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EspañolLIST OF PORTUGUESE MONARCHS
(Redirected from King of Portugal)
This is a 'list of Portuguese monarchs' dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King." Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III.
It includes the Portuguese rulers from the
★ House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, (1143-1383/1385)
★ House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385-ca. 1580)
★ Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty, (1580-1640), and
★ House of Braganza, (1640-1910)
Main articles: History of Portugal (711-1112), History of Portugal (1112-1279)
Portugal originated as a distinct political and national entity in the 9th century, when the first County of Portugal was established by Vímara Peres just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. The County of Portugal's original territory was limited to an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal.
The Iberian political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following:
★ Kings of the Visigoths
★ Suebi Kings of Gallaecia
★ Monarchs of Asturias
★ Kings of Galicia
★ Kings of Castile
★ Kings of León
★ Kings of Navarre
The basis of the Portuguese nationality dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. In the period of Reconquista, Vímara ruled over a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães.
The First County of Portugal would last for two centuries, until 1071, when Portugal lost its autonomy as the last Count, Nuno Mendes, lost the Battle of Pedroso to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, son of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. Garcia II became the first monarch to use the style "King of Portugal".
One year later, in 1072, Garcia was defeated by his brothers and the Portuguese lands were again incorporated into the kingdom of León; this would only last for two decades, until the re-creation of the county of Portugal under Henry, Count of Portugal in 1093.
The Second County of Portugal was attributed to Henry of Burgundy, a Burgundian nobleman who had helped fight the Moors in the Reconquista.
When Alfonso VI of Castile gave him the county he intended to secure peace and order in a difficult region, something that the Count of Galicia, Raymond (another Burgundian nobleman) had not managed to do. Henry was a vassal, but soon tried to gain more autonomy for his county and ultimately make it an independent kingdom. This would only happen after his death, under his son, Afonso Henriques.
The foundation of the House of Burgundy is a controversial subject. Some say it started in 1093 with the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal. Though the House of Burgundy was founded, Portugal was only a county and so the House of Henry of Burgundy cannot be referred to as a Royal House.
The next possible date is the death of Count Henry in 1112 and the succession to the throne of Afonso Henriques, as the second Count of Portugal under the regency of his mother and Henry’s wife, Theresa, who proclaimed herself Queen of Portugal.
In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, the power was transferred to Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler as Prince of Portugal. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the ''cortes'' (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga.
The year of 1143 also stands as one of the most supported dates for the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year, Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church. It was also in the same year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and Castile and Leon with Alfonso VII of Castile recognizing Portugal as an independent kingdom. However, the Church did not recognize Portugal as an independent country with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, and some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.
The House of Burgundy corresponds to two different periods of Portuguese History. One is the complex period of implementation of the monarchy and the process of conquest of Moorish lands to the south, which ends in 1249. The second period consists of the creation of structures necessary to a newborn kingdom, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture.
The House of Burgundy started its end in 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I, who had no male heir. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. Although frequently forgotten from the monarchs of the country, she was acclaimed queen of Portugal in 1383 after her father's death, but the possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war and an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 4 || Sancho II
||
|| 1223 || 1247 || Sanctius II (English) || ''the Pious'' (''o Capelo'')
''the Piteous'' (''o Piedoso'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 5 || Afonso III
||
|| 1247 || 1279 || ''Alphonzo III'' (English),
''Alphonse III'',
''Affonso III'' (Old Portuguese),
''Alfonso III'' (Old Portuguese)
or ''Alphonso III''
(Old Portuguese) || ''the Bolognian'' (''o Bolonhês'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 6 || Denis
||
|| 1279 || 1325 || ''Dinis'' (Portuguese) or
''Diniz'' (Old Portuguese) || ''the Farmer'' (''o Lavrador'')
''the Poet-King'' (''o Rei-Poeta'')
''the Troubadour-King'' (''o Rei-Trovador'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 7 || Afonso IV
||
|| 1325 || 1357 || ''Alphonzo IV'' (English),
''Alphonse IV'' (English),
''Affonso IV'' (Old Portuguese),
''Alfonso IV'' (Old Portuguese)
or ''Alphonso IV''
(Old Portuguese) || ''the Brave'' (''o Bravo'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 8 || Peter I
||
|| 1357 || 1367 || ''Pedro I'' (Portuguese) || ''the Just'' (''o Justiceiro'')
or ''the Cruel'' (''o Cruel'')
''the Vengeful'' (''o Vingativo'') or
''the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love''
(''o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 9 || Ferdinand I
||
|| 1367 || 1383 || ''Fernando I'' (Portuguese) || ''the Handsome'' (''o Formoso'')
''the Beautiful'' (''o Belo'')
''the Fickle'' (''o Inconstante'')
''the Reckless'' (''o Inconsciente'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 10 || Beatrice (disputed)
||
|| 1383 || 1385 || ''Beatriz'' (Portuguese) or ''Beatrix'' (English alternative) ||
|}
:''Main articles: Portugal in the period of discoveries, Struggle for the throne of Portugal''.
The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.
The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the ''Cortes'' of Coimbra in April 1385.
This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascension of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.
John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcazarquivir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.
Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only some historians accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.
The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the ''Cortes'' of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.
Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart due to the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip III tried to treat Portugal as a Spanish province and Portuguese nobles lost power, which provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: ''Restauração da Independência''). The revolution began in Lisbon and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies.
:''Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War''
The House of Braganza (''Portuguese: Casa de Bragança'') traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by Afonso V and offered to his uncle Afonso, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Catherine, granddaughter of Manuel I, Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza, joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it to Philip II of Spain.
In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catherine and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism.
The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I, and two years later in the 1910 republican revolution that forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal.
:''Main article: Portugal in the 19th century''
With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued (according to some historians) as the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
The chronology of leaders of Portugal continues on Presidents of Portugal.
During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:
The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:
★ História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa, , D. António Caetano de, Sousa, Atlântida-Livraria Eds., 1946,
★ Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in ''Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe'', London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228-237. ISBN 0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div - November 1991. ISBN 0028972554.)
★ Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), ''Costados do Duque de Bragança'', Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
★ Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), ''Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil'', vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
★ List of Portuguese monarchs by longevity
★ List of Portuguese monarchs by age at ascension to the throne
★ Portuguese monarchs family tree
★ List of Portuguese queens
★ History of Portugal
★ Timeline of Portuguese history
★ Lists of incumbents
★ Burial sites of Portuguese monarchs
★ The Royal House of Portugal
★ Kings of Portugal genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site
This is a 'list of Portuguese monarchs' dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King." Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III.
It includes the Portuguese rulers from the
★ House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, (1143-1383/1385)
★ House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385-ca. 1580)
★ Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty, (1580-1640), and
★ House of Braganza, (1640-1910)
Historical roots of the Monarchy
Main articles: History of Portugal (711-1112), History of Portugal (1112-1279)
Portugal originated as a distinct political and national entity in the 9th century, when the first County of Portugal was established by Vímara Peres just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. The County of Portugal's original territory was limited to an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal.
The Iberian political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following:
★ Kings of the Visigoths
★ Suebi Kings of Gallaecia
★ Monarchs of Asturias
★ Kings of Galicia
★ Kings of Castile
★ Kings of León
★ Kings of Navarre
House of Vímara Peres
The basis of the Portuguese nationality dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. In the period of Reconquista, Vímara ruled over a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães.
The First County of Portugal would last for two centuries, until 1071, when Portugal lost its autonomy as the last Count, Nuno Mendes, lost the Battle of Pedroso to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, son of Ferdinand I of Castile-León. Garcia II became the first monarch to use the style "King of Portugal".
One year later, in 1072, Garcia was defeated by his brothers and the Portuguese lands were again incorporated into the kingdom of León; this would only last for two decades, until the re-creation of the county of Portugal under Henry, Count of Portugal in 1093.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vímara Peres | 868 | 873 | ''Vimarano'' | Count of Portugal |
| Lucídio Vimaranes | 873 | ? | Count of Portugal | |
| Onega Lucides with Diogo Fernandes | ? | c. 924 | Countess of Portugal | |
| Mumadona Dias with Mendo Gonçalves | c. 924 | c. 950 | Countess of Portugal | |
| Gonçalo Mendes | c. 950 | 999 | Count of Portugal, ''magnus dux portucalensium'' (in 997) | |
| Gonçalves Mendo II | 999 | 1008 | Count of Portugal | |
| Alvito Nunes | 1008 | 1015 | Count of Portugal | |
| Ilduara Mendes with Nuno Alvites | 1017 | 1028 | Countess of Portugal | |
| Mendo Nunes | 1028 | 1050 | Count of Portugal | |
| Nuno Mendes | 1050 | 1071 | Count of Portugal, during the rule of Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal (1065-1072). |
House of Burgundy
The Second County of Portugal was attributed to Henry of Burgundy, a Burgundian nobleman who had helped fight the Moors in the Reconquista.
When Alfonso VI of Castile gave him the county he intended to secure peace and order in a difficult region, something that the Count of Galicia, Raymond (another Burgundian nobleman) had not managed to do. Henry was a vassal, but soon tried to gain more autonomy for his county and ultimately make it an independent kingdom. This would only happen after his death, under his son, Afonso Henriques.
| Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Title | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry |  | 1093 | 1112 | ''Henrique'' (Portuguese) | Count of Portugal |
| Theresa |  | 1112 | 1126 | ''Teresa'' or ''Tareja'' (Old Portuguese) | Countess of Portugal Regent of the County but the ''de facto'' ruler and self-styled Queen of Portugal |
| Afonso |  | 1126 | 1139 | ''Alphonzo'' (English), ''Alphonse'' (English), ''Afonso Henriques'' (Portuguese alternative), ''Affonso'' (Old Portuguese), ''Alfonso'' (Old Portuguese) or ''Alphonso'' (Old Portuguese) | Count of Portugal (until 1128/1129) and the Prince of Portugal (''Dux Portucalensis'') |
House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143-1383
The foundation of the House of Burgundy is a controversial subject. Some say it started in 1093 with the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal. Though the House of Burgundy was founded, Portugal was only a county and so the House of Henry of Burgundy cannot be referred to as a Royal House.
The next possible date is the death of Count Henry in 1112 and the succession to the throne of Afonso Henriques, as the second Count of Portugal under the regency of his mother and Henry’s wife, Theresa, who proclaimed herself Queen of Portugal.
In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, the power was transferred to Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler as Prince of Portugal. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the ''cortes'' (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga.
The year of 1143 also stands as one of the most supported dates for the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year, Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church. It was also in the same year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and Castile and Leon with Alfonso VII of Castile recognizing Portugal as an independent kingdom. However, the Church did not recognize Portugal as an independent country with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, and some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.
The House of Burgundy corresponds to two different periods of Portuguese History. One is the complex period of implementation of the monarchy and the process of conquest of Moorish lands to the south, which ends in 1249. The second period consists of the creation of structures necessary to a newborn kingdom, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture.
The House of Burgundy started its end in 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I, who had no male heir. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. Although frequently forgotten from the monarchs of the country, she was acclaimed queen of Portugal in 1383 after her father's death, but the possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war and an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Afonso I | | 1139 | 1185 | ''Alphonzo I'' (English), ''Alphonse I'' (English), ''Afonso Henriques'' (Portuguese alternative), ''Affonso I'' (Old Portuguese), ''Alfonso I'' (Old Portuguese) or ''Alphonso I'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Conqueror'' (''o Conquistador'') ''The Founder'' (''o Fundador'') ''the Great'' (''o Grande'') |
| 2 | Sancho I |  | 1185 | 1211 | Sanctius I (English) | ''the Populator'' (''o Povoador'') |
| 3 | Afonso II |  | 1211 | 1223 | ''Alphonzo II'' (English), ''Alphonse II'' (English), ''Affonso II'' (Old Portuguese), ''Alfonso II'' (Old Portuguese) or ''Alphonso II'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Fat'' (''o Gordo'') |
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 4 || Sancho II
||
|| 1223 || 1247 || Sanctius II (English) || ''the Pious'' (''o Capelo'')
''the Piteous'' (''o Piedoso'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 5 || Afonso III
||
|| 1247 || 1279 || ''Alphonzo III'' (English),
''Alphonse III'',
''Affonso III'' (Old Portuguese),
''Alfonso III'' (Old Portuguese)
or ''Alphonso III''
(Old Portuguese) || ''the Bolognian'' (''o Bolonhês'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 6 || Denis
||
|| 1279 || 1325 || ''Dinis'' (Portuguese) or
''Diniz'' (Old Portuguese) || ''the Farmer'' (''o Lavrador'')
''the Poet-King'' (''o Rei-Poeta'')
''the Troubadour-King'' (''o Rei-Trovador'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 7 || Afonso IV
||
|| 1325 || 1357 || ''Alphonzo IV'' (English),
''Alphonse IV'' (English),
''Affonso IV'' (Old Portuguese),
''Alfonso IV'' (Old Portuguese)
or ''Alphonso IV''
(Old Portuguese) || ''the Brave'' (''o Bravo'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 8 || Peter I
||
|| 1357 || 1367 || ''Pedro I'' (Portuguese) || ''the Just'' (''o Justiceiro'')
or ''the Cruel'' (''o Cruel'')
''the Vengeful'' (''o Vingativo'') or
''the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love''
(''o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 9 || Ferdinand I
||
|| 1367 || 1383 || ''Fernando I'' (Portuguese) || ''the Handsome'' (''o Formoso'')
''the Beautiful'' (''o Belo'')
''the Fickle'' (''o Inconstante'')
''the Reckless'' (''o Inconsciente'')
|- bgcolor=#E6E6FA
|align=center| 10 || Beatrice (disputed)
||
|| 1383 || 1385 || ''Beatriz'' (Portuguese) or ''Beatrix'' (English alternative) ||
|}
House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385-ca. 1580)
:''Main articles: Portugal in the period of discoveries, Struggle for the throne of Portugal''.
The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.
The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the ''Cortes'' of Coimbra in April 1385.
This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascension of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.
John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcazarquivir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.
Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only some historians accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.
House of Aviz (senior branch)
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 (10) | John I |  | 1385 | 1433 | ''João I'' (Portuguese) | ''the Master of Avis'' (''o mestre de Avis''), ''the One of Good Memory'' (''o de Boa Memória''), ''the Good'' (''o Bom'') or ''the Great'' (''o Grande'') |
| 12 (11) | Edward |  | 1433 | 1438 | ''Duarte'' (Portuguese) | ''the Eloquent'' (''o Eloquente'') or ''the Philosopher-King'' (''o Rei-Filósofo'') |
| 13 (12) | Afonso V |  | 1438 | 1481 | ''Alphonzo V'' (English), ''Alphonse V'' (English), ''Affonso V'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the African'' (''o Africano'') |
| 14 (13) | John II |  | 1481 | 1495 | ''João II'' (Portuguese) | ''the Perfect Prince'' (''o Príncipe Perfeito'') or ''the Tyrant'' (''o Tirano'') |
House of Aviz-Beja
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 (14) | Manuel I |  | 1495 | 1521 | ''Emmanuel I'' (English), ''Manoel I'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Fortunate'' (''o Venturoso'', ''o Bem-Aventurado'' or ''o Afortunado'') |
| 16 (15) | John III |  | 1521 | 1557 | ''João III'' (Portuguese) | ''the Pious'' (''o Piedoso'' or ''o Pio'') |
| 17 (16) | Sebastian |  | 1557 | 1578 | ''Sebastião'' (Portuguese) | ''the Desired'' (''o Desejado'') |
| 18 (17) | Cardinal Henry |  | 1578 | 1580 | ''Henrique'' (Portuguese) | ''the Chaste'' (''o Casto'') or ''the Cardinal-King'' (''o Cardeal-Rei'') |
| 19 (18) | Anthony (disputed - claim militarily defeated by Philip I but later recognized by John IV) |  | 1580 | 1580 | ''António'' (Portuguese) | ''the Prior of Crato'' (''o Prior do Crato'') ''the Determined'' (''o Determinado'') ''the Fighter'' (''o Lutador'') ''the Independentist'' (''o Independentista'') |
Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty, (1580-1640)
The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the ''Cortes'' of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.
Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart due to the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip III tried to treat Portugal as a Spanish province and Portuguese nobles lost power, which provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: ''Restauração da Independência''). The revolution began in Lisbon and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 (18 or 19) | Philip I |  | 1581 | 1598 | ''Filipe I'' (in Portugal) ''Felipe II'' (in Spain) | ''the Prudent'' (''o Prudente'') |
| 21 (19 or 20) | Philip II |  | 1598 | 1621 | ''Filipe II'' (in Portugal) ''Felipe III'' (in Spain) | ''the Cruel'' (''o Cruel'') (in Portugal) ''the Pious'' (''el Pio'') (in Spain) |
| 22 (20 or 21) | Philip III |  | 1621 | 1640 | ''Filipe III'' (in Portugal) ''Felipe IV'' (in Spain) | ''the Oppressor'' (''o Opressor'') (in Portugal) ''the Great'' (''el Grande'') (in Spain) |
House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty (1640-1910)
:''Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War''
The House of Braganza (''Portuguese: Casa de Bragança'') traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by Afonso V and offered to his uncle Afonso, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Catherine, granddaughter of Manuel I, Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza, joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it to Philip II of Spain.
In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catherine and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism.
The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I, and two years later in the 1910 republican revolution that forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal.
House of Braganza (senior branch)
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 (21 or 22) | John IV |  | 1640 | 1656 | ''João IV'' (Portuguese) | ''the Restoring King'' (''o Restaurador'') ''the Fortunate'' (''o Afortunado'') |
| 24 (22 or 23) | Afonso VI |  | 1656 | 1667 | ''Alphonzo VI'' (Portuguese), ''Alphonse VI'' (English), ''Affonso VI'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Victorious'' (''o Vitorioso'') |
| 25 (23 or 24) | Peter II |  | 1667 | 1706 | ''Pedro II'' (Portuguese) | ''the Pacific'' (''o Pacífico'') |
| 26 (24 or 25) | John V |  | 1706 | 1750 | ''João V'' (Portuguese) | ''the Magnanimous'' (''o Magnânimo'') ''the Magnific'' (''o Magnífico'') ''the Portuguese Sun-King'' (''o Rei-Sol Português'') |
| 27 (25 or 26) | Joseph I |  | 1750 | 1777 | ''José I'' (Portuguese) | ''the Reformer'' (''o Reformador'') |
| 28 (26 or 27) | Maria I with Peter III |  | 1777 | 1816 | ''Mary I'' (English alternative) and ''Pedro III'' (Portuguese) | ''the Pious'' (''a Piedosa'' or ''a Pia'') ''the Mad'' (''a Louca'') |
| 29 (27 or 28) | John VI |  | 1816 | 1826 | ''João VI'' (Portuguese) | ''the Clement'' (''o Clemente'') |
| 30 (28 or 29) | Pedro IV |  | 1826 | 1826 | ''Peter IV'' (English) or ''Pedro I'' (in Brazil) | ''the Soldier-King'' (''o Rei-Soldado'') ''the Emperor-King'' (''o Rei-Imperador'') ''the Liberator'' (''o Libertador'') |
| 31 (29 or 30) | Maria II |  | 1826 | 1828 | ''Mary II'' (English alternative) | ''the Educator'' (''a Educadora'') ''the Good-Mother'' (''a Boa-Mãe'') |
| 32 (30 or 31) | Miguel (disputed - after defeat in the Portuguese civil war the claim was resigned by the Evora-Monte convention. |  | 1828 | 1834 | ''Michael'' (English) | ''the Traditionalist'' (''o Tradicionalista''), ''the Usurper'' (''o Usurpador'') or ''the Absolutist'' (''o Absolutista'') ''the Absolut-King'' (''o Rei Absoluto'') |
| - | Maria II with Ferdinand II (from 1836) | | 1834 | 1853 | ''Mary II'' (English alternative), and ''Fernando II'' (Portuguese) | ''the Educator'' (''a Educadora'') |
Braganza-Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (or Braganza-Wettin) branch
:''Main article: Portugal in the 19th century''
With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued (according to some historians) as the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 33 (31 or 32) | Pedro V |  | 1853 | 1861 | ''Peter V'' (English) | ''the Hopeful'' (''o Esperançoso'') ''the Loved One'' (''o Bem-Amado'') ''the Much Loved'' (''o Muito Amado'') |
| 34 (32 or 33) | Luís I |  | 1861 | 1889 | ''Louis'' (English), ''Lewis'' (English alternative), ''Luiz'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Popular'' (''o Popular'') ''the Good'' (''o Bom'') |
| 35 (33 or 34) | Carlos I |  | 1889 | 1908 | ''Charles'' (English) | ''the Martyred'' (''o Martirizado'') or ''the Diplomat'' (''o Diplomata'') ''the Martyr'' (''o Mártir'') ''the Oceanographer'' (''o Oceanógrafo'') |
| 36 (34 or 35) | Manuel II |  | 1908 | 1910 | ''Emmanuel II'' (English), ''Manoel II'' (Old Portuguese) | ''the Patriot'' (''o Patriota'') ''the Unfortunate'' (''o Desventurado'') ''the Scholar'' (''o Estudioso'') or ''the Missed King'' (''o Rei-Saudade'') |
The chronology of leaders of Portugal continues on Presidents of Portugal.
Braganza (Dukes of Braganza, pretenders to the Portuguese Throne) Miguelist branch
| # (''supposed'') | Name | Born | Died | Alternative names | Nickname(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 (34 or 35) | Miguel II |  | 1853 | 1927 | ''Michael II'' (English) | |
| 37 (35 or 36) | Duarte II Nuno |  | 1907 | 1976 | ''Edward'' (English) | |
| 38 (36 or 37) | Duarte III Pio |  | 1945 | (''present'') | ''Edward Pious'' (English) |
Style
During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:
| Time | Style | Used by | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1140–1189 | By the Grace of God, King of the Portuguese (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalensium'') | Afonso I, Sancho I | |
| 1189–1191 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Silves (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugalliæ et Silbis'') | Sancho I | Conquest of Silves (1189) |
| 1191–1248 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ'') | Sancho I, Afonso II, Sancho II | Loss of Silves to the Almohads (1191) |
| 1248–1249 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and Count of Boulogne (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Comes Boloniæ'') | Afonso III | Afonso, married to Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne-sur-Mer, succeeds his brother Sancho on the Portuguese throne (January 1248) |
| 1249–1253 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, Count of Boulogne (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii & Comes Boloniæ'') | Afonso III | Conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Algarve (1249) |
| 1253–1369 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve (''Dei Gratiæ, Rex Portugaliæ & Algarbii'') | Afonso III, Denis, Afonso IV, Peter I, Ferdinand I | Afonso III repudiates Matilda and relinquishes his title of Count (1253) |
| 1369–1371 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras and Lord of Molina | Ferdinand I | Ferndinand I of Portugal is a pretender to the Castilian Crown, being a legitimate great-grandson of Sancho IV of Castile (1369) |
| 1371–1383 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | Ferdinand I | Renunciation of Castilian titles after the Peace of Alcoutim (1371) |
| 1383–1385 | By the Grace of God, King and Queen of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algeciras and Lord and Lady of Biscay | Beatrice & John I of Castile | Beatrice of Portugal is a pretender to the Portuguese throne (1383) |
| 1385–1415 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve | John I | Renunciation of Castilian titles after the defeat of John I of Castile at the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385) |
| 1415–1458 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta | John I, Edward I, Afonso V | Conquest of Ceuta (1415) |
| 1458–1471 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarve, and Lord of Ceuta and Alcácer in Africa | Afonso V | Conquest of El Ksar as-Saghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458) |
| 1471–1475 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V | Conquest of Asilah and Tangiers (1471) and elevation of the Portuguese lordship in northern Africa to the condition of Kingdom of the Algarve Beyond the Sea |
| 1475–1479 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Portugal, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Jaén, Murcia, the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Gibraltar, Algeciras, and Lord of Biscay and Molina | Afonso V | Pretension of Afonso V to the Castilian Crown, due to his marriage with Juana, ''la Beltraneja'' (1475) |
| 1479–1485 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa | Afonso V, John II | Renunciation of the Castilian titles after the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) |
| 1485–1499 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, and Lord of Guinea | John II, Manuel I | Erection of Lordship of Guinea, with the Portuguese colonies on the Gulf of Guinea (1485) |
| 1499–1580 | By the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Manuel I, John III, Sebastian, Henry, António, Prior of Crato | After the return of Vasco da Gama from India, in 1499, the royal style is changed once more to the become the most magnificent |
| 1580–1640 | By the Grace of God, King of Castile, León, Aragon, Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern & Western Indies, the Islands & Mainland of the Ocean sea, Count of Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and Molina, Duke of Athens and Neopatria, Count of Roussillon, Cerdagne, Margrave of Oristano and Goceano, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant and Milan, Count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tyrol, etc. | Philip I, Philip II, Philip III | During the Philippine dynasty, the style of the Spanish Crown is merged with that of Portugal |
| 1640–1815 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John IV, Afonso VI, Peter II, João V, Joseph I, Maria I (with Peter III) | After the Restoration (1640), return to the old style adopted by Manuel I |
| 1815–1825 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria I, John VI | Erection of Brazil as a kingdom inside the Portuguese Empire, thus making a United Kingdom (1815) |
| 1825–1826 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | John VI, Pedro IV, Miguel I, Maria II (with Ferdinand II), Pedro V, Luís I, Carlos I, Manuel II | After the recognition of the independence of Brazil by John VI (1825), return to the old style |
| 1826 | By the Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Pedro IV | After the death of his father, Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, inherits the Portuguese throne, thus making a change once more in the royal title, until his abdication (1826) |
| 1826–1910 | By the Grace of God, King/Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc. | Maria II, Miguel I, Maria II (with Ferdinand II), Pedro V, Luís I, Carlos I, Manuel II | After the abdication of Peter in favour of his daughter, return to the old style, until the collapse of the monarchy (1910) |
| 1910–''present'' | His Royal Highness, the Most Serene Lord, the Royal Prince of Portugal, Duke of Braganza, of Guimarães and of Barcelos, Marquess of Vila Viçosa, Count of Arraiolos, Ourém, Barcelos, Faria, Neiva and Guimarães, Sovereign of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel, Grand Master of the Order of Our Lady of Conception of Vila Viçosa and Grand Master by Birth of the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing and Judge of the Royal Brotherhood of Saint Michael of the Wing. | Miguel II, Edward II, Edward III | The collapse of the monarchy, Portuguese Republic (1910) |
The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:
| Time | |
|---|---|
| 1140–1577 | Royal Highness (HRH) |
| 1577–1578 | Majesty (HM) |
| 1578–1580 | Royal Highness (HRH) |
| 1580–1748 | Majesty (HM) |
| 1748–1825 | Most Faithful Majesty (HFM) |
| 1825–1826 | Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty (HI&FM) |
| 1826–1910 | Most Faithful Majesty (HFM) |
| 1910–''present'' | Royal Highness (HRH) |
Sources
★ História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa, , D. António Caetano de, Sousa, Atlântida-Livraria Eds., 1946,
★ Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in ''Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe'', London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228-237. ISBN 0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div - November 1991. ISBN 0028972554.)
★ Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), ''Costados do Duque de Bragança'', Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
★ Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), ''Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil'', vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
See also
★ List of Portuguese monarchs by longevity
★ List of Portuguese monarchs by age at ascension to the throne
★ Portuguese monarchs family tree
★ List of Portuguese queens
★ History of Portugal
★ Timeline of Portuguese history
★ Lists of incumbents
★ Burial sites of Portuguese monarchs
External links
★ The Royal House of Portugal
★ Kings of Portugal genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site
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