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In psychology and education, 'learning theories' are attempts to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. There are basically three main perspectives in learning theories, behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.
Every well-constructed theory of education has at its center a philosophical anthropology.^[1]

Contents

Radical Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Constructivism

Informal and post-modern theories

See also

Notes

External links

Radical Behaviorism

Main articles: Radical Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism is an approach to psychology which purports that learning is the result of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a process both named and investigated by B. F. Skinner. The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again; or punishment,which decreases the likelihood of the same behavior recurring in the future. The issues surrounding are relatively complex. For example, a reinforcer or a punisher is defined within behaviorism by its effect on behavior. Therefore a punisher is not considered to be punishment if it does not result in the reduction of a particular behavior. As a result, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior, which is itself a basic premise of the scientific method.

Cognitivism

Main articles: Cognitivism (psychology)

Cognitivism, also known as cognitive information processing (CIP). Cognitivism became the dominant force in psychology in the late 20th century, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function. Cognitive psychology is not a refutation of behaviorism, but rather an expansion that accepts that mental states are appropriate to analyze and subject to examination. This was due to the increasing criticism towards the end of the 1950s of behaviorist models. For example, Noam Chomsky argued that language could not be acquired purely through conditioning, and must be at least partly explained by the existence of internal mental states, and that these states can be described and analyzed.

Constructivism

Main articles: Constructivism (learning theory)

Main articles: Social Constructivism (Learning Theory)

Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge. In other words, "learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences." Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context.The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems. This is also known as knowledge construction as a social process (see social constructivism). We can work to clarify and organize their ideas so we can voice them to others. It gives us opportunities to elaborate on what they learned. We are exposed to the views of others. It enables us to discover flaws and inconsistencies by learning we can get good results. Constructivism itself has many variations, such as generative learning, discovery learning, and knowledge building. Regardless of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure.

Informal and post-modern theories

Informal theories of education deal with more practical breakdown of the learning process. One of these deals with whether learning should take place as a building of concepts toward an overall idea, or the understanding of the overall idea with the details filled in later. Modern thinkers favour the latter, though without any basis in real world research. Critics believe that trying to teach an overall idea without details (facts) is like trying to build a masonry structure without bricks.
Other concerns are the origins of the drive for learning. To this end, many have split off from the mainstream holding that learning is a primarily self taught thing, and that the ideal learning situation is one that is self taught. According to this dogma, learning at its basic level is all self taught, and class rooms should be eliminated since they do not fit the perfect model of self learning. However, real world results indicate that isolated students fail. Social support seems crucial for sustained learning.
Informal learning theory also concerns itself with book vs real-world experience learning. Many consider most schools severely lacking in the second. Newly emerging hybrid instructional models combining traditional classroom and computer enhanced instruction promise the best of both worlds.

See also

★ Mathematical formulation of learning

★ Instructional theory

★ Instructional design

★ Science, technology, society and environment education

★ Andragogical
About accelerating the learning process

★ spaced repetition

★ incremental reading
About the mechanisms of memory and learning:

★ neural networks in the brain

★ sleep and learning

★ latent learning

★ memory consolidation

★ short-term memory versus working memory

★ long-term memory

★ declarative memory versus procedural memory

★ the cerebellum and motor learning

Notes

1. Theodora Polito, ''Educational Theory as Theory of Culture: A Vichian perspective on the educational theories of John Dewey and Kieran Egan'' Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2005

External links

★ Creating Learning Centered Classrooms. What Does Learning Theory Have To Say? ERIC Digest.

★ How People Learn (and What Technology Might Have To Do with It). ERIC Digest.

★ Critical-learning wiki

★ Applied Constructivism

★ About Learning 12 Learning Theories Described

★ Theory Into Practice (TIP) database brief summaries of 50 major theories of learning and instruction

★ [1]Theory of Affirmation Teaching

★ Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind (pp. 493-519). New York: Guilford Publications. A paper from the perspective of evolutionary developmental psychology

★ Teaching in a Computer Lab

★ Encyclopaedia of Informal Education