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'Kokborok' (also spelled ''Kok Borok'') also known as 'Tiprakok' or 'Tripuri' is the native language of the Tripuri people in the Indian state of Tripura and its neighbouring areas of Bangladesh. The word Kokborok is composed of two words, ''kok'' which means "language" and ''borok'' which literally means "man" but is used to denote the Tripuri people. Thus Kokborok means "the language of man" or "the language of the Borok people".

Contents

History

Classification and related languages

Kokborok Sounds and phonetics

Vowels

Consonants

Diphthong

Syllables

Clusters

Tone

Morphology

Kokborok Grammar

Counting and Numbering

Dialects

Institutions and Organisations

Statistics

Script

See also

References

External links

History

Kokborok existed in its various forms since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri Kings began to be written down. The script of Kokborok was called "'Koloma'". The Chronicle of the Tripuri Kings were written in a book namely 'Rajratnakar', this book was originally written down in Kokborok using the Koloma script by Durlobendra Chontai.
Later, two Brahmins, Sukreswar and Vaneswar translated it into Sanskrit and then again translated the chronicle into Bengali in the 14th century AD. The chronicle of Tipra in Kokborok and Rajratnakar are no longer available. Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri Kings in the Kingdom of Tripura, in contrast to Bengali language, from the period of the 14th century till the 20th century.
Kokborok got recognised as an official language of Tripura state only in 1979 A.D. and is being now considered for recognition as a National language of India.

Classification and related languages

Kokborok is a Tibeto-Burman language falling under the Sino-Tibetan language family of East Asia and South East Asia.
It is closely related to the Bodo language and the Dimasa language of neighbouring state of Assam. The Garo language is also a related language as spoken in neighbouring Bangladesh.

Kokborok Sounds and phonetics

It is a typical Tibeto-Burmese language and consists of the following sounds:

Vowels

'Vowels'   Front Central Back High ,   High-mid     Low-mid     Low

#'a' as in Father
#'e' as in end
#'i' as in in
#'o' as in hot
#'u' as in put
#'w' as in German 'ü' and French ''u'' (represented by IPA symbol ''y'').
Original writers decided to use the letter 'w' as a symbol for a vowel which does not exist in theEnglish.

Consonants

'Consonants'   Labial Dental Apico- Alveolar Lamino- Postalveolar Velar Glottal Voiceless stops     Voiced stops     Voiceless fricatives         Nasals       Liquids     ,

The consonants are b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, y along with combined consonants ch, kh, ph, th, ng.
N' is the pronunciation of the nasal sound. eg, ''In'-yes.
Ng is a conjoint letter and is generally used in the last syllable of a word.
eg, ''Aming''-cat; ''Holong''-stone.
Ua is used like, ''uak''-pig; ''uah''-bamboo; ''uatwi''-rain.
Uo is used like, ''thuo''-sleeping; ''buo''-beat.

Diphthong

A diphthong is a group of 2 vowels. The ''wi'' diphthong is spoken as ''ui'' after sounds of the letters m and p. Two examples are: ''chumui'' meaning "cloud" and ''thampui'' meaning "mosquito". The ''ui'' diphthong is a variation of the ''wi'' diphthong. Other less frequently occurring diphthongs such as ''oi'' are called closing diphthongs. A closing diphthong refers to a syllable that does not end in a consonant.

Syllables

A majority of words are formed by combining the root with an affix. Some examples are;

★ ''kuchuk'' is formed from the root ''chuk'' meaning "to be high", with the prefix, ''ku''.

★ ''phaidi'' meaning "come" is formed from the root ''phai'', meaning "to come", with the suffix ''di''.
There is no Kokborok word beginning with ''ng''. At the end of a syllable, any vowel except ''w'' can be found, along with a limited amount of consonants: ''p'', ''k'', ''m'', ''n'', ''ng'', ''r'' and ''l''. ''Y'' is found only in closing diphthongs like ''ai'' and ''wi''.

Clusters

"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like phl, ph + l, in ''phlat phlat" "very fast", or ''sl'' in "kungsluk kungsluk'' "foolish man". Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as ''phran'' "to dry" which is actually ''phw-ran''. These are very common in echo words : phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.

Tone

There are two tones in kokborok, a high and a low tone. To explain the high tone of a word, ''h'' letter is fixed with the syllable when the high tone is pronounced.
example:
low tone High tone
#''lai''-easy ''laih''-crossed
#''bor''-senseless ''bohr''-to plant
#''cha''-correct ''chah''-to eat
#''nukhung''-family ''nukhuhng''-roof

Morphology

Morphologically kokborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.
(a) 'Original words': ''thang''-go; ''phai''-come; ''borok''-man; ''kotor''-big; ''kuchu''-small; ''kwrwi''-not;etc.
(b) 'Compound words', that is, words made of more than one original words: ''nai''-see; ''thok''-sweet; ''naithok''-beautiful; ''mwtai''-god; ''nog''-house; ''mwtainog''-temple; ''bwkha''-heart; ''kotor''-big; ''bwkhakotor''-brave; etc.
(c) 'Words with suffixes': ''swrwng''-learn; ''swrwngnai''-learner; ''nugjak''-seen; ''kaham''-good; ''hamya''- bad; etc.
(d) 'Naturalized loan words': ''gerogo''-to roll; ''gwdna''-shoulder; ''tebil''- table; ''poito''-faith; etc.
(e) 'Loan words': ''yar''-friend; etc.

Kokborok Grammar

''See full article Kokborok Grammar''
There is a clear cut difference in Kokborok between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, these suffixes are not placed at random but according to definite rules.

Counting and Numbering

Counting in Kokborok is called ''lekhamung''. The basic numbers are:

1.	sa
2.	nwi
3.	tham
4.	brwi
5.	ba
6.	dok
7.	sni
8.	char
9.	chuku
10.	chi
20.	nwichi(khol)
100.	ra
101.	sara sa
200.	nwira
1000.	sai
1001.	sa sai
2000.	nwi sai
10,000.	chisai
20,000.	nwichi sai
100,000.	rasai
200,000.	nwi rasai
1,000,000.	chirasai
2,000,000.	nwichi rasai
10,000,000.	rwjak
20,000,000.	nwi rwjak
1,000,000,000.	rarwjak
1,000,000,000,000.	Sai rarwjak
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.	rasaisai rarwjak

Dialects

The Tripuri community consists of many tribes and sub-tribes in the Indian state of Tripura, Assam, Mizoram and the neighbouring provinces of the country Bangladesh mainly in Chittagong Division. The main tribes have their own dialects, which differ only slightly among each other, though the dialect spoken around the capital Agartala, the western dialect spoken by ''Debbarma'' tribe, is taken as the standard for teaching and in literary writings. It is understood by all the other tribes and is the lingua franca of the Hill Indigenous Tripuris in the state. It is taught as medium of instruction up to class fifth and as subject language up to Graduate level.
The tribes and their dialects are listed as follows.
1. 'Debbarma' (''Western'')
2. 'Reang' (''Eastern and Southeastern'')
3. 'Noatia or Tripura' (''Southern'')
4. 'Jamatia' (''Central'')
5. 'Darlong' (''Northern'')
6. 'Koloi'
7. 'Molsom'
8. 'Rupini'
9. and other smaller tribes such as ''aiang'',''dahula'',''laitong'',''mrung'',''muslung''.

Institutions and Organisations

Some Tripuri cultural oragnizations have been working fruitfully for the development of the language since the last century. Foremost among them are the :

★ KSS, Kokborok Sahitya Sabha

★ KbSS,Kokborok Sahitya Sangsad

★ HKP, Hachukni Khorang Publishers

★ KOHM,Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission

★ KA, Kokborok Academy

★ DKP, Dey Kokborok Publishers

Statistics

KOK BOROK (TRIPURI, TRIPURA, TIPURA, MRUNG, USIPI) [TRP] 78,000 in Bangladesh (1993 Johnstone); 658,000 in India (1994 IMA); 736,000 in all countries. Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Baric, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Bodo. Dialects: JAMATIA, NOATIA, RIANG (TIPRA), HALAM, DEBBARMA.
TIPPERA (TIPPERA-BENGALI, TIPPERAH, TIPRA, TIPURA, TRIPERAH, TIPPURAH, TRIPURA) [TPE] 105,000 (1993 Johnstone). Chittagong Hills. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified. Many men can speak Bengali. 36 dialects.
-''Part of the Ethnologue, 13th Edition, Barbara F. Grimes, Editor, 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.''

Script

''See the article Script issues of Kokborok''
Kokborok had a script known as ''Koloma'' which has disappeared now. Since the 19th century the Kingdom of Tripura used the Bengali script for writing in Kokborok. But, since the independence of India and Tripura's merger with India the Roman Script is being promoted by non-governmental organisations. The script issue is highly politicized, with the Left Front government advocating usage of Bengali script and the Tripuri Christians and ethno-nationalists are advocating for the Roman script.
At present both the scripts are being used in the state, in education as well as in literary and cultural circles.

See also

★ Kokborok Literature

★ Kokborok Drama

★ Bodo language

References

★ Pushpa Pai (Karapurkar). 1976. ''Kokborok Grammar''. (CIIL Grammar series ; 3). Mysore: Central Inst. of Indian Languages.

★ Dr. François Jacquesson. 2003. ''Kokborok, a short analysis''. [1] Paris.

★ Binoy Debbarma. 2002. ''Anglo-Kokborok-Bengali Dictionary''. 2nd edition. Agartala: Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM).

External links

★ www.boroksite.com A kokborok site for news and literature.

★ Script Issue and Kokborok Identity

★ Online Kokborok Dictionary In Delhi Tripura Society website

★ www.tripurasociety.org Website of Delhi Tripura Soceity—

★ twipra.com A website about Twipra (Tripura in kokborok).

★ ethnologue.com Ethnologue website entry for kokborok language

★ [2] Deccan Herald Article concerning the Script Issue.

★ tripuranews.co.uk Tripura news website in Kokborok.