:''This article is about the field of language planning & policy. See
Constructed language for details on the creation of planned or artificial languages.''
'Language planning' refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used. At a governmental level, language planning takes the form of
language policy. Many nations have
language regulatory bodies which are specifically charged with formulating and implementing language planning policies.
Characteristics
The term ''language planning'' has often been identified with a third world context, being seen as a tool for the establishment of standardised national languages as a part of
modernisation and
nation building. In fact, language planning is neither a modern phenomenon nor is it confined to the third world.
Language planning is not necessarily conducted at the national level. It can also be carried out by ethnic, religious or occupational groups. In the case of language communities that are divided by borders, language planning may also involve more than one country (on the governmental or
non-governmental level) or international or regional bodies and conferences.
One international organization (based in the
U.S.) that is involved in considerable amount of language planning around the world, especially for people with unwritten languages, is
SIL International.
Language planning can also go from the bottom up, such as the movement for
non-sexist language in the U.S., which originated with grass-roots feminist groups, or the
N'Ko movement in
West Africa.
Category
Language planning can be divided into three sub-dimensions:
Corpus planning
Corpus planning refers to
prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language. This may be achieved by creating new words or expressions, modifying old ones, or selecting among alternative forms. Corpus planning aims to develop the resources of a language so that it becomes an appropriate medium of communication for modern topics and forms of discourse, equipped with the
terminology needed for use in administration, education, etc. Corpus planning is often related to the
standardisation of a language, involving the preparation of a
normative orthography,
grammar, and
dictionary for the guidance of writers and speakers in a speech community. Efforts at linguistic purism and the exclusion of foreign words (see
linguistic protectionism) also belong to corpus planning, as do
spelling reform and the introduction of new writing systems (e.g. that of the
Turkish language). For a previously unwritten language, the first step in corpus planning is the development of a
writing system.
Status planning
Status planning refers to deliberate efforts to allocate the functions of languages and literacies within a speech community. It involves status choices, making a particular language or variety an '
official language', '
national language', etc. Often it will involve elevating a
language or
dialect into a
prestige variety, which may be at the expense of competing dialects. Status planning is often part and parcel of creating a new writing system. Status planning tends to be the most controversial aspect of language planning (see article on
Language policy).
Acquisition planning
Acquisition planning concerns the teaching and
learning of languages, whether national languages or
second and
foreign languages. It involves efforts to influence the number of users and the distribution of languages and literacies, achieved by creating opportunities or incentives to learn them. Such efforts may be based on policies of
assimilation or
pluralism. Acquisition planning is directly related to language spread. While acquisition planning is normally the province of national, regional, or local governments, bodies such as the
British Council,
Alliance française,
Instituto Cervantes, the
Goethe-Institut, and latterly the
Confucius Institute are also very active internationally promoting education in their respective languages.
Further reading
★ TAULI, V. (1968) Introduction to a theory of language planning, Uppsala.
★ CALVET, L.J. (1987) ''La guerre des langues et des politiques linguistiques.'' Payot, Paris.
★ COOPER, R. L. (1989) Language planning and social change, Cambridge University Press, New-York.
See also
★
Language engineering
★
Language policy
★
Language reform
★
List of language regulators
★
Language Problems and Language Planning (journal)
★
Terminology planning policy
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