Discover

'List of Antarctica expeditions' is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica.

Contents

Pre-expedition

Agreements

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Pre-expedition

★ BC 600 – 300 Greek Philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with antipodal north-south polar regions.

★ AD 150 Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita
==Pre-1800s==

★ 1487 Bartolomeu Dias first to sail around Cape of Good Hope crosses (40° S)

★ 1497 Vasco da Gama sails to White River, South Africa

★ 1522 Ferdinand Magellan - first circumnavigation discovers Strait of Magellan (54º S)

★ 1525 Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition - thought to see ''Land's End'' (56º S)

★ 1578 Francis Drake discovers Drake Passage

★ 1599 Dirk Gerritsz - potentially sails to (64° S)

★ 1603 Gabriel de Castilla - potentially sails to (64° S)

★ 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)

★ 1619 Garcia de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramirez Islands ()

★ 1642 – 1643 Abel Tasman discovers New Zealand and Tasmania (44° S)

★ 1675 Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence

★ 1698 – 1699 Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)

★ 1720 Captain George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30’S)

★ 1739 Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island ()

★ 1771 James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition

★ 1771 – 1772 First French Antarctic Expedition - led by Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands ()

★ 1775 James Cook – sails HMS Resolution crossing Antarctic Circle to (71° 10’S)
==1800s==

★ 1819 William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (), the first ever land discovered south of 60° south latitude.

★ 1819 San Telmo wrecks in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island

★ 1819 – 1821 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – on January 27, 1820, discovers Antarctica mainland at Princess Martha Coast ()

★ 1820 Edward Bransfield & William Smith – on January 30, 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula ()

★ 1820 Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on November 17, 1820

★ 1821 John Davis – on February 7, 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay ()

★ 1823 – 1824 James Weddell – on February 20, 1823 reaches ()

★ 1830 – 1832 Southern Ocean Expedition – sight Enderby Land () and Adelaide Island ()

★ 1837 – 1840 Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers Adelie Land (66° S)

★ 1838 – 1839 John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands ()

★ 1838 – 1842 United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula () and eastern Antarctica

★ 1839 – 1843 James Clark Ross discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land

★ 1892 – 1893 Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island ()

★ 1893 – 1895 Henryk Bull – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare

★ 1897 – 1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache

★ 1898 – 1900 Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare and winters on Antarctica
==1900s==

★ 1901 — 1904 Discovery Expedition - led by Robert Falcon Scott, on December 30, 1903, Ernest Shackleton reached (82° 17’S)

★ 1901 — 1903 First German Antarctica Expedition - led by Erich von Drygalski

★ 1901 — 1904 Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskiöld

★ 1902 — 1904 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce

★ 1903 — 1905 Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot

★ 1907 — 1909 Nimrod Expedition – On January 16, 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached the South Magnetic Pole (88° 23’S)

★ 1908 — 1910 Fourth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot

★ 1910 — 1912 Japanese Antarctic Expedition - led by Nobu Shirase

★ 1910 — 1912 Roald Amundsen - On December 14, 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)

★ 1910 — 1913 Terra Nova Expedition - On January 17, 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)

★ 1911 — 1913 Second German Antarctic Expedition - led by Wilhelm Filchner

★ 1911 — 1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson

★ 1914 — 1916 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton

★ 1914 — 1917 Ross Sea Party – led by A.L.A. Mackintosh

★ 1921 — 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton

★ 1929 — 1931 British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition

★ 1928 — 1930 Richard Evelyn Byrd - First expedition

★ 1931 H Halvorsen - discovered Princess Astrid Coast

★ 1931 Carstens Borchgrevink - discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst

★ 1931 Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen - flew over Antarctica

★ 1933 — 1935 Richard Evelyn Byrd - Second expedition

★ 1933 — 1939 Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition

★ 1934 — 1937 British Graham Land Expedition

★ 1936 Lars Christensen - dropped Norwegian flag over Princess Harald Coast

★ 1938 Third German Antarctic Expedition - led by Alfred Ritscher

★ 1939 — 1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd

★ 1943 — 1945 Operation Tabarin - led by Lieutenant James Marr

★ 1946 — 1946 Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd

★ 1947 — First Chilean Antarctic Expedition

★ 1947 — 1948 Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum

★ 1947 — 1946 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne

★ 1949 — 1952 Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever

★ 1955 — 1956 Operation Deep Freeze - led by Richard Evelyn Byrd

★ 1955 — 1957 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov

★ 1956 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station established

★ 1956 — 1958 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs

★ 1956 — 1958 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov

★ 1957 — 1958 International Geophysical Year

★ 1957 Scott Base established

★ 1957 — 1958 Luncke Expedition

★ 1957 — 1959 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Tolstikov

★ 1958 — 1960 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin

★ 1959 — 1961 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich

★ 1960 South African National Antarctic Expedition

★ 1960 — 1962 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Driatsky

★ 1961 — 1963 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksandr Dralkin

★ 1962 — 1962 Vostok traverse - led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)

★ 1962 — 1964 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov

★ 1963 — 1965 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Mikhail Somov

★ 1964 — 1966 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by M.Ostrekin, I.Petrov

★ 1965 — 1967 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin

★ 1966 — 1968 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich

★ 1967 — 1969 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Aleksei Treshnikov

★ 1968 — 1970 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel

★ 1969 — 1971 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich

★ 1970 — 1972 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by I.Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev

★ 1971 — 1973 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V.Averyanov

★ 1972 — 1974 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Pavel Senko

★ 1973 — 1975 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, V.Ignatov

★ 1974 — 1976 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, N.Kornilov

★ 1975 — 1977 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by O.Sedov, G.Bardin

★ 1976 — 1978 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin

★ 1977 — 1979 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, O.Sedov

★ 1978 — 1980 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by A.Artemyev, O.Sedov

★ 1979 Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash

★ 1979 — 1980 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, N.Tyabin

★ 1980 — 1981 Transglobe Expedition - led by Ranulph Fiennes

★ 1980 — 1982 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Serdyukov, V.Shamontyev

★ 1981 — 1983 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin

★ 1982 Falkland Islands War

★ 1982 — 1984 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Kornilov, A.Artemyev

★ 1983 — 1985 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by N.Tyabin, L.Bulatov

★ 1984 - 1985 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition - Antarkos I Led by Lt.Col. Omar Porciúncula

★ 1984 — 1986 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition - led by D.Maksutov, R.Galkin

★ 1985 — 1987 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.Tyabin, V.Dubovtsev

★ 1986 — 1988 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.Klokov, V.Vovk

★ 1987 Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I - III

★ 1987 — 1989 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by N.A.Kornilov, Yu.A.Khabarov

★ 1987 — 1988 First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition — St. Kliment Ohridski Base established

★ 1988 — 1990 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by S.M.Pryamikov, L.V.Bulatov

★ 1989 — 1991 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by V.M.Piguzov

★ 1991 — 1992 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition — led by Lev Savatyugin

★ 1996 Lake Vostok discovered
==2000s==

★ 2004 BELARE Expedition

★ 2004 – 2005 Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.

★ 2005 BELARE 2005 Logistics Survey Expedition

★ 2006 – 2007 Team n2i Kite Skiing expedition to the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. Rupert Longsdon, Henry Cookson, Rory Sweet and guide Paul Landry.

★ 2007 British Graham Land Expedition Independent Mountaineering expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula.

Agreements

★ 1959 Antarctic Treaty System

★ 1964 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora

★ 1978 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

★ 1982 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

★ 1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities

★ 1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

See also

★ Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions

★ History of Antarctica

★ List of research stations in Antarctica

References

★ Savatyugin, L.M., Preobrazhenskaya, M.A. ''Russian Exploration of Antarctica'' (Russian: Российские исследования в Антарктике), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet), in 3 volumes (vol.1:1st to 20th SAE;vol.2:21st to 30th SAE; vol.3:31st SAE to 40th RAE), Saint Petersburg, 1999, ISBN 5-286-01265-5

★ ''Soviet Antarctic Expedition'' : information bulletin., Amsterdam: Elsevier Pub. Co. ; New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1964-, ISSN 0038-5271

Further reading

★ Headland, Robert K. (1990). ''Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4

★ Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). ''Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure''. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-480-3

External links

★ Map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 - 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)

★ Index to Antarctic Expeditions - at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website

★ Antarctic Expeditions - information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey

★ Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration