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:''This article is about the city of Linz in Austria. There is another much smaller Linz in Germany: see Linz am Rhein.''


'Linz' is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (''Oberösterreich''). It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately 30 km south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube, the longest river of the European Union and Europe's second-longest (after the Volga). The population of the city proper is 188,968 (2001), and 271,000 in the agglomeration.

Contents

History

Population development

Economy

Main sights

Culture

Colleges and universities

Born in Linz

Miscellaneous

External links

History

The city was founded by the Romans, who called it "Lentia", but there was already a Celtic settlement called "Lentos"; probably their word for the winding of a river. It was a provincial and local government city of the Holy Roman Empire, and an important trading point connecting several routes, on either side of the river Danube from the East to the West and Bohemia and Poland from north to the Balkans and Italy to the south. Being the city where the Habsburg Emperor Friedrich III spent his last years, it was, for a short period of time, the most important city in the empire. It lost its status to Vienna and Prague after the death of the Emperor in 1493.
One important inhabitant of the city was Johannes Kepler, who spent several years of his life in the city studying mathematics. He discovered, on May 15, 1618, the distance-cubed-over-time-squared — or 'third' — law of planetary motion. Kepler is the namesake of the local public university. Another famous citizen was Anton Bruckner, who spent the years between 1855 and 1868 working as a local composer and church organist in the city. The local concert hall "Brucknerhaus" and a local private music and arts university are named after him.
By far the most notorious Linzer, however, is Adolf Hitler. Hitler was born in the border town of Braunau am Inn but moved to Linz in childhood and spent most of his youth here. Hitler's parents are buried near Linz, in the town of Leonding. Hitler was enrolled in the same Linz school, the Realschule, as was the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Hitler had extensive architectural plans for Linz, which he regarded as his home town and wanted to turn into the main cultural centre of the Third Reich. The Rathaus on the Hauptplatz (the townhall on the Main square) was used by Hitler to proclaim the Grossdeutsches Reich during the Anschluss of 1938. In order to make the city economically vibrant Hitler initiated a major industrialization of Linz shortly before, and during, World War II. Many factories were dismantled in the newly-acquired Czechoslovakia, and then reassembled in Linz, where they were known as the Hermann-Göring-Werke. This factory still exists today as the voestalpine. Linz grew to become a major industrial area; manufacturing chemicals and steel for the Nazi war machine.
The Mauthausen-Gusen camps, where stone for Hitler's prestige projects across the Reich was quarried and the last Nazi concentration camps to be liberated, are located near Linz. The main camp in Mauthausen is just 15.6 miles (25km) away.
After the war, the river Danube that runs around Linz — from the eastern side to the northern side — which separates the Urfahr district in the north from the rest of Linz — served as the border between the Russian and American occupation troops. The Nibelungen bridge that spans the Danube river from the Hauptplatz (main square) was at that time Linz's version of Checkpoint Charlie. The Nibelungen Brücke with the two bridge head buildings is the only architectural plan Hitler ever carried out in Linz.

Population development

Year	Population
1900	83,356
1951	184,685
1961	195,978
1971	204,889
1981	199,910
1991	203,044
2001	183,504
2006	188,968

The agglomeration includes (parts of) 13 other municipalities with together 271,000 inhabitants. Linz is also part of the Linz-Wels-Steyr metropolitan area of Upper Austria, home to around one third of the state's population (460,000 people) and second-largest urban area in Austria.
Source: Statistik Austria [1] City of Linz Website [2]

Economy

Linz is an industrial city. The Voestalpine AG is a large steel concern (founded as the "Hermann Göring Werke" during WWII), and which is known for the LD- ("Linz-Donawitz") procedure for the production of steel, and the former "Chemie Linz" chemical group, which has been split up into several companies. This has made Linz one of Austria's most important economic centres. Linz is also the home of PEZ — makers of peppermint candy.
Linz also serves as an important transportation hub for the region of both Upper Austria and, to a lesser degree, southern Bohemia. The "Blue Danube" Linz Airport lies about 6.25 miles (10km) southwest of the town centre. Direct flights include London Stansted, Frankfurt, Zurich and Vienna with additional seasonal routes added during the summer and winter months.
The city lies on Austria's main rail axis, the so-called "Westbahn", linking Vienna with western Austria, Germany and Switzerland. There are also varying types of river transport on the Danube; from industrial barges to tourist cruise ships.

Main sights

The main street "Landstraße" leads from the "Blumauerplatz" to the main square. In the middle of this square the high "Pestsäule" ("plague column", also known as "Dreifaltigkeitssäule" (Dreifaltigkeit means Holy Trinity)) was built to remember the people who died in the plague epidemics. [Plague Column:[3],[4]]
Near the castle, which is located on the same site as the old Roman fortress Lentia was once built — and also being the former seat of Friedrich the III — the oldest Austrian church is located: Sankt/Saint Martins church. It was built during early medieval Carolingian times.
Other sights include:

★ St. Mary's Cathedral (Mariendom), Roman Catholic

★ Pöstlingberg-Kirche

★ Brucknerhaus — the concert hall named after the composer Anton Bruckner, who was born in "Ansfelden", a small town next to Linz [Brucknerhaus:[5]]

★ Gugl Stadium, is home to the LASK (Linzer Athletik Sport Klub), which is claimed to be the third-oldest soccer club in Austria.

★ The Linzer Lanschaftliche Theater or Landestheater is the theater Adolf Hitler and his friend August Kubizek always went to, to hear Wagner.

Culture

The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his ''Symphony No. 36'' (1783) in Linz for a concert to be given there, and the work is known today as the ''Linz Symphony''. The first version of Anton Bruckner's ''Symphony No. 1 in C minor'' is known as the Linz version.
The city is now home to a vibrant music and arts scene that is well-funded by the city and the state of Upper Austria.
Ars Electronica Center on the north bank of the Danube (in the Urfahr district), across the river from the Hauptplatz (main square), which leads to the historical part of the city (Altstadt), is home to one of the few public 3D CAVEs in Europe. (The very first 3D CAVE world-wide that was publicly accessible) and attracts a large gathering of technologically-oriented artists every year for the Ars Electronica festival.
Recently built (2003) was the new modern art gallery called "Lentos". It is situated on the south banks of the river Danube. The building can be illuminated at night from the inside with blue, pink, red, and violet, due to its glass casing.
The Brucknerhaus, the most important Linz concert hall, named after Anton Bruckner, is situated just some 200 meters away from the "Lentos". It is home to the "Bruckner Orchestra", and is frequently used for concerts, as well as Balls and other events.
Between the Lentos Art Museum and the "Brucknerhaus", is the "Donaulände", which is also referred to as "Kulturmeile" ("culture mile"). This is a park alongside the river, which is used mainly by young people to relax and meet in summer. It is also used for the Ars Electronica Festival and the "Linz Fest".
Along with Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, Linz will be the European Capital of Culture in 2009.

Colleges and universities

The Johannes Kepler University is situated in the north-east of Linz, and hosts law, business, social sciences, engineering, and science faculties; it currently has about 11,000 students. A spin-off of the university, as well as a ''Fachhochschule'' for different computer-related studies, (polytechnic) is 20 miles north of Linz in the small town of Hagenberg im Mühlkreis. Linz also has three other universities:

★ University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz, public, for arts and industrial design (c. 800 students)

★ Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance (private) for music (c. 800 students)

★ Catholic-Theological Private University Linz (private) for Catholic theology (c. 400 students), which has been a Papal faculty since 1978.
Amongst the many "Gymnasien" (high schools) in Linz, is Linz International School Auhof (LISA), which is one of four IB (International Baccalaureate) schools in Austria, and which uses English as the main language of instruction.

Born in Linz

★ Mary Anne of Austria (1683-1754), Queen consort of Portugal

★ Hermann Bahr (1863-1934), writer, playwright, director, and critic

★ Alois Riegl (1858-1905), art historian

★ Richard Tauber (1891-1948), Austrian tenor

★ Valie Export (born 1940), artist

★ Herwig van Staa (born 1942), governor of Tyrol

★ Frank Elstner (born 1942), Austrian presenter on German Television

★ Helmut Wiesinger (born 1952), Austrian actor, author and stage director.

★ Anton Koschany (born 1953), News Producer

★ Elisabeth Theurer (born 1956), horse rider

★ Franz Welser-Möst (born 1960), music director, The Cleveland Orchestra and the Zurich Opera House, designated music director of the Vienna State Opera

★ Vera Lischka (born 1977), breaststroke swimmer and politician

★ Birgit Minichmayr (born 1977), actress

★ Sybille Bammer (born 1980), tennis player

Miscellaneous

Linz is twinned with:

★ Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany, since 1995

★ Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, since 1987

★ Chengdu, China, since 1983

★ Gabès, Tunisia, since 1977

★ Halle, Germany, since 1975

★ Kansas City, United States, since 1988

★ Gwangyang, South Korea, since 1991

★ Linköping, Sweden, since 1995

★ Linz am Rhein, Germany, since 1987

★ Modena, Italy, since 1992

★ Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, since 1993

★ Norrköping, Sweden, since 1995

★ San Carlos, Nicaragua, since 1988

★ Zaporizhia, Ukraine, since 1983

★ Tampere, Finland, since 1995

External links

★

★ Linz web site

★ Data about the city

★ Johannes Kepler University Linz

★ 360° Panoramic Photos from Linz

★ University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz

★ Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance

★ Catholic-Theological Private University Linz

★ Official homepage of Linz — The Capital of Culture 2009

★ Independent Platform of Linz — European Capital of Culture 2009

★ Tourist attractions in Linz

★ FH Hagenberg — University for computer-based studies

★ LISA — Linz International School Auhof

★ Ars Electronica Centre

★ Lentos Art Museum

★ Brucknerhaus concert hall

★ FC "Blue-White" of Linz

★ LASK — Linz Soccer Club

★ Gugl-Meeting — World Class Athletics Meeting in Linz

★ Photos of Linz