LEIF ERICSON
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(Redirected from Leif Erikson)
'Leif Ericson' (Old Norse: 'Leifr EirÃksson')[1] (c. 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse[2] explorer known to be the first European to have landed in North America[3] (in Newfoundland, Canada).
It is believed that Leif was born about 970 AD in Iceland[4], the son of Erik the Red (Old Norse: ''EirÃkr inn rauði''), a Norwegian explorer and outlaw and himself the son of another Norwegian outlaw, Þorvaldr Ãsvaldsson. Leif's mother was Thjodhild (''Þjóðhildr'').[5] Erik the Red had founded two Norse colonies in Greenland, the Western Settlement and the Eastern Settlement, as he had named them.
Leif Ericson had two brothers, Þorvaldr and Þorsteinn, and one sister, FreydÃs. Leif married a woman named Thorgunna, and they had one son, Þorkell Leifsson.
During a stay in Norway, Leif Ericson converted to Christianity, like many Norse of that time. He also went to Norway to serve the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason. When he returned to Greenland, he bought the boat from Bjarni Herjólfsson and set out to explore the land that Bjarni had found (located west of Greenland), which was, in fact, Newfoundland, in Canada.
The ''Saga of the Greenlanders'' tells that Leif set out around the year 1000 to follow Bjarni's route with 15 crew members, but going north.[6]
The first land he went to was covered with flat and shiny rocks (Old Norse: ''hellur'', German: "''hell''"). He therefore called it Helluland ("Land of the Flat Stones"). It was probably the present day Baffin Island. Next he came to a land that was flat and wooded, with white sandy beaches. He called it Markland ("Wood-land"), and it is usually assumed to have been Labrador.
When Leif and his crew left Markland and found land again, they landed and built some houses. They found the area pleasant: there were plenty of large salmon in the river and the climate was mild, with little frost in the winter and green grass year-round. They remained at this place over the winter.
The sagas mention that one of Leif's men, Tyrkir, possibly a Hungarian (because at that time the Hungarians were named as Turks[7]), or a German, found wild grapes, and that Leif accordingly named the country VÃnland after them.
On the return voyage, Leif rescued an Icelandic castaway named Þórir and his crew — an incident that earned Leif the nickname 'Leif the Lucky' (Old Norse: ''Leifr hinn heppni'').
Research done in the 1950s and 1960s by explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine, strongly suggests that the settlement of Leif Ericson and his party in VÃnland was located at the northern tip of Newfoundland, later known as L'Anse aux Meadows.
In 1964, the United States Congress authorized and requested the President to proclaim October 9 of each year as "Leif Erikson Day". That date was chosen for its connection to the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States, not for any event in the life of the explorer. The day is also an official observance of several U.S. states.
★ A few have speculated that Norsemen may have penetrated as far as Minnesota, either coming down from Hudson Bay or going west through the Great Lakes. Some suggested that the Mandan showed evidence of pre-Columbian explorers from Europe, A runestone with carvings of a Scandinavian nature was discovered near Kensington Minnesota, aptly titled the Kensington Runestone, this stone dates back to approximately 1030 [8]
★ In the 19th century, the theory that Ericson and his men visited New England gained in popularity. The statue of Ericsson on Commonwealth Ave. in Boston, Massachusetts and the Norumbega Tower in Weston, Massachusetts were both created as monuments to this supposed Viking presence.[9]
★ There is only one piece of hard evidence that suggests Vikings may have visited the area now called the United States: an 11th century Norse coin, the Maine Penny, found in Brooklin, Maine along with thousands of other artifacts during an excavation of a former Native American trading center. However, it is noted that this coin may have made it from Newfoundland via trade or may have even been brought to North America centuries later by the English or Portuguese.[10]
★ Although there have been numerous attempts over the decades to show Viking presence in United States, such as fanciful translations of mysterious stone carvings, or supposed European traits in some Native-American tribes, there has been no evidence accepted by the professional archaeological community.[10]
★ Christopher Columbus
★ Explorers
★ Bjarni Herjólfsson
★ St. Brendan
★ Vinland
★ John Cabot
★ Matthew (ship)
★ Erik the Red
★ L'Anse aux Meadows
★ Kensington Runestone
★ Maine Penny
★ Helge Ingstad
1. In modern Icelandic the first name is 'Leifur' and in modern Norwegian 'Leiv'. The patronym is Anglicized in various ways, such as 'Ericson', 'Eriksson', 'Ericsson', 'Erickson', 'Erikson' and 'Eiriksson'.
2. http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=5433
3. [1]
4. In both EirÃks saga rauða and Landnáma, Leif's father is said to have met and married Leif's mother Þjóðhildur in Iceland, so Leif was in all likelihood born there. See [2]
5. Sanderson, Jeanette. (2002) ''Explorers'', Teaching Resources/Scholastic. p. 14. ISBN 0-439-25181-8.
6. Another saga, ''The Saga of Eric the Red'', relates that Leif discovered the American mainland while returning from Norway to Greenland in 1000 (or possibly 1001), but does not mention any attempts to settle there. However, the ''Saga of the Greenlanders'' is usually considered the more reliable of the two.
7. Erdődy János: Küzdelem a tengerekért - A nagy felfedező utazások kora (the title in English: ''Fight for the Seas - Age of the Great Geographical Discoveries''); Móra Ferenc Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981., pp. 10-11.
8. ''Mystery of the Mandan'' by Charles Moore, 1998.
9. Vikings on the Charles
10. Archaeologist Buries Viking Theory
11. Archaeologist Buries Viking Theory
★ A reconstructed portrait of Leif Ericsson – Based on historical sources, in a contemporary style; from Reportret: gallery of reconstructed portraits
★ Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''
★ Leif Ericson Homepage – From the Great Norwegians webpages, hosted by Metropolitan News Company's website MNC Online.
★ [3] A writing about the vikings in "vinland".
Statue of Leif in front of HallgrÃmskirkja, in ReykjavÃk, Iceland. The statue was a gift from the United States government.
'Leif Ericson' (Old Norse: 'Leifr EirÃksson')[1] (c. 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse[2] explorer known to be the first European to have landed in North America[3] (in Newfoundland, Canada).
1968 United States postage stamp
| Contents |
| Early life in Iceland |
| Exploring west of Greenland |
| Helluland and Markland |
| Settlement in Vinland |
| The L'Anse aux Meadows discovery |
| United States commemoration |
| Speculation |
| See also |
| External links |
Early life in Iceland
It is believed that Leif was born about 970 AD in Iceland[4], the son of Erik the Red (Old Norse: ''EirÃkr inn rauði''), a Norwegian explorer and outlaw and himself the son of another Norwegian outlaw, Þorvaldr Ãsvaldsson. Leif's mother was Thjodhild (''Þjóðhildr'').[5] Erik the Red had founded two Norse colonies in Greenland, the Western Settlement and the Eastern Settlement, as he had named them.
Leif Ericson had two brothers, Þorvaldr and Þorsteinn, and one sister, FreydÃs. Leif married a woman named Thorgunna, and they had one son, Þorkell Leifsson.
Exploring west of Greenland
During a stay in Norway, Leif Ericson converted to Christianity, like many Norse of that time. He also went to Norway to serve the King of Norway, Olaf Tryggvason. When he returned to Greenland, he bought the boat from Bjarni Herjólfsson and set out to explore the land that Bjarni had found (located west of Greenland), which was, in fact, Newfoundland, in Canada.
The ''Saga of the Greenlanders'' tells that Leif set out around the year 1000 to follow Bjarni's route with 15 crew members, but going north.[6]
Helluland and Markland
The first land he went to was covered with flat and shiny rocks (Old Norse: ''hellur'', German: "''hell''"). He therefore called it Helluland ("Land of the Flat Stones"). It was probably the present day Baffin Island. Next he came to a land that was flat and wooded, with white sandy beaches. He called it Markland ("Wood-land"), and it is usually assumed to have been Labrador.
Settlement in Vinland
When Leif and his crew left Markland and found land again, they landed and built some houses. They found the area pleasant: there were plenty of large salmon in the river and the climate was mild, with little frost in the winter and green grass year-round. They remained at this place over the winter.
The sagas mention that one of Leif's men, Tyrkir, possibly a Hungarian (because at that time the Hungarians were named as Turks[7]), or a German, found wild grapes, and that Leif accordingly named the country VÃnland after them.
On the return voyage, Leif rescued an Icelandic castaway named Þórir and his crew — an incident that earned Leif the nickname 'Leif the Lucky' (Old Norse: ''Leifr hinn heppni'').
The L'Anse aux Meadows discovery
Research done in the 1950s and 1960s by explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine, strongly suggests that the settlement of Leif Ericson and his party in VÃnland was located at the northern tip of Newfoundland, later known as L'Anse aux Meadows.
United States commemoration
Statue near the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul
In 1964, the United States Congress authorized and requested the President to proclaim October 9 of each year as "Leif Erikson Day". That date was chosen for its connection to the first organized immigration from Norway to the United States, not for any event in the life of the explorer. The day is also an official observance of several U.S. states.
Speculation
★ A few have speculated that Norsemen may have penetrated as far as Minnesota, either coming down from Hudson Bay or going west through the Great Lakes. Some suggested that the Mandan showed evidence of pre-Columbian explorers from Europe, A runestone with carvings of a Scandinavian nature was discovered near Kensington Minnesota, aptly titled the Kensington Runestone, this stone dates back to approximately 1030 [8]
★ In the 19th century, the theory that Ericson and his men visited New England gained in popularity. The statue of Ericsson on Commonwealth Ave. in Boston, Massachusetts and the Norumbega Tower in Weston, Massachusetts were both created as monuments to this supposed Viking presence.[9]
★ There is only one piece of hard evidence that suggests Vikings may have visited the area now called the United States: an 11th century Norse coin, the Maine Penny, found in Brooklin, Maine along with thousands of other artifacts during an excavation of a former Native American trading center. However, it is noted that this coin may have made it from Newfoundland via trade or may have even been brought to North America centuries later by the English or Portuguese.[10]
★ Although there have been numerous attempts over the decades to show Viking presence in United States, such as fanciful translations of mysterious stone carvings, or supposed European traits in some Native-American tribes, there has been no evidence accepted by the professional archaeological community.[10]
See also
Map
★ Christopher Columbus
★ Explorers
★ Bjarni Herjólfsson
★ St. Brendan
★ Vinland
★ John Cabot
★ Matthew (ship)
★ Erik the Red
★ L'Anse aux Meadows
★ Kensington Runestone
★ Maine Penny
★ Helge Ingstad
External links
1. In modern Icelandic the first name is 'Leifur' and in modern Norwegian 'Leiv'. The patronym is Anglicized in various ways, such as 'Ericson', 'Eriksson', 'Ericsson', 'Erickson', 'Erikson' and 'Eiriksson'.
2. http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=5433
3. [1]
4. In both EirÃks saga rauða and Landnáma, Leif's father is said to have met and married Leif's mother Þjóðhildur in Iceland, so Leif was in all likelihood born there. See [2]
5. Sanderson, Jeanette. (2002) ''Explorers'', Teaching Resources/Scholastic. p. 14. ISBN 0-439-25181-8.
6. Another saga, ''The Saga of Eric the Red'', relates that Leif discovered the American mainland while returning from Norway to Greenland in 1000 (or possibly 1001), but does not mention any attempts to settle there. However, the ''Saga of the Greenlanders'' is usually considered the more reliable of the two.
7. Erdődy János: Küzdelem a tengerekért - A nagy felfedező utazások kora (the title in English: ''Fight for the Seas - Age of the Great Geographical Discoveries''); Móra Ferenc Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981., pp. 10-11.
8. ''Mystery of the Mandan'' by Charles Moore, 1998.
9. Vikings on the Charles
10. Archaeologist Buries Viking Theory
11. Archaeologist Buries Viking Theory
★ A reconstructed portrait of Leif Ericsson – Based on historical sources, in a contemporary style; from Reportret: gallery of reconstructed portraits
★ Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''
★ Leif Ericson Homepage – From the Great Norwegians webpages, hosted by Metropolitan News Company's website MNC Online.
★ [3] A writing about the vikings in "vinland".
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