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EspañolKOREAN AIR LINES FLIGHT 007
(Redirected from Korean Air Flight 007)
'Korean Air Lines Flight 007', also known as 'KAL 007' or 'KE007', was a Korean Air Lines civilian airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Lawrence McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no survivors.
The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation by the United States, the purpose being to test its military response capabilities, repeating the provocation of Korean Air Flight 902, also shot down by Soviet aircraft over the Kola Peninsula in 1978. The incident attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly from the United States.
Korean Air Lines flight KAL 007 was a commercial Boeing 747-230B
(registration: HL7442, formerly D-ABYH[1]) flying from New York City, United States to Seoul, South Korea. It took off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on August 31 carrying 240 passengers and 29 crew. After refueling at Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska the aircraft departed for Seoul at 13:00 GMT (3:00 AM local time) on September 1. KAL 007 flew westward and then turned south on a course for Seoul-Kimpo International Airport that took it much farther west than planned, cutting across the Soviet Kamchatka Peninsula and then over the Sea of Okhotsk towards Sakhalin, violating Soviet airspace more than once.
Soviet air defense units had been tracking the aircraft for more than an hour while it entered and left Soviet airspace over the Kamchatka Peninsula. Soviet aircraft had initially tried to contact the pilot of the aircraft by radio and by making visual contact. When this failed, the pilot of the lead aircraft reported firing 120 rounds of tracer ammunition in four 30-round bursts and the pilot of KAL 007 still failed to respond. The order to shoot down the airliner was given as it was about to leave Soviet airspace for the second time after flying over Sakhalin Island. It was probably downed in international airspace.[2] The lead aircraft of two Su-15 ''Flagon'' interceptors scrambled from Dolinsk-Sokol airbase fired two air to air missiles around 18:26 GMT,[3]
and shot down KAL 007. The airliner crashed into the sea north of Moneron Island, killing all on board. Initial reports that the airliner had been forced to land on Sakhalin were soon proved false. Transcripts recovered from the airliner's cockpit voice recorder indicate that the crew were unaware that they were off course and violating Soviet airspace (at the end they were 500 kilometres to the west of the planned track). After the missile strike, the aircraft began to descend from 18:26 until the end of the recording at 18:27:46. At the time of the attack, the plane had been cruising at an altitude of about 35,000 feet. Capt. Chun was able to turn off the autopilot (18:26:46) and it is unknown whether he was able to regain control[4] as the aircraft spiraled toward the ocean until the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder stopped 1 minute later.
The International Civil Aviation Organization investigated the incident. It concluded that the violation of Soviet airspace was accidental: the autopilot had been set to heading hold after departing Anchorage. It was determined that the crew did not notice this error or subsequently perform navigational checks that would have revealed that the aircraft was diverging further and further from its assigned route. This was later deemed to be caused by a "lack of situational awareness and flight deck coordination".[5]
According to the U.S. Department of State transcript of the shoot down reported by the ''New York Times'',[6] the pilot who shot down Korean Air Flight 007 stated that he fired multiple bursts from his cannon prior to releasing the two missiles. The pilot admitted there were no tracers, and these shots could not have been seen by the KAL 007 crew. The Soviets officially maintained that they had attempted radio contact with the airliner and that KAL 007 failed to reply. However, no other aircraft or ground monitors covering those emergency frequencies at the time reported hearing any such Soviet radio calls. The Soviet pilot reported that KAL 007 was flashing navigation lights, which should have suggested that the plane was civilian. In 1996, the Soviet pilot, Gennadie Osipovich, indicated that he knew KAL 007 was a Boeing: "I saw two rows of windows and knew that this was a Boeing. I knew this was a civilian plane. But for me this meant nothing. It is easy to turn a civilian type of plane into one for military use."[7]
US President Ronald Reagan condemned the shootdown on September 5, 1983, calling it the "Korean airline massacre," a "crime against humanity [that] must never be forgotten" and an "act of barbarism … [of] inhuman brutality."[8]
The next day, the Soviet Union admitted to shooting down KAL 007, stating the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace. The attack pushed relations between the United States and the Soviet Union to a new low. On September 15, President Reagan ordered the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to revoke the license of Aeroflot Soviet Airlines to operate flights into and out of the United States. As a result, Aeroflot flights to North America were only available through cities in Canada or Mexico. Aeroflot service to the United States was not restored until April 29, 1986.[9]
The US ambassador to the United Nations, Jeane Kirkpatrick, commissioned an audio-visual presentation in the Security Council using tapes of the Soviet radio conversations and a map of the plane's flight path to depict the shoot-down as savage and unjustified. Alvin A. Snyder, producer of the video, later revealed in a September 1, 1996 article in the ''Washington Post'' that he was given only selected portions of the tape of the Soviet military conversation that led to the downing of the aircraft. Unedited versions of the tape later revealed to Snyder that the Soviets had in fact given the plane internationally recognized warning signals.[10]
Airway R20 (Romeo 20), the flight path that Korean Air Flight 007 was supposed to fly, which came within 17 miles of Soviet airspace at its closest point, was closed after the accident on September 2. This reflected shock, and the need to reassure the public. However, pilots and airlines fiercely resisted and the route was reopened on October 2. More significantly, the US decided to utilize military radars, extending the radar coverage from Anchorage from 200 to 1200 miles. These radars had been used in 1968 to alert a DC-8 in a similar situation. R. V. Johnson writes in his 1986 book ''Shootdown'': "The question of why these radars were not used to alert 007 remains."[11]As a result of this incident, Ronald Reagan announced that the Global Positioning System (GPS) would be made available for civilian uses once completed.[12]
Main articles: Able Archer 83
The shoot down of Flight 007 was an incident which had ramifications on the Cold War later in 1983 when NATO conducted a simulation of the procedures up to nuclear release. Held in November, Able Archer 83 involved the participation of even the President. Tension between the superpowers had been high before Flight 007 was shot down, President Reagan's rhetoric afterward, and world reaction, led some in the USSR to believe that Able Archer 83 was a genuine nuclear first strike.[13]Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9. In response, the Soviets readied their nuclear forces and placed air units in East Germany and Poland on alert.[14]''SNIE 11-10-84'' “Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities” Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May, 1984. This relatively obscure incident is considered by many historians to be the closest the world has come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.[15] The threat of nuclear war abruptly ended with the conclusion of the Able Archer 83 exercise on November 11, which, coincidentally, was also Armistice Day (alternatively called Remembrance Day or Veterans Day).[16]Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.
Other civilian airliners have been shot down after straying off course near protected airspace.
★ July 27, 1955: El Al Flight 402 a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, registered 4X-AKC, was a flight from Vienna, Austria to Tel Aviv, Israel via Istanbul, Turkey. The aircraft strayed into Bulgarian airspace, was shot down by two Bulgarian Mig-15s and crashed near Petrich, Bulgaria.
★ February 21, 1973: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was shot down by Israeli Air Force F-4 after it strayed into airspace over the Sinai Peninsula which was at the time under Israeli control. After refusing instructions by the F-4 pilots, they then attempted to disable the 727 with carefully aimed bursts of 20mm cannon fire. Unfortunately the damage proved fatal, and Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 crashed into a sand dune.
★ April 20, 1978: Korean Air Flight 902 was a 707 fired on by an Su-15 Soviet fighter after it had flown over the Kola Peninsula. In this case, like the Libyan Airlines incident, contact was made between the fighter aircraft and the airliner. The pilots of Korean Air Flight 902 tried to escape, but were instead hit by an air-to-air missile, killing two passengers and forcing the aircraft to crash-land on a frozen lake. An investigation into the cause of that incident was complicated by Soviet refusal to release the aircraft's flight data recorders.
Main articles: Korean Air Flight 007 conspiracy theories
The Korean Air Flight 007 incident has spawned a number of conspiracy theories, none of which has been confirmed by official sources. When the Russians finally produced the Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder in the early 1990s, the actual cause of the disaster was known.
★ Three television movies were produced about the incident; both films were produced before the fall of the Soviet Union allowed access to archives:
★
★ ''Shootdown'' (1988), starring Angela Lansbury, John Cullum, and Kyle Secor, was based on the book of the same title by R.W. Johnson, about the efforts of Nan Moore (Lansbury), the mother of a passenger, to get answers from the US and Russian governments.
★
★ ''Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy'' (1989), an HBO Original Movie with Michael Morriarty and Soon-Tek Oh
★
★ The British Granada Television documentary drama ''Coded Hostile'' (1989 - US title ''Tailspin'') detailed the US military and governmental investigation, highlighting the likely confusion of Flight 007 with the USAF RC-135 in the context of routine US SIGINT/COMINT missions in the area. An updated version of ''Coded Hostile'' was screened in the UK in 1993, incorporating details of the 1992 UN investigation.
★ A documentary from ''Unsolved History'', a program of Discovery Channel, featured this incident.
★ The song "Murder in the Skies" by Gary Moore on his album Victims of the Future (1983) retells the incident.
★ The song "The Ballad of Flight 007" by Gerald R. Griffin (1983) recounts the story from both a personal and political perspective.
★ List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
★ Iran Air Flight 655
★ List of Korea-related topics
★ Larry McDonald (U.S. congressman, passenger on Flight 007)
★ Able Archer 83 Relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union had become more tense after the 1980 presidential election. The destruction of KAL 007, and President Reagan's response, made this exercise appear to the Soviet Union as though NATO may have been preparing a sneak nuclear attack.
★ Korean Air Flight 902
1. Air Disaster.com entry
2. ''A Cold War Conundrum'' - Benjamin B. Fischerm, available online at: https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm
3. (based on ground radar measurements supplied by the Soviets to the UN in 1993
4. http://www.icao.int/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en/trivia/kal_flight_007.htm Summary of the 1993 second ICAO report of KAL 007 shoot down.
5. ICAO
6. ''New York Times'', September 12th, 1983, pg.1
7. ''New York Times'' interview, September 9, 1996''
8. [1] CIA monograph of US/Soviet relations around 1983[2] CIA monograph of US/Soviet relations around 1983
9. Timeline of US/Russian relations from http://moscow.usembassy.gov/links/history.php
10. "The Age of the New Persuaders" Military Review May-Jun 1997 from leav-www.army.mil Accessdate: 05/13/2007
11. Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection, Johnson, R. V., , , Viking, 1986,
12. History of GPS from usinfo.state.gov
13. Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions'', 85–7.
14. Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.
15. COLD WAR Chat: Professor John Lewis Gaddis, Historian John Lewis Gaddis and John Hashimoto
16. Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions'', 87–8.
★ The Puzzle Palace, , James, Bamford, Penguin Books, 1983,
★ Incident at Sakhalin: The True Mission of KAL Flight 007, , Michael, Brun, Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996,
★ KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story, , Oliver, Clubb, The Permanent Press, 1985,
★ Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers, , Alexander, Dallin, University of California Press, 1985,
★ Desired Track, , James, Gollin, American Vision Publishing, 1994,
★ Understanding the Times - Volume One: How Satan Turned America From God, , William P., Grady, Grady Publications, 2005,
★ "The Target Is Destroyed": What Really Happened to Flight 007, , Seymour M., Hersh, Vintage, 1987,
★ Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection, , R. W., Johnson, Viking Penguin, 1986,
★ Legitimacy and Force, , Jeane Jordan, Kirkpatrick, Transaction, Inc., 1988,
★ Strategy and History, , Edward N., Luttwak, Transaction, Inc., 1985,
★ KAL 007: The Cover-Up, , David E., Pearson, Simon & Schuster, 1987,
★
★ Massacre 007: The Story of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007, , Richard, Rohmer, Hodder Headline Australia, 1984,
★ Rescue 007: The Untold Story of KAL 007 and Its Survivors, , Bert, Schlossberg, Xlibris Corp., 2001, ISBN 0-7388-5774-2 (Hardback) ISBN 0-7388-5776-9 (eBook)
★
★ Warriors of Disinformation, , Alvin, Snyder, Arcade Publishing, 1995,
★ Day of the Cobra: The True Story of KAL Flight 007, , Jeffrey, St. John, Thomas Nelson, 1984,
★ Death of Flight 007, , Richard, Sypher, Think Publishing, 2002,
★ Truth Behind KAL Flight 007, , Akio, Takahashi, Apt Books, 1985,
★ The Last Flight of 007 (Take Ten: Disaster), , Frank, Woodson, Artesian Press, 2000,
★
★ Articles by James Oberg, former space engineer contractor for Johnson Space Center, Houston TX
★ KAL 007 Mystery
★ Interview with Soviet pilot who shot down plane
★ Pre-shootdown photos of the airplane
★ FBI Files for KA007 Mystery: Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts
★ Another Location of the FOIA Document of the KAL Flight 007
★ NASA report on autopilot error
★ Transcript of Cockpit Voice Recorder
★ KAL Flight 007 by John Keppel
★ KAL -- Korean Air Disaster 1983 by John Keppel
★ Incident at Sakhalin: The True Mission of KAL Flight 007 by Devvy Kidd
★ The Ballad of FLight 007: The Ballad of Flight 007 by Jerry Griffin
★ The website of the International Commitee for the Rescue of KAL 007 Survivors. Transcripts of the shootdown and aftermath with commentary and interpretation.
'Korean Air Lines Flight 007', also known as 'KAL 007' or 'KE007', was a Korean Air Lines civilian airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983 just west of Sakhalin island. 269 passengers and crew, including US congressman Lawrence McDonald, were aboard KAL 007; there were no survivors.
The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation by the United States, the purpose being to test its military response capabilities, repeating the provocation of Korean Air Flight 902, also shot down by Soviet aircraft over the Kola Peninsula in 1978. The incident attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly from the United States.
| Contents |
| Flight information |
| Interception |
| Investigations |
| Aftermath |
| Able Archer 83 |
| Similar incidents |
| Conspiracy theories |
| Popular culture |
| See also |
| References |
| Other references |
| External links |
Flight information
Korean Air Lines flight KAL 007 was a commercial Boeing 747-230B
(registration: HL7442, formerly D-ABYH[1]) flying from New York City, United States to Seoul, South Korea. It took off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on August 31 carrying 240 passengers and 29 crew. After refueling at Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska the aircraft departed for Seoul at 13:00 GMT (3:00 AM local time) on September 1. KAL 007 flew westward and then turned south on a course for Seoul-Kimpo International Airport that took it much farther west than planned, cutting across the Soviet Kamchatka Peninsula and then over the Sea of Okhotsk towards Sakhalin, violating Soviet airspace more than once.
Interception
Soviet air defense units had been tracking the aircraft for more than an hour while it entered and left Soviet airspace over the Kamchatka Peninsula. Soviet aircraft had initially tried to contact the pilot of the aircraft by radio and by making visual contact. When this failed, the pilot of the lead aircraft reported firing 120 rounds of tracer ammunition in four 30-round bursts and the pilot of KAL 007 still failed to respond. The order to shoot down the airliner was given as it was about to leave Soviet airspace for the second time after flying over Sakhalin Island. It was probably downed in international airspace.[2] The lead aircraft of two Su-15 ''Flagon'' interceptors scrambled from Dolinsk-Sokol airbase fired two air to air missiles around 18:26 GMT,[3]
and shot down KAL 007. The airliner crashed into the sea north of Moneron Island, killing all on board. Initial reports that the airliner had been forced to land on Sakhalin were soon proved false. Transcripts recovered from the airliner's cockpit voice recorder indicate that the crew were unaware that they were off course and violating Soviet airspace (at the end they were 500 kilometres to the west of the planned track). After the missile strike, the aircraft began to descend from 18:26 until the end of the recording at 18:27:46. At the time of the attack, the plane had been cruising at an altitude of about 35,000 feet. Capt. Chun was able to turn off the autopilot (18:26:46) and it is unknown whether he was able to regain control[4] as the aircraft spiraled toward the ocean until the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder stopped 1 minute later.
Investigations
Map showing the divergence of planned and actual flightpaths
The International Civil Aviation Organization investigated the incident. It concluded that the violation of Soviet airspace was accidental: the autopilot had been set to heading hold after departing Anchorage. It was determined that the crew did not notice this error or subsequently perform navigational checks that would have revealed that the aircraft was diverging further and further from its assigned route. This was later deemed to be caused by a "lack of situational awareness and flight deck coordination".[5]
According to the U.S. Department of State transcript of the shoot down reported by the ''New York Times'',[6] the pilot who shot down Korean Air Flight 007 stated that he fired multiple bursts from his cannon prior to releasing the two missiles. The pilot admitted there were no tracers, and these shots could not have been seen by the KAL 007 crew. The Soviets officially maintained that they had attempted radio contact with the airliner and that KAL 007 failed to reply. However, no other aircraft or ground monitors covering those emergency frequencies at the time reported hearing any such Soviet radio calls. The Soviet pilot reported that KAL 007 was flashing navigation lights, which should have suggested that the plane was civilian. In 1996, the Soviet pilot, Gennadie Osipovich, indicated that he knew KAL 007 was a Boeing: "I saw two rows of windows and knew that this was a Boeing. I knew this was a civilian plane. But for me this meant nothing. It is easy to turn a civilian type of plane into one for military use."[7]
Aftermath
US President Ronald Reagan condemned the shootdown on September 5, 1983, calling it the "Korean airline massacre," a "crime against humanity [that] must never be forgotten" and an "act of barbarism … [of] inhuman brutality."[8]
The next day, the Soviet Union admitted to shooting down KAL 007, stating the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace. The attack pushed relations between the United States and the Soviet Union to a new low. On September 15, President Reagan ordered the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to revoke the license of Aeroflot Soviet Airlines to operate flights into and out of the United States. As a result, Aeroflot flights to North America were only available through cities in Canada or Mexico. Aeroflot service to the United States was not restored until April 29, 1986.[9]
The US ambassador to the United Nations, Jeane Kirkpatrick, commissioned an audio-visual presentation in the Security Council using tapes of the Soviet radio conversations and a map of the plane's flight path to depict the shoot-down as savage and unjustified. Alvin A. Snyder, producer of the video, later revealed in a September 1, 1996 article in the ''Washington Post'' that he was given only selected portions of the tape of the Soviet military conversation that led to the downing of the aircraft. Unedited versions of the tape later revealed to Snyder that the Soviets had in fact given the plane internationally recognized warning signals.[10]
Airway R20 (Romeo 20), the flight path that Korean Air Flight 007 was supposed to fly, which came within 17 miles of Soviet airspace at its closest point, was closed after the accident on September 2. This reflected shock, and the need to reassure the public. However, pilots and airlines fiercely resisted and the route was reopened on October 2. More significantly, the US decided to utilize military radars, extending the radar coverage from Anchorage from 200 to 1200 miles. These radars had been used in 1968 to alert a DC-8 in a similar situation. R. V. Johnson writes in his 1986 book ''Shootdown'': "The question of why these radars were not used to alert 007 remains."[11]As a result of this incident, Ronald Reagan announced that the Global Positioning System (GPS) would be made available for civilian uses once completed.[12]
Able Archer 83
Main articles: Able Archer 83
The shoot down of Flight 007 was an incident which had ramifications on the Cold War later in 1983 when NATO conducted a simulation of the procedures up to nuclear release. Held in November, Able Archer 83 involved the participation of even the President. Tension between the superpowers had been high before Flight 007 was shot down, President Reagan's rhetoric afterward, and world reaction, led some in the USSR to believe that Able Archer 83 was a genuine nuclear first strike.[13]Beth Fischer, ''Reagan Reversal'', 123, 131.Pry, ''War Scare'', 37–9. In response, the Soviets readied their nuclear forces and placed air units in East Germany and Poland on alert.[14]''SNIE 11-10-84'' “Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities” Central Intelligence Agency, 18 May, 1984. This relatively obscure incident is considered by many historians to be the closest the world has come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.[15] The threat of nuclear war abruptly ended with the conclusion of the Able Archer 83 exercise on November 11, which, coincidentally, was also Armistice Day (alternatively called Remembrance Day or Veterans Day).[16]Pry, ''War Scare'', 43–4.
Similar incidents
Other civilian airliners have been shot down after straying off course near protected airspace.
★ July 27, 1955: El Al Flight 402 a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, registered 4X-AKC, was a flight from Vienna, Austria to Tel Aviv, Israel via Istanbul, Turkey. The aircraft strayed into Bulgarian airspace, was shot down by two Bulgarian Mig-15s and crashed near Petrich, Bulgaria.
★ February 21, 1973: Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was shot down by Israeli Air Force F-4 after it strayed into airspace over the Sinai Peninsula which was at the time under Israeli control. After refusing instructions by the F-4 pilots, they then attempted to disable the 727 with carefully aimed bursts of 20mm cannon fire. Unfortunately the damage proved fatal, and Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 crashed into a sand dune.
★ April 20, 1978: Korean Air Flight 902 was a 707 fired on by an Su-15 Soviet fighter after it had flown over the Kola Peninsula. In this case, like the Libyan Airlines incident, contact was made between the fighter aircraft and the airliner. The pilots of Korean Air Flight 902 tried to escape, but were instead hit by an air-to-air missile, killing two passengers and forcing the aircraft to crash-land on a frozen lake. An investigation into the cause of that incident was complicated by Soviet refusal to release the aircraft's flight data recorders.
Conspiracy theories
Main articles: Korean Air Flight 007 conspiracy theories
The Korean Air Flight 007 incident has spawned a number of conspiracy theories, none of which has been confirmed by official sources. When the Russians finally produced the Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder in the early 1990s, the actual cause of the disaster was known.
Popular culture
★ Three television movies were produced about the incident; both films were produced before the fall of the Soviet Union allowed access to archives:
★
★ ''Shootdown'' (1988), starring Angela Lansbury, John Cullum, and Kyle Secor, was based on the book of the same title by R.W. Johnson, about the efforts of Nan Moore (Lansbury), the mother of a passenger, to get answers from the US and Russian governments.
★
★ ''Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy'' (1989), an HBO Original Movie with Michael Morriarty and Soon-Tek Oh
★
★ The British Granada Television documentary drama ''Coded Hostile'' (1989 - US title ''Tailspin'') detailed the US military and governmental investigation, highlighting the likely confusion of Flight 007 with the USAF RC-135 in the context of routine US SIGINT/COMINT missions in the area. An updated version of ''Coded Hostile'' was screened in the UK in 1993, incorporating details of the 1992 UN investigation.
★ A documentary from ''Unsolved History'', a program of Discovery Channel, featured this incident.
★ The song "Murder in the Skies" by Gary Moore on his album Victims of the Future (1983) retells the incident.
★ The song "The Ballad of Flight 007" by Gerald R. Griffin (1983) recounts the story from both a personal and political perspective.
See also
★ List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
★ Iran Air Flight 655
★ List of Korea-related topics
★ Larry McDonald (U.S. congressman, passenger on Flight 007)
★ Able Archer 83 Relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union had become more tense after the 1980 presidential election. The destruction of KAL 007, and President Reagan's response, made this exercise appear to the Soviet Union as though NATO may have been preparing a sneak nuclear attack.
★ Korean Air Flight 902
References
1. Air Disaster.com entry
2. ''A Cold War Conundrum'' - Benjamin B. Fischerm, available online at: https://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/coldwar/source.htm
3. (based on ground radar measurements supplied by the Soviets to the UN in 1993
4. http://www.icao.int/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en/trivia/kal_flight_007.htm Summary of the 1993 second ICAO report of KAL 007 shoot down.
5. ICAO
6. ''New York Times'', September 12th, 1983, pg.1
7. ''New York Times'' interview, September 9, 1996''
8. [1] CIA monograph of US/Soviet relations around 1983[2] CIA monograph of US/Soviet relations around 1983
9. Timeline of US/Russian relations from http://moscow.usembassy.gov/links/history.php
10. "The Age of the New Persuaders" Military Review May-Jun 1997 from leav-www.army.mil Accessdate: 05/13/2007
11. Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection, Johnson, R. V., , , Viking, 1986,
12. History of GPS from usinfo.state.gov
13. Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryuchkov's Instructions'', 85–7.
14. Oberdorfer, ''A New Era'', 66.
15. COLD WAR Chat: Professor John Lewis Gaddis, Historian John Lewis Gaddis and John Hashimoto
16. Andrew and Gordievsky, ''Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions'', 87–8.
Other references
★ The Puzzle Palace, , James, Bamford, Penguin Books, 1983,
★ Incident at Sakhalin: The True Mission of KAL Flight 007, , Michael, Brun, Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996,
★ KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story, , Oliver, Clubb, The Permanent Press, 1985,
★ Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers, , Alexander, Dallin, University of California Press, 1985,
★ Desired Track, , James, Gollin, American Vision Publishing, 1994,
★ Understanding the Times - Volume One: How Satan Turned America From God, , William P., Grady, Grady Publications, 2005,
★ "The Target Is Destroyed": What Really Happened to Flight 007, , Seymour M., Hersh, Vintage, 1987,
★ Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection, , R. W., Johnson, Viking Penguin, 1986,
★ Legitimacy and Force, , Jeane Jordan, Kirkpatrick, Transaction, Inc., 1988,
★ Strategy and History, , Edward N., Luttwak, Transaction, Inc., 1985,
★ KAL 007: The Cover-Up, , David E., Pearson, Simon & Schuster, 1987,
★
★ Massacre 007: The Story of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007, , Richard, Rohmer, Hodder Headline Australia, 1984,
★ Rescue 007: The Untold Story of KAL 007 and Its Survivors, , Bert, Schlossberg, Xlibris Corp., 2001, ISBN 0-7388-5774-2 (Hardback) ISBN 0-7388-5776-9 (eBook)
★
★ Warriors of Disinformation, , Alvin, Snyder, Arcade Publishing, 1995,
★ Day of the Cobra: The True Story of KAL Flight 007, , Jeffrey, St. John, Thomas Nelson, 1984,
★ Death of Flight 007, , Richard, Sypher, Think Publishing, 2002,
★ Truth Behind KAL Flight 007, , Akio, Takahashi, Apt Books, 1985,
★ The Last Flight of 007 (Take Ten: Disaster), , Frank, Woodson, Artesian Press, 2000,
External links
★
★ Articles by James Oberg, former space engineer contractor for Johnson Space Center, Houston TX
★ KAL 007 Mystery
★ Interview with Soviet pilot who shot down plane
★ Pre-shootdown photos of the airplane
★ FBI Files for KA007 Mystery: Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts
★ Another Location of the FOIA Document of the KAL Flight 007
★ NASA report on autopilot error
★ Transcript of Cockpit Voice Recorder
★ KAL Flight 007 by John Keppel
★ KAL -- Korean Air Disaster 1983 by John Keppel
★ Incident at Sakhalin: The True Mission of KAL Flight 007 by Devvy Kidd
★ The Ballad of FLight 007: The Ballad of Flight 007 by Jerry Griffin
★ The website of the International Commitee for the Rescue of KAL 007 Survivors. Transcripts of the shootdown and aftermath with commentary and interpretation.
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