العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolLINDELöF SPACE
In mathematics, a 'Lindelöf space' is a topological space in which every open cover has a countable subcover. A Lindelöf space is a weakening of the more commonly used notion of ''compactness'', which requires that the subcover be finite.
Lindelöf spaces are named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf.
In general, no implications hold (in either direction) between the Lindelöf property and other compactness properties, such as paracompactness. But by the Morita theorem, every regular Lindelöf space is paracompact. Also, any second-countable space is a Lindelöf space, but not conversely.
However, the matter is simpler for metric spaces. A metric space is Lindelöf if and only if it is separable if and only if it is second-countable.
An open subspace of a Lindelöf space is not necessarily Lindelöf. However, a closed subspace must be Lindelöf.
Lindelöf is preserved by continuous maps. However, it is not necessarily preserved by products, not even by finite products.
A Lindelöf space is compact if and only if it is countably compact.
The product of Lindelöf spaces is not necessarily Lindelöf. The usual example of this is the Sorgenfrey plane 'S', which is the product of 'R' under the half-open interval topology with itself. Open sets in the Sorgenfrey plane are unions of half-open rectangles that include the south and west edges and omit the north and east edges, including the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners.
Consider the open covering of 'S' which consists of:
# The set of all points (''x'', ''y'') with ''x'' < ''y''
# The set of all points (''x'', ''y'') with ''x'' + 1 > ''y''
# For each real ''x'', the half-open rectangle [''x'', ''x'' + 2) × [−''x'', −''x'' + 2)
The thing to notice here is that each rectangle [''x'', ''x'' + 2) × [−''x'', −''x'' + 2) covers exactly one of the points on the line ''x'' = −''y''. None of the points on this line is included in any of the other sets in the cover, so there is no proper subcover of this cover, which therefore contains no countable subcover.
Another way to see that 'S' is not Lindelöf is to note that the line ''x'' = −''y'' defines a closed and uncountable discrete subspace of 'S'. This subspace is not Lindelöf, and so the whole space cannot be Lindelöf as well (as closed subspaces of Lindelöf spaces are also Lindelöf).
The product of a Lindelöf space and a compact space is Lindelöf.
The following definition generalises the definitions of compact and Lindelöf: a topological space is κ''-compact'' (or κ''-Lindelöf''), where κ is any cardinal, if every open cover has a subcover of cardinality ''strictly'' less than κ. Compact is then -compact and Lindelöf is then -compact.
The smallest cardinal κ such that a topological space ''X'' is κ-compact is called
''compactness degree'' of the space ''X''. The closely related ''Lindelöf degree'', l(X), is the smallest cardinal κ such that every open cover of the space X has a subcover of size at most κ. In this notation, X is Lindelöf iff .
★ axioms of countability
★ Lindelöf's lemma
★ Michael Gemignani, ''Elementary Topology'' (ISBN 0-486-66522-4) (see especially section 7.2)
★ Lynn Arthur Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr., ''Counterexamples in Topology'' (ISBN 0-486-68735-X)
★ Cardinal functions in topology - ten years later, I. Juhász, , , Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam, 1980, ISBN 90-6196-196-3
Lindelöf spaces are named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf.
| Contents |
| Properties of Lindelöf spaces |
| Product of Lindelöf spaces |
| Generalisation |
| See also |
| References |
Properties of Lindelöf spaces
In general, no implications hold (in either direction) between the Lindelöf property and other compactness properties, such as paracompactness. But by the Morita theorem, every regular Lindelöf space is paracompact. Also, any second-countable space is a Lindelöf space, but not conversely.
However, the matter is simpler for metric spaces. A metric space is Lindelöf if and only if it is separable if and only if it is second-countable.
An open subspace of a Lindelöf space is not necessarily Lindelöf. However, a closed subspace must be Lindelöf.
Lindelöf is preserved by continuous maps. However, it is not necessarily preserved by products, not even by finite products.
A Lindelöf space is compact if and only if it is countably compact.
Product of Lindelöf spaces
The product of Lindelöf spaces is not necessarily Lindelöf. The usual example of this is the Sorgenfrey plane 'S', which is the product of 'R' under the half-open interval topology with itself. Open sets in the Sorgenfrey plane are unions of half-open rectangles that include the south and west edges and omit the north and east edges, including the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners.
Consider the open covering of 'S' which consists of:
# The set of all points (''x'', ''y'') with ''x'' < ''y''
# The set of all points (''x'', ''y'') with ''x'' + 1 > ''y''
# For each real ''x'', the half-open rectangle [''x'', ''x'' + 2) × [−''x'', −''x'' + 2)
The thing to notice here is that each rectangle [''x'', ''x'' + 2) × [−''x'', −''x'' + 2) covers exactly one of the points on the line ''x'' = −''y''. None of the points on this line is included in any of the other sets in the cover, so there is no proper subcover of this cover, which therefore contains no countable subcover.
Another way to see that 'S' is not Lindelöf is to note that the line ''x'' = −''y'' defines a closed and uncountable discrete subspace of 'S'. This subspace is not Lindelöf, and so the whole space cannot be Lindelöf as well (as closed subspaces of Lindelöf spaces are also Lindelöf).
The product of a Lindelöf space and a compact space is Lindelöf.
Generalisation
The following definition generalises the definitions of compact and Lindelöf: a topological space is κ''-compact'' (or κ''-Lindelöf''), where κ is any cardinal, if every open cover has a subcover of cardinality ''strictly'' less than κ. Compact is then -compact and Lindelöf is then -compact.
The smallest cardinal κ such that a topological space ''X'' is κ-compact is called
''compactness degree'' of the space ''X''. The closely related ''Lindelöf degree'', l(X), is the smallest cardinal κ such that every open cover of the space X has a subcover of size at most κ. In this notation, X is Lindelöf iff .
See also
★ axioms of countability
★ Lindelöf's lemma
References
★ Michael Gemignani, ''Elementary Topology'' (ISBN 0-486-66522-4) (see especially section 7.2)
★ Lynn Arthur Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr., ''Counterexamples in Topology'' (ISBN 0-486-68735-X)
★ Cardinal functions in topology - ten years later, I. Juhász, , , Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam, 1980, ISBN 90-6196-196-3
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
