull.
2001	Nepalese royal massacre	8	Katmandu, Nepal	Prince Dipendra shoots his immediate family and himself at a royal dinner.
2001	Osaka school massacre	8	Ikeda, Osaka prefecture, Japan	Former janitor Mamoru Takuma stabbed eight children to death and seriously wounded thirteen other children and two teachers.
2001	Zug massacre	15	Zug, Switzerland	Friedrich Leibacher entered the Zug parliament and opened fire, killing three members of the cantonal government and 11 parliamentarians before turning the gun on himself.
2002	Erfurt massacre	17	Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany	Robert Steinhäuser broke into his former high school and killed 13 teachers, 2 students and a police officer before finally turning a gun on himself.
2005	Red Lake High School massacre	10	Red Lake, Minnesota, United States	Jeff Weise kills 9 people and himself on the Red Lake Chippewa Indian reservation.
2006	Goleta Postal massacre	8	Goleta, California, United States	Female former postal worker goes on a rampage, shooting dead seven before killing herself.
2006	Capitol Hill massacre	7	Seattle, Washington, United States	Aaron Kyle Huff entered a house party in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood and shot eight people, killing six of them. When confronted by police, Huff killed himself.
2006	Amish school shooting	5	Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, United States	Charles Carl Roberts IV entered a one-room Amish schoolhouse in Nickel Mines, a village in Lancaster County, took ten children hostage, and eventually shot and killed five girls aged 7 to 13 before killing himself.
2007	Trolley Square Shooting	5	Salt Lake City, Utah, United States	Sulejman Talović entered a shopping mall carrying a shotgun and a .38 caliber pistol as well as a backpack full of ammunition. Talović shot and killed five people as well as wounding four others before being fatally shot by police.
2007	Virginia Tech massacre	33	Blacksburg, Virginia, United States	Gunman Seung-Hui Cho opens fire in Virginia Tech university dormitory and classroom building, killing and wounding many, then commits suicide. ''At 33 (including gunman's suicide), this is the largest shooting incident of its type in US history.''

Footnotes

1. The Holocaust was the systematic persecution, exploitation and slaughter of Jews and other minorities in Europe by the Third Reich and its collaborators. The table below lists specific events that were massacres; the bulk of the slaughter occurred over a period of years in concentration and extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka.
2. present-day Uzbekistan.
3. Now in England.
4. Journal of a Tour in the Levant. Volume 3, William Turner, p.408
5. Economies méditerranéennes: équilibres et intercommunications, XIIIe-XIX siècles, Kentro Neoellēnikōn Ereunōn, 1985, p.425
6. W.Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, New york, 1897 p.48
7. George Finlay, History of Greek Revolution, London, 1861, p. 187.
8. Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans, 18th and 19th Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 204-205. ISBN 0-521 27458-3.
9. George Finlay, A History of Greece (Edited by H. F. Tozer), vol.VI. Oxford, 1877 p. 152
10. George Finlay, A History of Greece (Edited by H. F. Tozer), vol.VI. Oxford, 1877 p. 165
11. George Finlay, A History of Greece (Edited by H. F. Tozer), vol.VI. Oxford, 1877 p. 215
12. Bouboulina Museum, Spetses Greece. Greek Island Spetses. Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
13. Putnam's Home Cyclopedia, p.343
14. Putnam's Home Cyclopedia, p.343
15. George Finlay, A history of Greece, 1877, p. 119.
16. Phillips, p. 32-33
17. George Finlay, A history of Greece, 1877, p. 119.
18. The British and Foreign Review: Or, European Quarterly Journal, The late Revolution in Greece, p.244
19. Lord Aberdeen, Muriel Evelyn Chamberlain, 1983, p.199
20. A History of Greece: From Its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time, B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864, George Finlay, 1877, p.190
21. La population des îles de la Grèce: essai de géographie insulaire en Méditerranée orientale, Émile Y Kolodny, 1974, p.128
22. Then part of the Ottoman Empire; now part of Greece.
23. Syria and Egypt Under the Last Five Sultans of Turkey, John Barker, 1973, p.19
24. Putnam's Home Cyclopedia, p.343
25. Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century
26. Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century
27. Part of the Revolutions of 1848.
28. Then part of the Ottoman Empire; now in Bulgaria.
29. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-1999, Michael Clodfelter, 2002, p.214
30. Then in Imperial Russia; now the capital of Moldova.
31. http://scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/india/history/colonial/massacre.html
32. Chinese, Korean and Allied civilians and POWs.
33. See also Unit 731.
34. http://search.aol.co.uk/aol/redir?src=eu_websearch&requestId=null&clickedItemRank=5&userQuery=badajoz+1936+massacre&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4158%2Fis_20020222%2Fai_n12599245&title=%60Germans+helped+Franco+run+civil+war+death+camps%26%2339%3B+Independent%2C+The+%3Cb%3E...%3C%2Fb%3E&moduleId=matchingsites_uk.jsp.M&clickedItemPageRanking=5&clickedItemPage=1&clickedItemDescription=WebResults
35. Anthony Beevor, Spanish Civil War (1999), p.133
36. plus parts of Austria.
37. Part of Greece.
38. Also known as "Black November".
39. The Heritage of Armenian Literature, A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, 2000, p.777
40. Change and Development in the Middle East: essays in honour of W.B. Fisher, John Innes Clarke, Howard Bowen-Jones, 1981, p.290
41. http://www.louthonline.com/html/oliver_cromwell.html
42. http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/biographies/olivercromwell.html
43. Robert Gellately. ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.'' Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 p. 391
44. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425822/219370

See also

★ List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s

★ List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war

★ List of massacres committed during the Al-Aqsa Intifada

★ List of massacres of indigenous Australians

★ List of wars and disasters by death toll

★ North American Indian massacres

★ Haditha massacre

★ KwaMakhutha massacre, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa

★ Japanese war crimes

★ Allied war crimes during World War II

★ Porajmos

★ Atrocity

★ Genocide

★ Democide

★ Ethnic cleansing

★ School massacre

★ List of school related attacks

External links

★ The Historical Atlas of the 20th century listing of 20th century wars and battles. See also the listing of atrocities before the 20th century

★ Gerald Duncan's list of WWII atrocities

★ PBS Timeline of Nazi Abuses

★ Encarta Encyclopedia article on "Genocide"