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EspañolLIBERAL CHRISTIANITY
:''For liberal political views within Christianity, see Christian left. For the particular intra-ecclesiastical form of theological Modernism condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, see Modernism (Roman Catholicism).''
'Liberal Christianity', sometimes called 'liberal theology', is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically-informed religious movements and moods within late 18th, 19th and 20th century Christianity. The word "liberal" in liberal Christianity does not refer to a leftist ''political'' agenda or set of beliefs, but rather to the freedom of thought and belief associated with the philosophical and religious paradigms developed during the Age of Enlightenment.
The liberal Christian tradition continues today with the work of Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong, and Douglas Ottati.
The theology of liberal Christianity was prominent in the biblical criticism of the 19th and 20th centuries. The style of scriptural hermeneutics within liberal theology is often characterized as non-propositional. This means that the Bible is not considered an inventory of factual statements but instead documents the human authors' beliefs and feelings about God ''at the time of its writing''—within an historic/cultural context.[1] Thus, liberal Christian theologians do not discover truth propositions but rather create religious models and concepts that reflect the class, gender, social, and political contexts from which they emerge.[2] Liberal Christianity looks upon the Bible as a collection of narratives that explain, epitomize, or symbolize the essence and significance of Christian understanding.[3]
Liberal Christianity, broadly speaking, is a method of biblical hermeneutics, an individualistic method of interpreting the word of God in scripture, not a belief structure. Unlike conservative Christianity, it has no unified set of propositional beliefs. The word ''liberal'' in liberal Christianity denotes a characteristic willingness to interpret scripture in an intellectually independent manner—with no preconceived notion of inerrancy of scripture when its passages are literally interpreted.[4] A liberal Christian, however, may hold certain beliefs in common with traditional, orthodox, or even conservative Christianity.
Liberal Christianity was most influential with mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th century, when proponents believed the changes it would bring would be the future of the Christian church. Despite that optimism, its influence in mainline churches waned in the wake of World War II, as the more moderate alternative of neo-orthodoxy (and later postliberalism) began to supplant the earlier modernism. Other theological movements included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of postmodern Christianity such as Christian existentialism, and conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism and paleo-orthodoxy.
The 1990s and early 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal, scholarly work on biblical exegesis and theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong, and Douglas Ottati. Their appeal is also primarily to the mainline denominations.
★ Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), US preacher who left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his famous father, the Rev. Lyman Beecher, to popularize liberal Christianity
★ William Sloane Coffin (1924 –2006), Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City, and President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action)
★ Charles Fillmore (1854-1948). Emerson-influenced Christian mystic and co-founder (with his wife, Myrtle Fillmore) of the Unity Church.
★ Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), German biblical scholar
★ William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), pioneering liberal theologian in the USA, who criticized the doctrine of the Trinity and the strength of scriptural authority, in favor of more rationalistic and historical-critical beliefs
★ Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), Baptist founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church in 1922
★ Adolf von Harnack, (1851–1930), German theologian and church historian, promoted the Social Gospel.
★ John A.T. Robinson (1919–1983), Bishop of Woolwich, author of ''Honest to God''
★ Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834), often called the "father of liberal theology," he claimed that religious experience was introspective, and that the truest understanding of God consisted of "a sense of absolute dependence"
★ John Shelby Spong (1931- ), Episcopalian theologian and author
★ Paul Tillich (1886–1965), synthesized Protestant Christian theology with existential philosophy
★ Leslie Weatherhead (1893–1976), English preacher, and author of ''The Will of God'' and ''The Christian Agnostic''
★ Douglas Ottati - Presbyterian theologian and author, former professor at Union-PSCE, current professor at Davidson College, and author of numerous apologetic works of liberal theology
★ Lloyd Geering (1918- ), Prominent New Zealand theologian, tried for doctrinal error in 1967.
★ Leonardo Boff, Brazilian, ex-Franciscan, ex-priest, cofounder of Liberation theology
★ Yves Congar (1904–1995), French Dominican ecumenical theologian.
★ Joan Chittister, OSB, a lecturer and social psychologist, a noted expert on early Christian spirituality.
★ John Dominic Crossan, ex-priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder of the Jesus Seminar.
★ Hans Küng, Swiss theologian. Had his license to teach Catholic theology revoked in 1979 because of his rejection of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church, but retained his faculties to say the Mass.
★ Edward Schillebeeckx, Belgian Dominican theologian.
★ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), a French Jesuit, also trained as a paleontologist; works condemned by the Holy Office in 1962, condemnation reaffirmed in 1981.
1. http://www.polyamoryonline.org/articles/keeping_the_faith_122106.html
2. http://www-gatago.com/alt/bible/10710094.html
3. Montgomery, John Warwick. ''In Defense of Martin Luther.'' Milwaukee: Northwestern, 1970, p. 57. “Luther’s Hermeneutic vs. the New Hermeneutic.” Quoted in http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/W/WestphalConfession/WestphalConfession.PDF
4. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09212a.htm
★ Liberalism By M. James Sawyer , Th.M., Ph.D.
★ Christianity and Liberalism by J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)
★ The Liberal Christians Network
'Liberal Christianity', sometimes called 'liberal theology', is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically-informed religious movements and moods within late 18th, 19th and 20th century Christianity. The word "liberal" in liberal Christianity does not refer to a leftist ''political'' agenda or set of beliefs, but rather to the freedom of thought and belief associated with the philosophical and religious paradigms developed during the Age of Enlightenment.
The liberal Christian tradition continues today with the work of Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong, and Douglas Ottati.
| Contents |
| Contributions to Biblical hermeneutics |
| Liberal Christian beliefs |
| Influence of liberal Christianity |
| Liberal Christian theologians and authors |
| Protestant |
| Catholic |
| References |
| See also |
| External links |
Contributions to Biblical hermeneutics
The theology of liberal Christianity was prominent in the biblical criticism of the 19th and 20th centuries. The style of scriptural hermeneutics within liberal theology is often characterized as non-propositional. This means that the Bible is not considered an inventory of factual statements but instead documents the human authors' beliefs and feelings about God ''at the time of its writing''—within an historic/cultural context.[1] Thus, liberal Christian theologians do not discover truth propositions but rather create religious models and concepts that reflect the class, gender, social, and political contexts from which they emerge.[2] Liberal Christianity looks upon the Bible as a collection of narratives that explain, epitomize, or symbolize the essence and significance of Christian understanding.[3]
Liberal Christian beliefs
Liberal Christianity, broadly speaking, is a method of biblical hermeneutics, an individualistic method of interpreting the word of God in scripture, not a belief structure. Unlike conservative Christianity, it has no unified set of propositional beliefs. The word ''liberal'' in liberal Christianity denotes a characteristic willingness to interpret scripture in an intellectually independent manner—with no preconceived notion of inerrancy of scripture when its passages are literally interpreted.[4] A liberal Christian, however, may hold certain beliefs in common with traditional, orthodox, or even conservative Christianity.
Influence of liberal Christianity
Liberal Christianity was most influential with mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th century, when proponents believed the changes it would bring would be the future of the Christian church. Despite that optimism, its influence in mainline churches waned in the wake of World War II, as the more moderate alternative of neo-orthodoxy (and later postliberalism) began to supplant the earlier modernism. Other theological movements included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of postmodern Christianity such as Christian existentialism, and conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism and paleo-orthodoxy.
The 1990s and early 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal, scholarly work on biblical exegesis and theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong, and Douglas Ottati. Their appeal is also primarily to the mainline denominations.
Liberal Christian theologians and authors
Protestant
★ Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), US preacher who left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his famous father, the Rev. Lyman Beecher, to popularize liberal Christianity
★ William Sloane Coffin (1924 –2006), Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City, and President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action)
★ Charles Fillmore (1854-1948). Emerson-influenced Christian mystic and co-founder (with his wife, Myrtle Fillmore) of the Unity Church.
★ Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), German biblical scholar
★ William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), pioneering liberal theologian in the USA, who criticized the doctrine of the Trinity and the strength of scriptural authority, in favor of more rationalistic and historical-critical beliefs
★ Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), Baptist founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church in 1922
★ Adolf von Harnack, (1851–1930), German theologian and church historian, promoted the Social Gospel.
★ John A.T. Robinson (1919–1983), Bishop of Woolwich, author of ''Honest to God''
★ Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834), often called the "father of liberal theology," he claimed that religious experience was introspective, and that the truest understanding of God consisted of "a sense of absolute dependence"
★ John Shelby Spong (1931- ), Episcopalian theologian and author
★ Paul Tillich (1886–1965), synthesized Protestant Christian theology with existential philosophy
★ Leslie Weatherhead (1893–1976), English preacher, and author of ''The Will of God'' and ''The Christian Agnostic''
★ Douglas Ottati - Presbyterian theologian and author, former professor at Union-PSCE, current professor at Davidson College, and author of numerous apologetic works of liberal theology
★ Lloyd Geering (1918- ), Prominent New Zealand theologian, tried for doctrinal error in 1967.
Catholic
★ Leonardo Boff, Brazilian, ex-Franciscan, ex-priest, cofounder of Liberation theology
★ Yves Congar (1904–1995), French Dominican ecumenical theologian.
★ Joan Chittister, OSB, a lecturer and social psychologist, a noted expert on early Christian spirituality.
★ John Dominic Crossan, ex-priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder of the Jesus Seminar.
★ Hans Küng, Swiss theologian. Had his license to teach Catholic theology revoked in 1979 because of his rejection of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church, but retained his faculties to say the Mass.
★ Edward Schillebeeckx, Belgian Dominican theologian.
★ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), a French Jesuit, also trained as a paleontologist; works condemned by the Holy Office in 1962, condemnation reaffirmed in 1981.
References
1. http://www.polyamoryonline.org/articles/keeping_the_faith_122106.html
2. http://www-gatago.com/alt/bible/10710094.html
3. Montgomery, John Warwick. ''In Defense of Martin Luther.'' Milwaukee: Northwestern, 1970, p. 57. “Luther’s Hermeneutic vs. the New Hermeneutic.” Quoted in http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/W/WestphalConfession/WestphalConfession.PDF
4. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09212a.htm
See also
External links
★ Liberalism By M. James Sawyer , Th.M., Ph.D.
★ Christianity and Liberalism by J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)
★ The Liberal Christians Network
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