List of amendments to the United States Constitution

About List of amendments to the United States Constitution



This is a complete list of all ratified and unratified 'amendments to the United States Constitution' which have received the approval of the Congress. The procedure for amending the Constitution is governed by Article V of the original text. There have been Proposals for amendments to the United States Constitution for amendments introduced in Congress, but not submitted to the states.

Contents
Ratified amendments
Notes
Unratified proposed amendments
See also
References
External links

Ratified amendments


There are currently twenty-seven articles of amendment to the United States Constitution. The first ten of these were ratified simultaneously and are known as the " Bill of Rights".
# Amendments Proposal date Enactment date Full text
1st Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly September 251789 December 151791
2nd Right to bear arms September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
3rd Quartering soldiers in private homes September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
4th Searches and seizures; warrants September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
5th Due process; Self-incrimination September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
6th Rights of the accused September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
7th Right to trial by jury in civil cases September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
8th Excessive bail & fines; cruel & unusual punishment September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
9th Unenumerated rights (not listed rights) retained by the people September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
10th Powers reserved to the states or to the people September 251789 December 151791[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]
11th Immunity of states to foreign suits March 41794 February 71795
12th Revision of presidential election procedures December 91803 June 151804
13th Abolition of slavery January 311865 December 61865
14th Citizenship, state due process, state equal protection June 131866 July 91868
15th Racial suffrage February 261869 February 31870
16th Federal income tax July 121909 February 31913
17th Direct election to the United States Senate May 131912 April 81913
18th Prohibition of alcohol ''(Repealed by 21st amendment)'' December 181917 January 16 1919
19th Women's suffrage June 4 1919 August 18 1920
20th Term Commencement for congress (January 3) and president (January 20) March 21932 January 231933
21st Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment; state and local prohibition permitted February 201933 December 51933
22nd Limits the president to two terms March 241947 February 271951
23rd Representation of Washington, D.C. in Electoral College June 161960 March 291961
24th Prohibition of poll taxes September 141962 January 231964
25th Presidential disabilities July 61965 February 231967
26th Voting age lowered to 18 (see suffrage) March 231971 July 11971
27th Variance of congressional compensation September 251789 May 71992 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#endnote_bor [1]]

Notes

# The first ten amendments and the twenty-seventh amendment to the Constitution were proposed as part of a group of ''twelve'' proposed amendments on September 251791. The first two of these twelve were not ratified immediately. What we know today as the First through Tenth Amendments were actually the third through twelfth items on the list. The second of the proposed amendments eventually became the Twenty-seventh Amendment, its ratification being completed over 200 years later, in 1992. The first proposed amendment, the "Congressional Apportionment Amendment", has yet to be ratified.
# June 151804, is the date the Twelfth Amendment was ratified by the New Hampshire legislature. However, the New Hampshire Governor vetoed the ratification on June 201804. It is widely believed that a state's governor lacks the power to approve or veto a ratification made by that state's legislature. (See ''Hollingsworth v. Virginia'' (1798).) If the veto was effective, then the amendment nevertheless became part of the Constitution on July 271804, when it was ratified by Tennessee.
# July 91868, is the date the Fourteenth Amendment received its 28th ratification, accounting for 3/4ths of the states in the Union at the time. However, prior to that date, Ohio and New Jersey had "withdrawn" their earlier ratifications of the amendment. Such withdrawals are generally held to be ineffective. If the withdrawals ''were'' effective, then the amendment nevertheless became part of the Constitution on July 131868, when Georgia ratified it.
# February 31870, is the date the Fifteenth Amendment received its 28th ratification, accounting for 3/4ths of the states in the Union at the time. However, prior to that date, New York had "withdrawn" its earlier ratification of the amendment. Such withdrawals are generally held to be ineffective. If one assumes that the withdrawal ''was'' effective, then the amendment nevertheless became part of the Constitution on February 171870, when Nebraska ratified it.

Unratified proposed amendments


Before an amendment can take effect, it must be proposed to the states by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress, and ratified by three-quarters of the states. (''See'' Article Five of the United States Constitution.) Six amendments proposed by Congress have failed to be ratified by the appropriate number of states' legislatures. Four of these amendments are still technically pending before state lawmakers—the other two have expired by their own terms.
Amendment Date Proposed Status Subject
Congressional Apportionment Amendment September 25, 1789 Still pending before state lawmakers Apportionment of U.S. Representatives
Titles of Nobility Amendment May 1, 1810 Still pending before state lawmakers Prohibition of titles of nobility
Corwin Amendment March 2, 1861 Still pending before state lawmakers Preservation of slavery
Child Labor Amendment June 2, 1924 Still pending before state lawmakers Congressional power to regulate child labor
Equal Rights Amendment March 22, 1972 Expired 1979 or 1982 or Still pending before state lawmakers Prohibition of inequality of men and women
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment August 22, 1978 Expired 1985 D.C. statehood equivalency

See also



★ List of unsuccessful attempts to amend the U.S. Constitution

★ Conventions within the states to ratify an amendment to U.S. Constitution

★ Convention to propose amendment to U.S. Constitution

References



★ Congressional Research Service. (1992). ''The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation.'' (Senate Document No. 103–6). (Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello, Eds.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

External links



★ ''The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation'' is available at:

★
★ GPO Access - Official version of the document at the U.S. Government Printing Office.

★
★ FindLaw – FindLaw's version of the official document; incorporates 1996 and 1998 supplements into text, but does not include prefatory material included in official version.

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