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In Canada, the 'lieutenant-governor' (often without a hyphen^[1], pronounced ), in French '''lieutenant-gouverneur/lieutenant-gouverneure''' (always with a hyphen), is the Canadian Monarch's, or Crown's, representative in a province, much as the Governor General is her representative at the national level. The lieutenant-governor is therefore the province's vice-regal representative, though rarely exercising his or her executive powers personally without ministerial advice.
Lieutenant-Governors are styled ''His/Her Honour'' while in office and ''The Honourable'' for life. When addressing a Lieutenant-Governor ''His/Her Honour the Honourable'' is the correct terminology. A territorial Commissioner is styled ''The Honourable'' only while in office.^[2]
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Similar positions in Canada's three territories are termed Commissioners and are representatives of the federal government, however, not the Queen directly. Yukon and Nunavut have had Commissioners since they were founded, but in Northwest Territories the position dates to 1905, when the most populous part of the territory was split away to become the provinces Alberta and Saskatchewan. Before then, Northwest Territories had a Lieutenant-Governor.

Contents

Constitutional role

Appointment

Symbols

Current Canadian lieutenant-governors

Former governorships

See also

References and notes

Constitutional role

:''Main articles: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces, Canadian federalism, and Royal Prerogative''
Since Confederation in 1867, the Dominion Government and the Foreign Office in London had believed that the Lieutenant-Governors were the representatives in the provinces of the Governor General, as representative of the Crown, going so far as to stipulate that the Lieutenant-Governor was to grant Royal Assent to provincial legislation in the name of the Governor General, and not of the Queen. However, due to precedent set in Ontario and Quebec, the latter never happened in any province, and Assent was given in Queen Victoria's name.^[3] Later, a decision by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1892 stated that the Lieutenant-Governor represented the Crown in his own right.^[4] Today, though they continue to be appointed by the Governor General, the Lieutenant-Governors continue to be considered as direct representatives of the Sovereign. As such, the lieutenant-governor's role is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which the government operates.

The lieutenant-governor holds considerable constitutional and reserve powers, which are almost always exercised wholly upon the advice of the elected government. See Monarchy in the Canadian provinces: Duties for more information.
The difference in authority between the Australian state governors and the Canadian provincial lieutenant-governors is significant constitutionally. In Australia, governors are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the appropriate state premier. Canadian lieutenant-governors are appointed by the governor general, rather than the Queen directly, on the advice of the prime minister.

Appointment

The lieutenant governor is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually in consultation with the relevant premiers. Though the lieutenant-governor "serves at the pleasure of Her Majesty" - meaning there is no set term - five years has become the traditional amount of time an individual will serve as the provincial vice-regal. In the past, the lieutenant governors were a direct representative of the governor general, however they now directly represent the Queen in their respective provinces
Canadian lieutenant governorships have been observed often to be used to promote women and minorities into a prominent position. The first female Vice-regal in Canada was Pauline Mills McGibbon, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1974 to 1980; currently three of Canada's ten lieutenant governors are women. There have been two black (Lincoln Alexander and Mayann E. Francis), several Aboriginal lieutenant governors, and the current Lieutenant Governor of Alberta is Chinese-Canadian, as was David Lam in British Columbia (Lieutenant Governor from 1988 to 1995); former Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia Myra Freeman, who served from 2000 to 2006, is Jewish. One previous Lieutenant Governor of Quebec used a wheelchair. David Onley, the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, had polio as a child and uses crutches or a scooter.

Symbols

Each lieutenant-governor also has a personal flag. Most consist of a blue field bearing the relevant provincial coat of arms surrounded by ten gold maple leafs, symbolizing each of the ten provinces. Quebec displays its arms on a white roundel, while Nova Scotia displays them on the Union Flag.

Current Canadian lieutenant-governors

Province	Current lieutenant-governor	Lieutenant-governor since	Website
Alberta	His Honour the Honourable Norman Kwong	January 20, 2005	[2]
British Columbia	Her Honour the Honourable Iona Campagnolo	September 25, 2001	[3]
Manitoba	His Honour the Honourable John Harvard	June 20, 2004	[4]
New Brunswick	His Honour the Honourable Dr. Herménégilde Chiasson	August 26, 2003	[5]
Newfoundland and Labrador	His Honour the Honourable Edward Roberts	November 1, 2002	[6]
Nova Scotia	Her Honour the Honourable Mayann E. Francis	September 7, 2006	[7]
Ontario	His Honour the Honourable David Onley	September 5, 2007	[8]
Prince Edward Island	Her Honour the Honourable Barbara Oliver Hagerman	July 31, 2006	[9]
Quebec	His Honour the Honourable Pierre Duchesne	June 7, 2007	[10]
Saskatchewan	His Honour the Honourable Dr. Gordon Barnhart	August 1, 2006	[11]

:''See also Commissioners of the territories.''

Former governorships

Northwest Territories (formerly) – websites: Alberta, Collections Canada

See also

★ Monarchy in Canada

★ Monarchy in the Canadian provinces, British Columbia | Alberta | Saskatchewan | Manitoba | Ontario | Quebec | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | Prince Edward Island | Newfoundland and Labrador

★ List of current Canadian lieutenant-governors and commissioners

References and notes