(Redirected from Léopold III of Belgium)
'Leopold III' ''(Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel'' (French) or ''Leopold Filips Karel Albert Meinrad Hubertus Maria Miguel'' (Dutch)) (
November 3,
1901 –
September 25,
1983) reigned as King of
the Belgians from 1934 until 1951, when he abdicated in favour of his
Heir Apparent, his son
Baudouin.
Leopold III was born in
Brussels as Prince Leopold of Belgium, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony, and succeeded to the throne of
Belgium on
February 23,
1934 on the death of his father, King
Albert I.
Early life and family
Crown Prince Leopold, while still a teenager, fought as a private during
World War I with the 12th Belgian Regiment. After the war, in 1919, the Crown Prince Leopold was enrolled at St. Anthony Seminary in
Santa Barbara, California.
In
Stockholm, on
November 4,
1926, he married
Princess Astrid of Sweden who later became Queen Astrid of the Belgians. She was born in
Stockholm on
November 17,
1905, the youngest daughter of
Prince Carl of Sweden and
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark.
The marriage produced three children:
★
Joséphine-Charlotte, Princess of Belgium, born at the Royal Palace of
Brussels on
October 11,
1927, Grand Duchess of
Luxembourg. She was married on
April 9,
1953 to
Prince Jean, later
Grand-Duke of
Luxembourg. She died at
Fischbach Castle on
January 10,
2005.
★ Baudouin, Prince of Belgium, who became the fifth King of the Belgians as
Baudouin I, born at Stuyvenberg on the outskirts of
Brussels on
September 7,
1930, and died at
Motril,
Spain on
July 31,
1993.
★ Albert, Prince of Liège, Prince of Belgium, born at Stuyvenberg on
June 6,
1934. He is the reigning King of the Belgians as
Albert II.
On
August 29,
1935, while the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at
Küssnacht am Rigi,
Schwyz,
Switzerland on the shores of
Lake Lucerne, Leopold lost control of the car which plunged into the lake, killing Queen Astrid.
On
September 11,
1941, King Leopold III married
morganatically,
Lilian Baels, who was born in
Highbury,
London on
November 28,
1916. Known as
Princess de Rethy, she died on
June 7,
2002.
They had three children:
★
Alexander, Prince of Belgium, born in Brussels on
July 18,
1942. In 1991 he married Lea Inga Dora Wohlman, a marriage revealed only seven years later. She was created a Princess of Belgium in her own right.
★
Marie-Christine, Princess of Belgium, born in Brussels on
February 6,
1951. Her first marriage, to Paul Drucker in 1981, lasted 40 days (though they were not formally divorced until 1985); she subsequently married Jean-Paul Gourges in 1989.
★
Maria-Esmeralda, Princess of Belgium, born in Brussels on
September 30,
1956, a journalist, her professional name is Esmeralda de Réthy. She married
Salvador Moncada, a noted pharmacologist, in 1998. They have a son and a daughter.
WWII and controversy
On
May 10,
1940 the
German army invaded Belgium. However, during the 1930s Leopold had made extensive preparations against such an invasion of his country, which historically had been used as a convenient battlefield in wars between France and Germany, but was unable to fully coordinate with the
British Expeditionary Force or the French Army against the full force of the
Blitzkrieg. As a result Belgium was probably the best prepared country in Europe against the
Axis forces at the start of WW II and the Belgian artillery was particularly damaging to the Germans during the three weeks which it took them to overwhelm the little country. This perseverance also prevented the
BEF from being outflanked and cut off from the coast, enabling the evacuation from Dunkirk. After his military surrender Leopold stayed on in Brussels to face the victorious invaders, while his entire government had already fled to Paris and later London. His action brought accusations of treason by French Prime Minister
Paul Reynaud. King Leopold rejected cooperation with the
Nazis and refused to administer Belgium in accordance with their dictates, probably saving many thousands of lives in the process. Despite his defiance of the Germans, the Belgian government-in-exile in London refused to recognize his right to rule. The Germans held him under house arrest at the royal castle in Brussels.
On September 11, 1941, the king secretly married Lilian Baels in a religious ceremony that had no value under Belgian law. Less than two months later, a legal marriage before a civil official took place. This was a strange situation since in Belgium a religious marriage is prohibited if it is not preceded by a civil marriage. The reasons are not clear but it seems that Leopold who at first should only have accepted Lilian as a "secret" unofficial wife must have changed his mind. It is quite obvious that Lilian was pregnant during the second ceremony, since a child was born seven months later.
The public announcement of the king's second marriage was made the day after the legal marriage, December 6, when Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey, Archbishop of Mechelen, wrote an open letter to parish priests throughout the country. The letter revealed that the king's new wife would be known as Princesse de Réthy, not Queen Lilian and that any children they had would have no claim to the throne though they would be princes or princesses of Belgium. His new marriage damaged his reputation further in the eyes of many of his subjects.
In January 1944, Leopold wrote a "political testament", to be published in case he was not in Belgium when the country was occupied by the Allied forces. The testament, which mentioned allied "occupation" and not "liberation", and did not mention the resistance, would cause additional controversy: the Belgian government in London did not like Leopold's demand for public excuses from the ministers involved in the 1940 crisis, and the allies did not like Leopold's repudation of the treaties concluded by the Government-in-exile in London (the controversy mainly centred upon the economic treaty with the United States concerning the delivery of Congolese
uranium for American
atom bombs). Later that year,
Heinrich Himmler ordered King Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed with the family in another car the following day under an
SS armed guard. The
Nazis held the family in a fort at
Hirschstein an der Elbe in
Saxony during the winter of 1944-45, and then at
Strobl, near
Salzburg,
Austria. They were freed by the U.S. Army in May of 1945. Due to controversy about his conduct during the war, Léopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium and spent the next six years in exile in
Switzerland, a regency under his brother
Prince Charles having been established by the Legislature in
1944. As for the political testament, the Belgian government did not publish it (partly for fear of an upsurge in
communist support if they did) and preferred to ignore it.
In
1946, a commission of inquiry exonerated Leopold of treason. Nonetheless, controversy concerning his loyalty continued, and in
1950, a referendum was held about his future. A majority of ca. 57% voted in favour of his return. The divide between Leopoldists and anti-Leopoldists ran along the lines of socialists and Walloons who were mostly opposed (ca. 42% of favourable votes in Wallonia) and Christian Democrats and Flemings who were more in favour of the King (ca. 70% of the votes in Flanders). On his return to Belgium in 1950, he was met with strikes and other protests. The strikes turned violent and in clashes with the
gendarmerie, several protesters were killed. With the country on the brink of civil war, and the communist banners in Wallonia being replaced by French tricolores, in order to avoid tearing his country apart, and to preserve the monarchy, King Léopold decided to abdicate on
July 16,
1951 in favour of his 20-year-old son
Baudouin.
Titles
★ ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Leopold of Belgium, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony (1901-1909)
★ ''His Royal Highness'' Leopold, Duke of Brabant, Prince of Belgium (1909-1934)
★ ''His Majesty'' The King (1934-1951)
★ ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Leopold of Belgium, Duke of Brabant (1951-death)
When he abdicated in favour of his Heir Apparent, his son Baudouin. He was officially styled as: '''HRH Prince Leopold of Belgium', 'Duke of Brabant'''. Socially he was referred to as '''HM King Leopold III of the Belgians''.'
Post abdication life
In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and travelled the world. He went, for instance, to
Senegal and strongly criticized the French decolonization process.
King Leopold III died in
1983 at
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (''Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe''). He is interred with his wives in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady in
Laken.
Ancestry
See also
★
Royal Trust
References
★
War Controversy (in Dutch)
★
His second wife (in French)
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