LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS

:''For a simplified list see: Concise List of Roman Emperors''
This is a 'list of the Roman Emperors' with the dates they ruled, or claimed to rule, all or part of the Roman Empire, until the final demise of the Western Empire in 476.
Note that Julius Caesar does not appear in the list. His position as Dictator is considered a continuation of the Roman Republic. For a more in-depth discussion of whether or not Julius Caesar might have been considered as the first emperor, see Roman Emperor.
For the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god, see ''Imperial cult''.
The titles conferred on, or assumed by the Emperor, indicated in the Imperial name and Notes columns in the table include:-

Imperator: 'Victorious Commander given power by the Gods'

Pater Patriae: 'Father of the Fatherland'

Pontifex Maximus: 'Greatest Pontiff' (''lit.'' Bridge-builder)

Key (for columns showing names in Latin):-

''italics:'' claimant who cannot be considered to have ruled, or who held power over part of the empire only

'bold': name by which the individual is commonly known

'''bold italics''': nickname by which the individual is commonly known (unless a claimant)

Contents

Principate

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Year of the four emperors

Flavian dynasty

Five Good Emperors

Severan dynasty

Eastern Empire

References

See also

External links

Principate

Main articles: Principate

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Main articles: Julio-Claudian dynasty

Reign	Common Name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
16 January 27 BC to 19 August AD 14	'Augustus' Rome		GAIVS 'OCTAVIVS' GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR 'OCTAVIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS 'AVGVSTVS'	12BC: Pontifex Maximus
19 August 14 to 16 March 37	'Tiberius' Rome		'TIBERIVS' CLAVDIVS NERO 'TIBERIVS' IVLIVS CAESAR	'TIBERIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS	15: Pontifex Maximus
18 March 37 to 24 January 41	'Caligula' Antium, Italia		GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR GERMANICVS GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS '''CALIGVLA'''	'GAIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS	Nickname ''Caligula'', ''(Little-boots)''; 37: Pontifex Maximus, Pater Patriae; Assassinated
24 January 41 to 13 October 54	'Claudius' Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis		TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' DRVSVS TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' DRVSVS NERO GERMANICVS	TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	42: Pater Patriae; Possibly assassinated by poisoning
October 54 to 11 June 68	'Nero' Antium, Italia		'LVCIVS DOMITIVS' AHENOBARBVS 'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR DRVSVS GERMANICVS	'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS	55: Pontifex Maximus; ''later'' Pater Patriae; Committed suicide
				''(from summer AD66):-'' IMPERATOR 'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS

Year of the four emperors

Main articles: Year of the four emperors

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
8 June 68 to 15 January 69	'Galba' near Terracina, Italia		SERVIVS SVLPICIVS 'GALBA'	SERVIVS 'GALBA' IMPERATOR CAESAR AVGVSTVS	Murdered by Otho; ''see:'' Year of the four emperors
15 January 69 to 16 April 69	'Otho' Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia		MARCVS SALVIVS 'OTHO'	IMPERATOR MARCVS 'OTHO' CAESAR AVGVSTVS	Committed suicide; ''see:'' Year of the four emperors
17 April 69 to 20 December 69	'Vitellius' Rome		AVLVS 'VITELLIVS'	AVLVS 'VITELLIVS' GERMANICVS IMPERATOR AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; murdered in the Forum; ''see:'' Year of the four emperors

Flavian dynasty

Main articles: Flavian dynasty

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
1 July 69 to 24 June 79	'Vespasian' Falacrine, Italia		TITVS FLAVIVS 'VESPASIANVS'	IMPERATOR 'VESPASIANVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS	70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae co-emperor; ''see:'' Year of the four emperors
24 June 79 to 13 September 81	'Titus' Rome		'TITVS' FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS 'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS	IMPERATOR 'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS	70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
				''from August 69'' IMPERATOR 'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
14 September 81 to 18 September 96	'Domitian' Rome		TITVS FLAVIVS 'DOMITIANVS' CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS' AVGVSTVS, PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE	''late'' 83: Germanicus; assassinated

Five Good Emperors

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
18 September 96 to 27 January 98	'Nerva' Narni (?), Italia		MARCVS COCCEIVS 'NERVA'	IMPERATOR 'NERVA' CAESAR AVGVSTVS, PATER PATRIAE
28 January 98 to 7 August 117	'Trajan' Italica, Hispania Baetica		MARCVS VLPIVS 'TRAIANVS' MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA 'TRAIANVS' GERMANICVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI NERVAE FILIVS NERVA 'TRAIANVS' GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS	98: Pater Patriae; 102: Dacicus; 114: Parthicus; Aug/Sep 114: Optimus
11 August 117 to 10 July 138	'Hadrian' Italica, Hispania Baetica (?) / Rome (?)		PVBLIVS AELIVS 'HADRIANVS' PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS 'HADRIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR TRAIANVS 'HADRIANVS' AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS
10 July 138 to 7 March 161	'Antoninus Pius' near Lanuvium, Italia		TITVS AVRELIVS FVLVVS BOIONIVS ARRIVS 'ANTONINVS' IMPERATOR TITVS AELIVS CAESAR 'ANTONINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS 'ANTONINVS' AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	''post''7 March 161: 'Pius'; 139: Pater Patriae
''143''					Acclaimed emperor a second time
7 March 161 to 17 March 180	'Marcus Aurelius' Rome (?) / Ucubi, Hispania Baetica (?)		MARCVS ANNIVS VERVS 'AVRELIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTI PII FILIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS	co-emperor with Lucius Verus to March 169; 164: Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus Maximus; 166: Pater Patriae; 172: Germanicus; 175: Sarmaticus
7 March 161 to March 169	'Lucius Verus' Rome		'LVCIVS' CEIONIVS COMMODVS 'LVCIVS' AELIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'LVCIVS' AVRELIVS 'VERVS' AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius164: Armeniacus; 165: Parthicus Maximus; 166: Medicus, Pater Patriae
175	''Avidius Cassius'' Cyrrhus, Syria		''GAIVS AVIDIVS CASSIVS''		Usurper; proclaimed emperor: ruled in Egypt and Syria; murdered by a centurion
177 to 31 December 192	'Commodus' Lanuvium, Italia		LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' ANTONINVS LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' CAESAR ANTONINVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE	Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius to 17 March 180;
''from 180''				IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE	Sole emperor. Murdered: strangled by a wrestler

Severan dynasty

Main articles: Severan dynasty family tree

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
1 January 193 to 28 March 193	'Pertinax' Alba, Italia		PVBLIVS HELVIVS 'PERTINAX'	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS 'PERTINAX' AVGVSTVS	recognized as emperor by Septimius Severus; murdered by soldiers on the Palatine
28 March 193 to 1 June 193	'Didius Julianus' Milan, Italia		MARCVS 'DIDIVS' SEVERVS 'IVLIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS 'DIDIVS' SEVERVS 'IVLIANVS' AVGVSTVS	Sentenced to death by the Senate; murdered on the Palatine
9 April 193 to 4 February 211	'Septimius Severus' Leptis Magna, Africa		LVCIVS 'SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL	9 June 193: Pontifex Maximus; ''late''193: Pater Patriae; 195: Divi Marci Pii filius Divi Commodi Frater; Pius; Arabicus, Adiabenicus; 198: Parthicus Maximus; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
193 to 194/195	''Pescennius Niger'' ?, Italia		''GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER''		Claimant: emperor in Syria
193/195 to 197	''Clodius Albinus'' ?, Africa		''DECIMVS CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS''		Claimant: emperor in Britain
198 to 4 April 217	'Caracalla' Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis		LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS BASSIANVS '''CARACALLA'''	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS' SEVERVS 'ANTONINVS' PIVS AVGVSTVS	199: Pater Patriae; 200: Pius Felix; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
4 February 211 to 8 February 217				IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS PROCONSVL	213: Germanicus Maximus; Murdered by Macrinus
209 to 4 February 211	'Geta' Rome		PVBLIVS SEPTIMVS 'GETA'		Murdered by Caracalla
4 February 211 to December 211				IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS 'GETA' AVGVSTVS
11 April 217 to June 218	'Macrinus' Iol Caesarea, Mauretania		MARCVS OPELLIVS 'MACRINVS'	IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS 'MACRINVS' AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX PROCONSVL	''?''June 217: Pater Patriae; Pontifex Maximus; Executed
May 217 to June 218	'Diadumenian' ?		MARCVS OPELLIVS 'DIADVMENIANVS'	IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS 'DIADVMENIANVS' CAESAR SEVERVS	Executed
June 218 to 222	'Elagabalus' Emesa, Syria		VARIVS AVITVS BASSIANVS MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS '''ELAGABALVS'''	IMPERATOR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL	July 218: Pater Patriae, Pontifex Maximus; 220: Sacerdos Amplissimus Dei Invicti Solis Elagabali Assassinated
13 March 222 to ''?''March 235	'Alexander Severus' Arca Caesarea, Iudaea		BASSIANVS ALEXIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'SEVERVS ALEXANDER' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Pontifex Maximus Assassinated

==Crisis of the Third Century

=Emperors during the height of the Crisis===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
February/March 235 to March/April 238	'Maximinus Thrax' Thrace or Moesia		GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS 'MAXIMINVS THRAX'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS 'MAXIMINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by troops
''early'' January/March 238 to ''late'' January/April 238	'Gordian I' possibly Phrygia		MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS	Committed suicide
''early'' January March 238 to ''late'' January/April 238	'Gordian II' ?		MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS	Killed in battle
''early'' February 238 to ''early'' May 238	'Pupienus Maximus' ?		MARCVS CLODIVS 'PVPIENVS MAXIMVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS 'PVPIENVS MAXIMVS' AVGVSTVS	Murdered by the Praetorians
''early'' February 238 to ''early'' May 238	'Balbinus' ?		DECIMVS CAELIVS ANTONIVS 'BALBINVS' DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS 'BALBINVS'		Murdered by the Praetorians
May 238 to February 244	'Gordian III' Rome		MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' PIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
240	''Sabinianus'' ?				Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated in battle
February 244 to September/October 249	'Philip the Arab' Shahba, Syria		MARCVS IVLIVS 'PHILLIPVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS 'PHILLIPVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle by Decius
248	''Pacatianus'' ?		''TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS MARINVS PACATIANVS''		Proclaimed himself emperor; murdered by his own soldiers
248	''Iotapianus'' some place at Near East		''MARCVS FVLVIVS RVFVS IOTAPIANVS''		Claimant; killed by his own soldiers
248	''Silbannacus'' ?				Usurper ; death unknown
249 to June 251	'Decius' Budalia, Lower Pannonia		GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS 'DECIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS 'DECIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle
249 to 252	''Priscus'' possibly Damascus, Syria		''GAIVS IVLIVS PRISCVS''		Proclaimed himself emperor in the Eastern provinces ; murdered
250	''Licinianus'' ?		''IVLIVS VALENS LICINIANVS''		Claimant; murdered
''early'' 251 to 1 July 251	'Herennius Etruscus' Pannonia		QVINTVS 'HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS' MESSIVS DECIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR QVINTVS 'HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS' MESSIVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle
251	'Hostilian' ?		CAIVS VALENS 'HOSTILIANVS' MESSIVS QVINTVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR CAIVS VALENS 'HOSTILIANVS' MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallus, died of the plague
June 251 to August 253	'Trebonianus Gallus' Italia		GAIVS VIBIVS 'TREBONIANVS GALLVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS 'TREBONIANVS GALLVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
July 251 to August 253	'Volusianus' ?		GAIVS VIBIVS 'VOLVSIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS AFINIVS GALLVS VELDVMNIANVS 'VOLVSIANVS' AVGVSTVS	Son and co-ruler of Trebonianus Gallus. Murdered by his own soldiers
August 253 to October 253	'Aemilianus' Africa		MARCVS 'AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS 'AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
253 to June 260	'Valerian' ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS 'VALERIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS 'VALERIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallienus; captured by Persians: died in captivity
253 to September 268	'Gallienus' ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS 'GALLIENVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS 'GALLIENVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Valerian 253 to 260; murdered
260	'Saloninus' ?		PVBLIVS LICINIVS CORNELIVS 'SALONINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR CORNELIVS LICINIVS 'SALONINVS' VALERIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Gallienus; murdered
258 or June 260	''Ingenuus'' ?				Proclaimed himself emperor; killed in battle
260	''Regalianus'' ?		''PVBLIVS C[AIVS] REGALIANVS''		Proclaimed emperor; killed by his own people
260 to 261	''Macrianus Major'' ?		''FVLVIVS MACRIANVS''		Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261	''Macrianus Minor'' ?		''TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS MACRIANVS''		Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261	''Quietus'' ?		''TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS QVIETVS''		Claimant; murdered
261 to 261 or 262	''Mussius Aemilianus'' ?		''LVCIVS MVSSIVS AEMILIANVS''		Proclaimed emperor; strangled while being held captive
268 to 268	''Aureolus'' ?		''MANIVS ACILIVS AVREOLVS''		Proclaimed himself emperor; surrendered to Claudius II Gothicus; killed by Praetorian Guard

===Gallic Empire (260-274)===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
260 to 269	'Postumus' Gaul		MARCVS CASSIANIVS LATINIVS 'POSTVMVS'	Postumus|IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CASSIANVS LATINIVS 'POSTVMVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS
269	''Laelianus'' possibly Hispania		''VLPIVS CORNELIVS 'LAELIANVS'''	''IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VLPIVS CORNELIVS 'LAELIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS''	Proclaimed himself emperor of the Gallic Empire
269	'Marius' ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS 'MARIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'MARIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS
269 to 271	'Victorinus' ?		MARCVS PIAVONIVS 'VICTORINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS PIAVONIVS 'VICTORINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS
270 to 271	''Domitianus'' ?			''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS''	Proclaimed emperor of the Gallic Empire
271 to 274	'Tetricus I' ?		CAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS 'TETRICVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS 'TETRICVS' FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS

===Illyrian Emperors===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
268 to August 270	'Claudius II Gothicus' Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia		MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'CLAVDIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CLAVDIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Died of plague
August 270 to September 270	'Quintillus' Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia		MARCVS AVRELIVS 'QVINTILLVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS 'QVINTILLVS' INVICTVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Briefly Co-emperor with Aurelian; committed suicide
August 270 to 275	'Aurelian' Dacia or possibly Sirmium, Pannonia		LVCIVS DOMITIVS 'AVRELIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS 'AVRELIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by the Praetorian Guard
271	''Septimius'' ?				Proclaimed emperor in Dalmatia; killed by his own soldiers
November/December 275 to July 276	'Tacitus' Interamna, Italia		MARCVS CLAVDIVS 'TACITVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS 'TACITVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
July 276 to September 276	'Florianus' ?		MARCVS ANNIVS 'FLORIANVS' PIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Murdered
July 276 to ''late'' September 282	'Probus' Sirmium, Pannonia		MARCVS AVRELIVS EQVITIVS 'PROBVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'PROBVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Murdered by his own soldiers
280	''Saturninus'' Gaul		''IVLIVS SATVRNINVS''		Claimant: forced by his soldiers; proclaimed himself emperor; killed by his soldiers
280	''Proculus'' Albingaunum, Italia				Claimant: acceding to the request of the people of Lugdunum; killed by Probus
280	''Bonosus'' Hispania		''GALLVS QVINTVS BONOSVS''		Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated by Probus and committed suicide
September 282 to July/August 283	'Carus' probably Narbo, Gaul		MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS 'CARVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Uncertain cause of death; disease, lightning injury, a wound received in battle against the Huns and murder by the Praetorian Guard have all been suggested
spring 283 to summer 285	'Carinus' ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Numerian; Murdered
July/August 283 to November 284	'Numerian' ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS 'NVMERIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'NVMERIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Carinus

==Dominate

=Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty ===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
20 November 284 to 1 May 305	'Diocletian' Dioclea, Dalmatia		'DIOCLES' ''(full name not known)'' GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'DIOCLETIANVS' IOVIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'DIOCLETIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL	Co-emperor with Maximian; 285: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 286: Iovius; 287: Germanicus Maximus; 295: Persicus Maximus; 297: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 298: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus Abdicated
1 April 286 to 1 May 305	'Maximian' near Sirmium, Pannonia		'MAXIMIANVS' ''(full name not known)'' MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' HERCVLIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Diocletian; 286: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 287: Iovius; 288: Germanicus Maximus; 294: Persicus Maximus; 298: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 299: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus; Forced to abdicate
1 May 305 to 25 July 306	'Constantius I Chlorus' Dardania, Moesia		FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' '''CHLORVS'''	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' AVGVSTVS
1 May 305 to May 311	'Galerius' near Serdica, Dacia Aureliana		CAIVS 'GALERIVS' VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'GALERIVS' VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Severus II
August 306 to 16 September 307	'Severus II' ?		FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'SEVERVS'	IMPERATOR 'SEVERVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	co-emperor with Galerius
28 October 306 to 28 October 312	'Maxentius' ?		MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXENTIVS'	MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXENTIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Drowned in the Tiber
307 to 308	'Maximian' near Sirmium, Pannonia		'MAXIMIANVS' ''(full name not known)'' MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' HERCVLIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS HERCVLIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS SARMATICVS MAXIMVS IOVIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS MAXIMVS BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS CARPICVS MAXIMVS ARMENICVS MAXIMVS MEDICVS MAXIMVS ADIABENICVS MAXIMVS	Abdicated
307 to 22 May 337	'Constantine I' Naissus, Moesia Superior		GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL	307: Germanicus Maximus; 312: Maximus; 323: Sarmaticus Maximus; 324: Victor ''substituting'' Invictus; 328: Gothicus Maximus; 336:Dacicus Maximus
308	''Domitius Alexander'' probably Phrygia		''LVCIVS DOMITIVS ALEXANDER''		Proclaimed himself emperor
11 November 308 to 18 September 324	'Licinius' Moesia Superior		VALERIVS LICINIANVS 'LICINIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS 'LICINIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; abdicated; (executed early 325)
1 May 310 to July/August 313	'Maximinus Daia' Dacia Aureliana		'DAIA' 'MAXIMINVS' GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMINVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; committed suicide
December 316 to 1 March 317	'Valerius Valens' ?		AVRELIVS 'VALERIVS VALENS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR AVRELIVS 'VALERIVS VALENS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Licinius; executed by Constantine I
July to 18 September 324	'Martinianus' ?		SEXTVS MARCIVS 'MARTINIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR SEXTVS MARCIVS 'MARTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Licinius; executed early 325
337 to 340	'Constantine II' Arles, Gaul		FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'CONSTANTINVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; killed in battle
337 to 361	'Constantius II' Sirmium, Pannonia		FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANTIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor
337 to 350	'Constans' ?		FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANS'	Constans|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANS' AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; killed by 'Magnentius'
January 350 to 11 August 353	''Magnentius'' Samarobriva, Gaul		''FLAVIVS 'MAGNVS MAGNENTIVS'''	''IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'MAGNVS MAGENTIVS' AVGVSTVS''	Usurper; committed suicide
''c.'' 350	'Vetranio' ?		''not known''		Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius, recognized by Constantius II.
''c.'' 350	''Nepotianus'' ?				Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius.
November 361 to June 363	'Julian' Constantinople, Thracia		FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'IVLIANVS'	Julian the Apostate|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'IVLIANVS' AVGVSTVS	Killed in battle
363 to 17 February 364	'Jovian' Singidunum, Moesia		FLAVIVS 'IOVIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'IOVIANVS' AVGVSTVS	Died accidentally

===Britannic Empire (286-297)===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
286 to 293	'Carausius' Gallia Belgica		MARCVS AVRELIVS MAVSAEVS	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'CARAVSIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS
293 to 297	'Allectus' ?		''not known''	IMPERATOR CAESAR 'ALLECTVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS

===Valentinian dynasty===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
26 February 364 to 17 November 375	'Valentinian I' Cibalae, Pannonia		FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Emperor in the west.
28 March 364 to 9 August 378	'Valens' Cibalae, Pannonia		FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'VALENS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'VALENS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Emperor in the east. Killed in battle
September 365 to 27 May 366	''Procopius'' Cilicia				Usurper; executed by Valens
24 August 367 to 383	'Gratian' Sirmium, Pannonia		FLAVIVS 'GRATIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'GRATIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Assassinated
375 to 392	'Valentinian II' Milan, Italia		FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Deposed; died in suspicious circumstances
383 to 388	'Magnus Maximus' Hispania		'MAGNVS MAXIMVS'		Usurper in the west; once recognised by Theodosius I, then deposed and executed
''c.''386 to 388	''Flavius Victor'' ?		'''FLAVIVS VICTOR'''		Son of Magnus Maximus, murdered on order of Theodosius I
392 to 394	''Eugenius'' ?		''FLAVIVS 'EVGENIVS'''		Usurper in the west; killed in battle

===Theodosian dynasty===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
379 to 17 January 395	'Theodosius I' Cauca, Hispania		FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor; emperor in the east from 379
383 to January 395	'Arcadius' ?		FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Becoming Emperor in the East January 395
23 January 393 to 395	'Honorius' ?		FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Becoming Emperor in the West

===Western Empire===

Reign	Common name & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name & Title at birth/ on eve of accession	Imperial name	Notes
395 to 15 August 423	'Honorius' ?		FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS'	IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS	Co-emperor with Constantius III (421)
407 to 411	''Constantine III'' ?		''FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'CONSTANTINVS'''		Claimant
409 to 411	''Constans II'' ?				Claimant, co-ruler with Constantine III
409 to 411	''Maximus'' Hispania				Claimant, ruling on Hispania
409 to 410	''Priscus Attalus'' ?			''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'PRISCVS ATTALVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS''	Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
411 to 413	''Jovinus'' Gaul				Claimant
412 to 413	''Sebastianus'' Gaul				Claimant, co-ruler with Jovinus
414 to 415	''Priscus Attalus'' ?			''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'PRISCVS ATTALVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS''	Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
421	'Constantius III' Naissus, Moesia Superior		FLAVIVS 'CONSTANTIVS'		Co-emperor with Honorius
423 to 425	''Joannes'' ?		''IOHANNES''		Claimant
425 to 16 March 455	'Valentinian III' Ravenna, Italia		FLAVIVS PLACIDVS 'VALENTINIANVS'
17 March 455 to 31 May 455	'Petronius Maximus' ?		FLAVIVS 'PETRONIVS MAXIMVS'
June 455 to 17 October 456	'Avitus' ?		MARCVS MAECILIVS FLAVIVS EPARCHIVS 'AVITVS'
457 to 2 August 461	'Majorian' ?		IVLIVS VALERIVS 'MAIORIANVS'		Abdicated
461 to 465	'Libius Severus' Lucania, Italia		'LIBIVS SEVERVS'
12 April 467 to 11 July 472	'Anthemius' ?		PROCOPIVS 'ANTHEMIVS'		Executed
July 472 to 2 November 472	'Olybrius' ?		ANICIVS 'OLYBRIVS'
5 March 473 to June 474	'Glycerius' ?				Abdicated
June 474 to 25 April 480	'Julius Nepos' ?				Emperor in the West until 475, deposed by Orestes; fled; From 476 recognised by Odoacer; murdered 480
31 October 475 to 4 September 476	'Romulus Augustus' Romulus Augustulus ?		FLAVIVS 'ROMVLVS' 'ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS'		Deposed by Odoacer; fate unknown.

Eastern Empire

Reign	Incumbent & Birthplace	Portrait	Personal name	Imperial name	Notes
395 to 1 May 408	'Arcadius' ?			FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS'
408 to 28 July 450	'Theodosius II' ?			FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS'
450 to 457	'Marcian' Thrace or Illyria			FLAVIVS 'MARCIANIVS'
457 to 474	'Leo I' ?			FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'LEO'
474 to 474	'Leo II' ?		Tarasicodissa Trascalissaeus	FLAVIVS 'LEO'
474 to 475 and 476(restoration) to 491	'Zeno' Isauria, Cilicia			FLAVIVS 'ZENO'
475 to 476	'Basiliscus' ?			FLAVIVS 'BASILISCVS'

References

★ Chris Scarre, ''Chronicle of the Roman Emperors'', Thames & Hudson, 1995, Reprinted 2001, ISBN 0-500-05077-5

★ Tacitus, ''The Annals of Imperial Rome'', Penguin Classics, Michael Grant Publications Ltd, 1971, Reprinted 1985, ISBN 0-14-044060-7

★ Martha Ross, ''Rulers and Governments of the World, Vol.1 Earliest Times to 1491'', Bowker, 1978, ISBN 0-85935-021-5

★ Clive Carpenter, ''The Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen'', Guinness Superlatives Ltd, 1978, ISBN 0-900424-46-X

★ R.F.Tapsell, ''Monarchs Rulers Dynasties and Kingdoms of The World'', Thames & Hudson, 1981, Reprinted 1987, ISBN 0-500-27337-5

See also

★ List of Roman dictators (501 - 44 BC)

★ Second Triumvirate (43 - 33 BC)

★ Roman usurper

External links

★ There are good biographies of most of the Roman Emperors in De Imperatoribus Romanis.

★ List of the Roman Emperors 27 BC - 395 AD

★ Portraits and fact files