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'Kidinnu' (also 'Kidunnu') (fl. 4th century BC? possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him 'Kidenas', Pliny the Elder 'Cidenas', and Vettius Valens 'Kidynas'.
Some cuneiform and classical Greek and Latin texts mention an astronomer with this name, but it is not clear if they all refer to the same individual:

★ The Greek geographer Strabo of Amaseia, in ''Geography'' 16.1–.6, writes: "In Babylon a settlement is set apart for the local philosophers, the Chaldaeans, as they are called, who are concerned mostly with astronomy; but some of these, who are not approved of by the others, profess to be writers of horoscopes. (There is also a tribe of the Chaldaeans, and a territory inhabited by them, in the neighborhood of the Arabs and of the Persian Gulf, as it is called.) There are also several tribes of the Chaldaean astronomers. For example, some are called Orcheni [those from Uruk], others Borsippeni [those from Borsippa], and several others by different names, as though divided into different sects which hold to various different dogmas about the same subjects. And the mathematicians make mention of some of these men; as, for example, 'Kidenas', Nabourianos and Soudines".

★ The Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder, in ''Natural History'' II.vi.39, writes that the planet Mercury can be viewed "sometimes before sunrise and sometimes after sunset, but according to 'Cidenas' and Sosigenes never more than 22 degrees away from the sun".

★ The Roman astrologer Vettius Valens, in ''Anthology'', says that he used Hipparchus for the Sun, Sudines and 'Kidynas' and Appollonius for the Moon, and again Appollonius for both types (of eclipses, ''i.e.'' solar and lunar).

★ The Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy, in ''Almagest'' IV 2, discusses the duration and ratios of several periods related to the Moon, as known to "ancient astronomers" and "the Chaldeans" and improved by Hipparchus. He mentions the equality of 251 (synodic) months to 269 returns in anomaly. In a preserved classical manuscript of the excerpt known as ''Handy Tables'', an anonymous reader in the third century wrote the comment (a scholium) that 'Kidenas' discovered this relation.

★ The colophon of two Babylonian System B lunar ephemerides from Babylon (see ACT 122 for 104–101 BC, and ACT 123a for an unknown year) say that they are the ''tersitu'' of 'Kidinnu'.

★ A damaged cuneiform astronomical diary tablet from Babylon (Babylonian Chronicle 8: the Alexander Chronicle, BM 36304) mentions that "'ki-di-nu' was killed by the sword" on day 15 of probably the 5th month of that year, which has been dated as 14 August 330 BC, less than a year after Alexander the Great conquered Babylon.
The following information is an excerpt of the overview of a century of scholarship in the sources referenced below.
The lunation length used in System B has also been attributed to Kidinnu. It is 29 days + 191 time degrees + 1/72 of a time degree ("barley corn") = 29^d 31:50:8:20 (sexagesimal) = 29^d + 12^h + 793/1080^h (Hebrew ''chelek'') = 29.53059414...^d, but being a rounded value in the archaic unit of "barley corns" it may be even more ancient. In any case, it is very accurate, with only ⅓ of a second in error in the 4th century BC. Hipparchus confirmed this value for the lunation length. Ptolemy accepted and used it, as mentioned above. Hillel first used it in the Hebrew calendar, and it has been used for that purpose ever since.
The existing evidence makes it difficult to put Kidinnu at a time and place. Schnabel placed Kidinnu in Sippar, but Otto E. Neugebauer showed that Schnabel based this conclusion on a misreading of the cuneiform tablet. Classical sources like Strabo mention different "schools" and "doctrines" followed in different places (Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk). System A and B have been used contemporaneously, and tablets for both systems have been found in both Babylon and Uruk. Tablets based on System B, associated with Kidinnu, have been found mostly in Uruk, but the earlier tablets came predominantly from Babylon. The oldest preserved tablet using System B comes from Babylon and dates from 258-257 BC. This is in the Seleucid era, but it is plausible that the traditional Chaldean astronomical systems had been developed before the Hellenistic period. The Alexander chronicle mentioned above suggests that the famous astronomer Kidinnu died in Babylon in 330 BC, ''if'' it refers to the same Kidinnu who was mentioned on the ephemeris tablets centuries later.

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References

Otto E. Neugebauer: ''A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy'' Part One II Intr. 3.1 (pp. 354-357), Part Two IV A 4, 3A (p. 602) and IV A 4, 4A (pp. 610–612). Springer, Heidelberg 1975 (reprinted 2004).
Otto E. Neugebauer: ''Astronomical Cuneiform Texts''. 3 volumes. London: 1956; 2nd edition, New York: Springer, 1983. (Commonly abbreviated as ''ACT''): Part I pp. 12,13 .
Herman Hunger and David Pingree: ''Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia'' pp. 183-188, 199-200, 200–201, 214–15, 219, 221, 236, 239. Brill, Leiden 1999.

External links

★ Kidinnu, the Chaldaeans, and Babylonian astronomy

★ Astronomical Artefacts and Portraits, etc: Franz Xaver Kugler SJ