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LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS


:''For a simplified list see: Concise List of Roman Emperors''
This is a 'list of the Roman Emperors' with the dates they ruled, or claimed to rule, all or part of the Roman Empire, until the final demise of the Western Empire in 476.
Note that Julius Caesar does not appear in the list. His position as Dictator is considered a continuation of the Roman Republic. For a more in-depth discussion of whether or not Julius Caesar might have been considered as the first emperor, see Roman Emperor.
For the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god, see ''Imperial cult''.
The titles conferred on, or assumed by the Emperor, indicated in the Imperial name and Notes columns in the table include:-

Imperator: 'Victorious Commander given power by the Gods'

Pater Patriae: 'Father of the Fatherland'

Pontifex Maximus: 'Greatest Pontiff' (''lit.'' Bridge-builder)

Key (for columns showing names in Latin):-

''italics:'' claimant who cannot be considered to have ruled, or who held power over part of the empire only

'bold': name by which the individual is commonly known

'''bold italics''': nickname by which the individual is commonly known (unless a claimant)







Contents
Principate
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Year of the four emperors
Flavian dynasty
Five Good Emperors
Severan dynasty
Eastern Empire
References
See also
External links

Principate


Main articles: Principate

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Main articles: Julio-Claudian dynasty

Reign Common Name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
16 January 27 BC to 19 August AD 14 'Augustus'
Rome
GAIVS 'OCTAVIVS'

GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR 'OCTAVIANVS'
IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS 'AVGVSTVS' 12BC: Pontifex Maximus
19 August 14 to 16 March 37 'Tiberius'
Rome
'TIBERIVS' CLAVDIVS NERO

'TIBERIVS' IVLIVS CAESAR		 'TIBERIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS 15: Pontifex Maximus
18 March 37 to 24 January 41 'Caligula'
Antium, Italia
GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR GERMANICVS

GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS '''CALIGVLA'''		 'GAIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS Nickname ''Caligula'', ''(Little-boots)''; 37: Pontifex Maximus, Pater Patriae;
Assassinated
24 January 41 to 13 October 54 'Claudius'
Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis
TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' DRVSVS

TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' DRVSVS NERO GERMANICVS		 TIBERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS 42: Pater Patriae;
Possibly assassinated by poisoning
October 54 to 11 June 68 'Nero'
Antium, Italia
'LVCIVS DOMITIVS' AHENOBARBVS
'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR DRVSVS GERMANICVS		 'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 55: Pontifex Maximus; ''later'' Pater Patriae;
Committed suicide
''(from summer AD66):-''
IMPERATOR 'NERO' CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS

Year of the four emperors

Main articles: Year of the four emperors

Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
8 June 68 to 15 January 69 'Galba'
near Terracina, Italia
SERVIVS SVLPICIVS 'GALBA' SERVIVS 'GALBA' IMPERATOR CAESAR AVGVSTVS Murdered by Otho;
''see:'' Year of the four emperors
15 January 69 to 16 April 69 'Otho'
Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia
MARCVS SALVIVS 'OTHO' IMPERATOR MARCVS 'OTHO' CAESAR AVGVSTVS Committed suicide;
''see:'' Year of the four emperors
17 April 69 to 20 December 69 'Vitellius'
Rome
AVLVS 'VITELLIVS' AVLVS 'VITELLIVS' GERMANICVS IMPERATOR AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; murdered in the Forum;
''see:'' Year of the four emperors

Flavian dynasty

Main articles: Flavian dynasty

Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
1 July 69 to 24 June 79 'Vespasian'
Falacrine, Italia
TITVS FLAVIVS 'VESPASIANVS' IMPERATOR 'VESPASIANVS' CAESAR AVGVSTVS 70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
co-emperor;
''see:'' Year of the four emperors
24 June 79 to 13 September 81 'Titus'
Rome
'TITVS' FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS

'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS		 IMPERATOR 'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS 70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
''from August 69''
IMPERATOR 'TITVS' CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
14 September 81 to 18 September 96 'Domitian'
Rome
TITVS FLAVIVS 'DOMITIANVS'
CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS'		 IMPERATOR CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS' AVGVSTVS, PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE ''late'' 83: Germanicus;
assassinated

Five Good Emperors

Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
18 September 96 to 27 January 98 'Nerva'
Narni (?), Italia
MARCVS COCCEIVS 'NERVA' IMPERATOR 'NERVA' CAESAR AVGVSTVS, PATER PATRIAE  
28 January 98 to 7 August 117 'Trajan'
Italica, Hispania Baetica
MARCVS VLPIVS 'TRAIANVS'

MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA 'TRAIANVS' GERMANICVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI NERVAE FILIVS NERVA 'TRAIANVS' GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS 98: Pater Patriae; 102: Dacicus; 114: Parthicus; Aug/Sep 114: Optimus
11 August 117 to 10 July 138 'Hadrian'
Italica, Hispania Baetica (?) / Rome (?)
PVBLIVS AELIVS 'HADRIANVS'

PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS 'HADRIANVS'		 IMPERATOR CAESAR TRAIANVS 'HADRIANVS' AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS  
10 July 138 to 7 March 161 'Antoninus Pius'
near Lanuvium, Italia
TITVS AVRELIVS FVLVVS BOIONIVS ARRIVS 'ANTONINVS'

IMPERATOR TITVS AELIVS CAESAR 'ANTONINVS'		 IMPERATOR CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS 'ANTONINVS' AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS ''post''7 March 161: 'Pius'; 139: Pater Patriae
''143'' Acclaimed emperor a second time
7 March 161 to 17 March 180 'Marcus Aurelius'
Rome (?) / Ucubi, Hispania Baetica (?)
MARCVS ANNIVS VERVS
'AVRELIVS' CAESAR AVGVSTI PII FILIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS co-emperor with Lucius Verus to March 169; 164: Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus Maximus; 166: Pater Patriae; 172: Germanicus; 175: Sarmaticus
7 March 161 to March 169 'Lucius Verus'
Rome
'LVCIVS' CEIONIVS COMMODVS

'LVCIVS' AELIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR 'LVCIVS' AVRELIVS 'VERVS' AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius164: Armeniacus; 165: Parthicus Maximus; 166: Medicus, Pater Patriae
175 ''Avidius Cassius''
Cyrrhus, Syria		 ''GAIVS AVIDIVS CASSIVS''   Usurper; proclaimed emperor: ruled in Egypt and Syria; murdered by a centurion
177 to 31 December 192 'Commodus'
Lanuvium, Italia
LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' ANTONINVS

LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' CAESAR ANTONINVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius to 17 March 180;
''from 180'' IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS 'COMMODVS' ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE Sole emperor. Murdered: strangled by a wrestler

Severan dynasty

Main articles: Severan dynasty family tree

Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
1 January 193 to 28 March 193 'Pertinax'
Alba, Italia
PVBLIVS HELVIVS 'PERTINAX' IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS 'PERTINAX' AVGVSTVS recognized as emperor by Septimius Severus; murdered by soldiers on the Palatine
28 March 193 to 1 June 193 'Didius Julianus'
Milan, Italia
MARCVS 'DIDIVS' SEVERVS 'IVLIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS 'DIDIVS' SEVERVS 'IVLIANVS' AVGVSTVS Sentenced to death by the Senate; murdered on the Palatine
9 April 193 to 4 February 211 'Septimius Severus'
Leptis Magna, Africa
LVCIVS 'SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL 9 June 193: Pontifex Maximus; ''late''193: Pater Patriae; 195: Divi Marci Pii filius Divi Commodi Frater; Pius; Arabicus, Adiabenicus; 198: Parthicus Maximus; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
193 to 194/195 ''Pescennius Niger''
?, Italia
''GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER''   Claimant: emperor in Syria
193/195 to 197 ''Clodius Albinus''
?, Africa
''DECIMVS CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS''   Claimant: emperor in Britain
198 to 4 April 217 'Caracalla'
Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis
LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS BASSIANVS
'''CARACALLA'''		 IMPERATOR CAESAR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS' SEVERVS 'ANTONINVS' PIVS AVGVSTVS 199: Pater Patriae; 200: Pius Felix; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
4 February 211 to 8 February 217 IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS PROCONSVL 213: Germanicus Maximus;
Murdered by Macrinus
209 to 4 February 211 'Geta'
Rome
PVBLIVS SEPTIMVS 'GETA'   Murdered by Caracalla
4 February 211 to December 211 IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS 'GETA' AVGVSTVS
11 April 217 to June 218 'Macrinus'
Iol Caesarea, Mauretania
MARCVS OPELLIVS 'MACRINVS' IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS 'MACRINVS' AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX PROCONSVL ''?''June 217: Pater Patriae; Pontifex Maximus;
Executed
May 217 to June 218 'Diadumenian'
?
MARCVS OPELLIVS 'DIADVMENIANVS' IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS 'DIADVMENIANVS' CAESAR SEVERVS Executed
June 218 to 222 'Elagabalus'
Emesa, Syria
VARIVS AVITVS BASSIANVS

MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS
'''ELAGABALVS'''		 IMPERATOR 'MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL July 218: Pater Patriae, Pontifex Maximus; 220: Sacerdos Amplissimus Dei Invicti Solis Elagabali
Assassinated
13 March 222 to ''?''March 235 'Alexander Severus'
Arca Caesarea, Iudaea
BASSIANVS ALEXIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'SEVERVS ALEXANDER' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Pontifex Maximus
Assassinated

==Crisis of the Third Century


=Emperors during the height of the Crisis===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
February/March 235 to March/April 238 'Maximinus Thrax'
Thrace or Moesia
GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS 'MAXIMINVS THRAX' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS 'MAXIMINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by troops
''early'' January/March 238 to ''late'' January/April 238 'Gordian I'
possibly Phrygia
MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS Committed suicide
''early'' January March 238 to ''late'' January/April 238 'Gordian II'
?
MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS Killed in battle
''early'' February 238 to ''early'' May 238 'Pupienus Maximus'
?
MARCVS CLODIVS 'PVPIENVS MAXIMVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS 'PVPIENVS MAXIMVS' AVGVSTVS Murdered by the Praetorians
''early'' February 238 to ''early'' May 238 'Balbinus'
?
DECIMVS CAELIVS ANTONIVS 'BALBINVS'

DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS 'BALBINVS'		   Murdered by the Praetorians
May 238 to February 244 'Gordian III'
Rome
MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS'

MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' PIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS 'GORDIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Murdered
240 ''Sabinianus''
?		     Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated in battle
February 244 to September/October 249 'Philip the Arab'
Shahba, Syria
MARCVS IVLIVS 'PHILLIPVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS 'PHILLIPVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Killed in battle by Decius
248 ''Pacatianus''
?
''TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS MARINVS PACATIANVS''   Proclaimed himself emperor; murdered by his own soldiers
248 ''Iotapianus''
some place at Near East
''MARCVS FVLVIVS RVFVS IOTAPIANVS''   Claimant; killed by his own soldiers
248 ''Silbannacus''
?		     Usurper ; death unknown
249 to June 251 'Decius'
Budalia, Lower Pannonia
GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS 'DECIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS 'DECIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Killed in battle
249 to 252 ''Priscus''
possibly Damascus, Syria		 ''GAIVS IVLIVS PRISCVS''   Proclaimed himself emperor in the Eastern provinces ; murdered
250 ''Licinianus''
?		 ''IVLIVS VALENS LICINIANVS''   Claimant; murdered
''early'' 251 to 1 July 251 'Herennius Etruscus'
Pannonia
QVINTVS 'HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS' MESSIVS DECIVS IMPERATOR CAESAR QVINTVS 'HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS' MESSIVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS Killed in battle
251 'Hostilian'
?
CAIVS VALENS 'HOSTILIANVS' MESSIVS QVINTVS IMPERATOR CAESAR CAIVS VALENS 'HOSTILIANVS' MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Gallus, died of the plague
June 251 to August 253 'Trebonianus Gallus'
Italia
GAIVS VIBIVS 'TREBONIANVS GALLVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS 'TREBONIANVS GALLVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by his own soldiers
July 251 to August 253 'Volusianus'
?
GAIVS VIBIVS 'VOLVSIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS AFINIVS GALLVS VELDVMNIANVS 'VOLVSIANVS' AVGVSTVS Son and co-ruler of Trebonianus Gallus. Murdered by his own soldiers
August 253 to October 253 'Aemilianus'
Africa
MARCVS 'AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS 'AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by his own soldiers
253 to June 260 'Valerian'
?
PVBLIVS LICINIVS 'VALERIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS 'VALERIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Gallienus; captured by Persians: died in captivity
253 to September 268 'Gallienus'
?
PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS 'GALLIENVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS 'GALLIENVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Valerian 253 to 260; murdered
260 'Saloninus'
?
PVBLIVS LICINIVS CORNELIVS 'SALONINVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR CORNELIVS LICINIVS 'SALONINVS' VALERIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Gallienus; murdered
258 or June 260 ''Ingenuus''
?		     Proclaimed himself emperor; killed in battle
260 ''Regalianus''
?
''PVBLIVS C[AIVS] REGALIANVS''   Proclaimed emperor; killed by his own people
260 to 261 ''Macrianus Major''
?		 ''FVLVIVS MACRIANVS''   Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261 ''Macrianus Minor''
?
''TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS MACRIANVS''   Proclaimed emperor; defeated and killed in battle
260 to 261 ''Quietus''
?
''TITVS FVLVIVS IVNIVS QVIETVS''   Claimant; murdered
261 to 261 or 262 ''Mussius Aemilianus''
?		 ''LVCIVS MVSSIVS AEMILIANVS''   Proclaimed emperor; strangled while being held captive
268 to 268 ''Aureolus''
?		 ''MANIVS ACILIVS AVREOLVS''   Proclaimed himself emperor; surrendered to Claudius II Gothicus; killed by Praetorian Guard

===Gallic Empire (260-274)===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
260 to 269 'Postumus'
Gaul
MARCVS CASSIANIVS LATINIVS 'POSTVMVS' Postumus|IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CASSIANVS LATINIVS 'POSTVMVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS
269 ''Laelianus''
possibly Hispania
''VLPIVS CORNELIVS 'LAELIANVS''' ''IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VLPIVS CORNELIVS 'LAELIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS'' Proclaimed himself emperor of the Gallic Empire
269 'Marius'
?
MARCVS AVRELIVS 'MARIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'MARIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS  
269 to 271 'Victorinus'
?
MARCVS PIAVONIVS 'VICTORINVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS PIAVONIVS 'VICTORINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS  
270 to 271 ''Domitianus''
?		   ''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'DOMITIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS'' Proclaimed emperor of the Gallic Empire
271 to 274 'Tetricus I'
?
CAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS 'TETRICVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS PIVS ESVVIVS 'TETRICVS' FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS  

===Illyrian Emperors===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
268 to August 270 'Claudius II Gothicus'
Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia
MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'CLAVDIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CLAVDIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Died of plague
August 270 to September 270 'Quintillus'
Sirmium, Pannonia or Dardania, Moesia
MARCVS AVRELIVS 'QVINTILLVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS 'QVINTILLVS' INVICTVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Briefly Co-emperor with Aurelian; committed suicide
August 270 to 275 'Aurelian'
Dacia or possibly Sirmium, Pannonia
LVCIVS DOMITIVS 'AVRELIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS 'AVRELIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by the Praetorian Guard
271 ''Septimius''
?		     Proclaimed emperor in Dalmatia; killed by his own soldiers
November/December 275 to July 276 'Tacitus'
Interamna, Italia
MARCVS CLAVDIVS 'TACITVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS 'TACITVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Murdered
July 276 to September 276 'Florianus'
?
MARCVS ANNIVS 'FLORIANVS' PIVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Murdered
July 276 to ''late'' September 282 'Probus'
Sirmium, Pannonia
MARCVS AVRELIVS EQVITIVS 'PROBVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'PROBVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by his own soldiers
280 ''Saturninus''
Gaul		 ''IVLIVS SATVRNINVS''   Claimant: forced by his soldiers; proclaimed himself emperor; killed by his soldiers
280 ''Proculus''
Albingaunum, Italia		     Claimant: acceding to the request of the people of Lugdunum; killed by Probus
280 ''Bonosus''
Hispania		 ''GALLVS QVINTVS BONOSVS''   Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated by Probus and committed suicide
September 282 to July/August 283 'Carus'
probably Narbo, Gaul
MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS 'CARVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Uncertain cause of death; disease, lightning injury, a wound received in battle against the Huns and murder by the Praetorian Guard have all been suggested
spring 283 to summer 285 'Carinus'
?
MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARINVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'CARINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Numerian; Murdered
July/August 283 to November 284 'Numerian'
?
MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS 'NVMERIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS 'NVMERIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Carinus

==Dominate


=Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty ===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
20 November 284 to 1 May 305 'Diocletian'
Dioclea, Dalmatia
'DIOCLES'
''(full name not known)''

GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'DIOCLETIANVS' IOVIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'DIOCLETIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL Co-emperor with Maximian; 285: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 286: Iovius; 287: Germanicus Maximus; 295: Persicus Maximus; 297: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 298: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus
Abdicated
1 April 286 to 1 May 305 'Maximian'
near Sirmium, Pannonia
'MAXIMIANVS'
''(full name not known)''

MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' HERCVLIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS co-emperor with Diocletian; 286: Germanicus Maximus, Sarmaticus Maximus; 287: Iovius; 288: Germanicus Maximus; 294: Persicus Maximus; 298: Britannicus Maximus, Carpicus Maximus; 299: Armenicus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus;
Forced to abdicate
1 May 305 to 25 July 306 'Constantius I Chlorus'
Dardania, Moesia
FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTIVS'

'''CHLORVS'''		 IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' AVGVSTVS  
1 May 305 to May 311 'Galerius'
near Serdica, Dacia Aureliana
CAIVS 'GALERIVS' VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR 'GALERIVS' VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS co-emperor with Severus II
August 306 to 16 September 307 'Severus II'
?
FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'SEVERVS' IMPERATOR 'SEVERVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS co-emperor with Galerius
28 October 306 to 28 October 312 'Maxentius'
?
MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXENTIVS' MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXENTIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Drowned in the Tiber
307 to 308 'Maximian'
near Sirmium, Pannonia
'MAXIMIANVS'
''(full name not known)''

MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' HERCVLIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS HERCVLIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS SARMATICVS MAXIMVS IOVIVS GERMANICVS MAXIMVS PERSICVS MAXIMVS BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS CARPICVS MAXIMVS ARMENICVS MAXIMVS MEDICVS MAXIMVS ADIABENICVS MAXIMVS Abdicated
307 to 22 May 337 'Constantine I'
Naissus, Moesia Superior
GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE PROCONSVL 307: Germanicus Maximus; 312: Maximus; 323: Sarmaticus Maximus; 324: Victor ''substituting'' Invictus; 328: Gothicus Maximus; 336:Dacicus Maximus
308 ''Domitius Alexander''
probably Phrygia
''LVCIVS DOMITIVS ALEXANDER''   Proclaimed himself emperor
11 November 308 to 18 September 324 'Licinius'
Moesia Superior
VALERIVS LICINIANVS 'LICINIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS 'LICINIVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; abdicated; (executed early 325)
1 May 310 to July/August 313 'Maximinus Daia'
Dacia Aureliana
'DAIA'

'MAXIMINVS' GAIVS GALERIVS VALERIVS		 IMPERATOR CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS 'MAXIMINVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; committed suicide
December 316 to 1 March 317 'Valerius Valens'
?		 AVRELIVS 'VALERIVS VALENS' IMPERATOR CAESAR AVRELIVS 'VALERIVS VALENS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Licinius; executed by Constantine I
July to 18 September 324 'Martinianus'
?
SEXTVS MARCIVS 'MARTINIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR SEXTVS MARCIVS 'MARTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Licinius; executed early 325
337 to 340 'Constantine II'
Arles, Gaul
FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'CONSTANTINVS' AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; killed in battle
337 to 361 'Constantius II'
Sirmium, Pannonia
FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANTIVS' AVGVSTVS Co-emperor
337 to 350 'Constans'
?
FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANS' Constans|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'CONSTANS' AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; killed by 'Magnentius'
January 350 to 11 August 353 ''Magnentius''
Samarobriva, Gaul
''FLAVIVS 'MAGNVS MAGNENTIVS''' ''IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'MAGNVS MAGENTIVS' AVGVSTVS'' Usurper; committed suicide
''c.'' 350 'Vetranio'
?
''not known''   Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius, recognized by Constantius II.
''c.'' 350 ''Nepotianus''
?
    Proclaimed himself emperor against Magnentius.
November 361 to June 363 'Julian'
Constantinople, Thracia
FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'IVLIANVS' Julian the Apostate|IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'IVLIANVS' AVGVSTVS Killed in battle
363 to 17 February 364 'Jovian'
Singidunum, Moesia
FLAVIVS 'IOVIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'IOVIANVS' AVGVSTVS Died accidentally

===Britannic Empire (286-297)===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
286 to 293 'Carausius'
Gallia Belgica
MARCVS AVRELIVS MAVSAEVS IMPERATOR CAESAR 'CARAVSIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS  
293 to 297 'Allectus'
?
''not known'' IMPERATOR CAESAR 'ALLECTVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS  

===Valentinian dynasty===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
26 February 364 to 17 November 375 'Valentinian I'
Cibalae, Pannonia
FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Emperor in the west.
28 March 364 to 9 August 378 'Valens'
Cibalae, Pannonia
FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'VALENS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS 'VALENS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Emperor in the east. Killed in battle
September 365 to 27 May 366 ''Procopius''
Cilicia
    Usurper; executed by Valens
24 August 367 to 383 'Gratian'
Sirmium, Pannonia
FLAVIVS 'GRATIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'GRATIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Assassinated
375 to 392 'Valentinian II'
Milan, Italia
FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'VALENTINIANVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Deposed; died in suspicious circumstances
383 to 388 'Magnus Maximus'
Hispania
'MAGNVS MAXIMVS'   Usurper in the west; once recognised by Theodosius I, then deposed and executed
''c.''386 to 388 ''Flavius Victor''
?
'''FLAVIVS VICTOR'''   Son of Magnus Maximus, murdered on order of Theodosius I
392 to 394 ''Eugenius''
?
''FLAVIVS 'EVGENIVS'''   Usurper in the west; killed in battle

===Theodosian dynasty===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
379 to 17 January 395 'Theodosius I'
Cauca, Hispania
FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; emperor in the east from 379
383 to January 395 'Arcadius'
?
FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Becoming Emperor in the East January 395
23 January 393 to 395 'Honorius'
?
FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Becoming Emperor in the West

===Western Empire===
Reign Common name & Birthplace Portrait Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession		 Imperial name Notes
395 to 15 August 423 'Honorius'
?
FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS 'HONORIVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Constantius III (421)
407 to 411 ''Constantine III''
?
''FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS 'CONSTANTINVS'''   Claimant
409 to 411 ''Constans II''
?
    Claimant, co-ruler with Constantine III
409 to 411 ''Maximus''
Hispania		     Claimant, ruling on Hispania
409 to 410 ''Priscus Attalus''
?
  ''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'PRISCVS ATTALVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS'' Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
411 to 413 ''Jovinus''
Gaul
    Claimant
412 to 413 ''Sebastianus''
Gaul
    Claimant, co-ruler with Jovinus
414 to 415 ''Priscus Attalus''
?
  ''IMPERATOR CAESAR 'PRISCVS ATTALVS' PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS'' Proclaimed emperor by the Visigoths
421 'Constantius III'
Naissus, Moesia Superior
FLAVIVS 'CONSTANTIVS'   Co-emperor with Honorius
423 to 425 ''Joannes''
?
''IOHANNES''   Claimant
425 to 16 March 455 'Valentinian III'
Ravenna, Italia
FLAVIVS PLACIDVS 'VALENTINIANVS'    
17 March 455 to 31 May 455 'Petronius Maximus'
?
FLAVIVS 'PETRONIVS MAXIMVS'    
June 455 to 17 October 456 'Avitus'
?
MARCVS MAECILIVS FLAVIVS EPARCHIVS 'AVITVS'    
457 to 2 August 461 'Majorian'
?
IVLIVS VALERIVS 'MAIORIANVS'   Abdicated
461 to 465 'Libius Severus'
Lucania, Italia
'LIBIVS SEVERVS'    
12 April 467 to 11 July 472 'Anthemius'
?
PROCOPIVS 'ANTHEMIVS'   Executed
July 472 to 2 November 472 'Olybrius'
?
ANICIVS 'OLYBRIVS'    
5 March 473 to June 474 'Glycerius'
?		     Abdicated
June 474 to 25 April 480 'Julius Nepos'
?
    Emperor in the West until 475, deposed by Orestes; fled; From 476 recognised by Odoacer; murdered 480
31 October 475 to 4 September 476 'Romulus Augustus'

Romulus Augustulus
?
FLAVIVS 'ROMVLVS'

'ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS'		   Deposed by Odoacer; fate unknown.

Eastern Empire

Reign Incumbent & Birthplace Portrait Personal name Imperial name Notes
395 to 1 May 408 'Arcadius'
?		FLAVIVS 'ARCADIVS'
408 to 28 July 450 'Theodosius II'
?
 FLAVIVS 'THEODOSIVS'
450 to 457 'Marcian'
Thrace or Illyria
 FLAVIVS 'MARCIANIVS'
457 to 474 'Leo I'
?
FLAVIVS VALERIVS 'LEO'
474 to 474 'Leo II'
?
 Tarasicodissa
Trascalissaeus		FLAVIVS 'LEO'
474 to 475 and 476(restoration) to 491 'Zeno'
Isauria, Cilicia
FLAVIVS 'ZENO'
475 to 476 'Basiliscus'
?
FLAVIVS 'BASILISCVS'

References



★ Chris Scarre, ''Chronicle of the Roman Emperors'', Thames & Hudson, 1995, Reprinted 2001, ISBN 0-500-05077-5

★ Tacitus, ''The Annals of Imperial Rome'', Penguin Classics, Michael Grant Publications Ltd, 1971, Reprinted 1985, ISBN 0-14-044060-7

★ Martha Ross, ''Rulers and Governments of the World, Vol.1 Earliest Times to 1491'', Bowker, 1978, ISBN 0-85935-021-5

★ Clive Carpenter, ''The Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen'', Guinness Superlatives Ltd, 1978, ISBN 0-900424-46-X

★ R.F.Tapsell, ''Monarchs Rulers Dynasties and Kingdoms of The World'', Thames & Hudson, 1981, Reprinted 1987, ISBN 0-500-27337-5

See also



★ List of Roman dictators (501 - 44 BC)

★ Second Triumvirate (43 - 33 BC)

★ Roman usurper

External links



★ There are good biographies of most of the Roman Emperors in De Imperatoribus Romanis.

★ List of the Roman Emperors 27 BC - 395 AD

★ Portraits and fact files

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