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EspañolJOY DIVISION
'Joy Division' were an English rock band that formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. The band consisted of Ian Curtis (vocals), Bernard Sumner (guitar),[1] Peter Hook (bass), and Stephen Morris (drums). With their dark, cavernous sound and use of guitars, throbbing bass, and electronics, they pioneered the post-punk sound of the late 1970s. In May 1980, after the suicide of Ian Curtis, the remaining members reformed as New Order and went on to achieve much critical and commercial success.
Though the group achieved only modest success during their career, and released only just two official albums, they have since been acclaimed as one of the most inventive and influential bands of their era. Thom Jurek writes, "They left just a small bit of music and an echo that still rings".[2]
History
Formation
Sumner and Hook attended a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall on 4 June 1976. While only 35 to 40 people were in attendance, the performance that night has been credited with igniting the Manchester music scene and inspiring a number of audience members to form their own groups.[3] Sumner said the punk rock group "destroyed the myth of being a pop star, of a musician being some kind of god that you had to worship."[4] Inspired by the performance, Sumner and Hook formed a band with their friend Terry Mason, who had also attended the show. Sumner bought a guitar, Hook a bass and Mason a drum kit. They placed an advertisement in the Virgin Records record store in Manchester looking for a singer. Curtis, who knew the others from previous gigs, responded to the ad and was hired without an audition.4 Sumner said, "I knew he was all right to get on with and that's what we based the whole group on. If we liked someone, they were in."[5]
While Buzzcocks manager Richard Boon suggested the band call themselves the Stiff Kittens, the band instead chose the name Warsaw, in reference to the song "Warszawa" by David Bowie.[6] Warsaw played their first gig on 29 May 1977 supporting the Buzzcocks and Penetration at the Electric Circus. Tony Tabac performed drums that night.[7] Mason was soon made the band's manager and was replaced on drums by drummer Steve Brotherdale, who also played in the punk band Panik. During July 1977 the band recorded a set of demos at Oldham.[8] The band fired Brotherdale soon after the demo sessions, unable to work with his aggressive personality. During his tenure in the group Brotherdale had also tried to get Curtis to leave Warsaw and join Panik, but Curtis declined.[9] Driving home from the studio one night, they pulled over and asked Brotherdale to check on a "flat tire"; when he got out of the car, they sped off.[10] In August 1977 the band put out an advertisement in a music shop window for a replacement drummer; Stephen Morris, who had attended the same school Curtis had, was the sole respondant. Deborah Curtis, Ian's wife, stated that Morris "fitted perfectly" with the other men, and that with his addition Warsaw became a "complete 'family'" [11]
Early releases
In order to avoid confusion with the London punk band Warsaw Pakt, the band renamed themselves Joy Division in late 1977, borrowing their new name from the prostitution wing of a Nazi concentration camp in the 1965 novel ''The House of Dolls''.[12] The band's signature style began to take shape during this period. Sessions recorded in December 1977 were a departure from the sound of ''The Warsaw Demo''. The group played their first gig as Joy Division on 25 January 1978.[13] Regular gigs in the north of England throughout early 1978 provided the band with enough material and experience to record a debut album. However, after the producer added synthesizers to several tracks, the band scrapped the record. The album leaked as a bootleg recording called Warsaw in 1982 and has been re-pressed and re-released several times since then. Rob Gretton became the band's manager in May 1978. Over the next twenty years, he contributed much to Joy Division and to New Order.
In June 1978, the band debuted on vinyl with a track of theirs featured on the compilation album ''Short Circuit - Live At The Electric Circus'' which had been recorded live on 2 October, 1977.[14] That same month, Joy Division self-released their debut EP ''An Ideal for Living''. In the ''Melody Maker'' review of the EP, Chris Brazier said, "This has the familiar rough-hewn nature of home-produced records but they're no mere drone-vendors - there are a lot of good ideas here, and they could be a very interesting band by now, seven months on."[15] ''An Ideal for Living'' was remastered and re-released as a 12" in late 1978. In September they performed on the local TV news show ''Granada Reports''. In December 1978 Joy Division contributed two tracks recorded with producer Martin Hannett to the compilation double 7" EP ''A Factory Sample'', the first release by Tony Wilson's local label Factory Records. Joy Division soon joined Factory's roster,[16] and Rob Gretton was made a partner in the label to represent the interests of the band.[17] Curtis appeared on the front cover of the New Musical Express and they recorded a radio session in January (aired on BBC Radio 1 on February 14 by John Peel). On March 4, they supported The Cure at the Marquee Club, a major venue in London.
''Unknown Pleasures''
In April 1979, the band began recording their debut album ''Unknown Pleasures''. The record was bleaker and darker in tone than most of its contemporaries, featuring Hook's bass as the lead melodic instrument, drums treated with reverb, Sumner's jagged guitar style and Curtis's baritone vocals that have been likened to Jim Morrison and Iggy Pop. Producer Martin Hannett contributed significantly to the final sound. The band intially disliked the "spacious, atmospheric sound" of the album, which did not reflect their more aggressive live sound. Hook said in 2006, "It definitely didn't turn out sounding the way I wanted it . . . But now I can see that Martin did a good job on it . . . There's no two ways about it, Martin Hannett created the Joy Division sound."[18] The album cover was designed by Peter Saville based on a graph discovered by Morris of 100 consecutive pulses from the pulsar CP 1919. ''Unknown Pleasures'' was released in June and sold through its initial pressing of 10,000 copies. Tony Wilson said that the relative success of the album turned the indie label into a true business and a "revolutionary force" that operated outside of the major record label system.17 ''Melody Maker'' writer Jon Savage called ''Unknown Pleasures'' an "opaque manifesto" and declared, "Leaving the twentieth century is difficult; most people prefer to go back and nostalgize, Oh boy. Joy Division at least set a course in the present with contrails for the future — perhaps you can’t ask for much more. Indeed, Unknown Pleasures may very well be one of the best, white, English, debut LPs of the year"[19]
Joy Division performed on Granada TV again in July and made their only nationwide TV appearance in September on BBC2. They supported the Buzzcocks in a 24-venue UK tour that began that October, which allowed the band to quit their regular jobs.4 The non-album single "Transmission" was released in November. Joy Division's burgeoning success drew a devoted following nicknamed the "Cult With No Name", who were stereotyped as "intense young men dressed in gray overcoats."[20] Despite the fact that ''Unknown Pleasures'' was selling well and receiving good reviews from the music press, all was not well. Curtis' epilepsy worsened and would often have onstage tonic-clonic seizures that resulted in convulsions, or absence seizures that would cause brief trance-like pauses.
European tour and ''Closer''
In January 1980, Joy Division set out on a European tour. Several dates were canceled due to Curtis's deteriorating health. On February 28, the band played a gig at the Warehouse in Preston. The gig was plagued with sound problems and was later released on NMC Records, and later Dynamic. With Martin Hannett again producing, the band recorded their second album ''Closer'' in March at London's Britannia Row Studios.[21] March also saw the release of the ''Licht und Blindheit'' single (featuring the songs "Dead Souls" and "Atmosphere") on the small French label Sordide Sentimental.
On April 8, Joy Division was set to play a gig at the Derby Hall in Bury. Curtis had attempted suicide the previous night by overdosing on phenobarbitone.4 With Curtis recovering, it was decided that the band would play a combined set with Alan Hempstall of Crispy Ambulance and Simon Topping of A Certain Ratio filling in for the singer on the first few songs. Curtis came onstage to perform for only part of the set. When Topping came back out to finish the set for Curtis, some members of the audience started throwing bottles at the stage. Gretton leapt into the crowd and the show soon turned into a riot.17 Several April gigs were cancelled due to the continuing ill health of Curtis. Following a one-off gig in Birmingham on May 2, the band took a two-week rest in anticipation of their scheduled American tour.
Curtis' suicide
Joy Division were due to begin their first American tour in 1980. While Curtis had expressed a desire to take time off to a few acquaintances, he feigned excitement about the tour around the band because he didn't want to disappoint his bandmates or Factory Records.[22] At the time, Curtis' relationship with his wife Deborah Curtis (the couple married in 1975 as teenagers) was collapsing. Contributing factors were his ill health, her being mostly excluded from his life with the band, and his relationship with a young Belgian woman called Annik Honoré whom he had met on European tour. The evening before Joy Division were to embark on the American tour, Curtis returned to his home in Macclesfield in order to talk to his estranged wife. While he first asked Deborah Curtis to drop the divorce suit, he eventually told her to leave him alone in the house until he caught his train to Manchester the following morning.[23] At about 5 am the next day on 18 May 1980, Curtis hanged himself in the kitchen; Deborah Curtis discovered his body when she returned around midday.[24] Tony Wilson said in 2005, "I think all of us made the mistake of not thinking his suicide was going to happen [...] We all completely underestimated the danger. We didn't take it seriously. That's how stupid we were."21 Morris speaking about the death said "there's a myth about it, live fast, die young, leave a good looking corpse and all that, (then joking) there's not many groups do it, no, we thought it was a good gimmick actually, i'm very surprised he went along with it [...] in a way it puts an end to something so that people in the future can look back at it and say it started here and it finished here [...] very neat and tidy."[25]
Curtis's suicide "made for instant myth".[26] Jon Savage wrote in his obituary for Curtis in ''Melody Maker'', "Now no one will remember what his work with Joy Division was like when he was alive; it will be perceived as tragic rather than courageous."[27] In June 1980 the posthumous single "Love Will Tear Us Apart" was released, which hit number thirteen on the British singles chart.[28] In July 1980, ''Closer'' was finally released, peaking at number six on the British album chart.4 ''NME'' reviewer Charles Shaar Murrary wrote, "''Closer'' is as magnificent a memorial (for 'Joy Division' as much as for Ian Curtis) as any post-Presley popular musician could have."[29] In June 1980, Hook, Morris and Sumner entered Graveyard Studios with fellow Factory act Kevin Hewick for a session, produced by Martin Hannett. The track was called 'Haystack'. It was not released as a single by Factory, but was later released on a Kevin Hewick compilation. Factory Records head Tony Wilson reportedly suggested to the band that Hewick replace Curtis as vocalist in the group. [30] The members of Joy Division had made a pact that, should any member leave the group the remaining members would abandon the name "Joy Division" and all material associated with it. Eventually renaming themselves "New Order," the band was reborn as a three piece, later recruiting Morris' girlfriend Gillian Gilbert to round out the group on keyboards.
Legacy
The band, and especially Ian Curtis, has been an inspiration for a number of bands and musicians that include U2, The Smashing Pumpkins, Janes Addiction, Manic Street Preachers, Interpol, Trent Reznor (who, as Nine Inch Nails, covered "Dead Souls" for the soundtrack of the movie ''The Crow''), Robert Smith of The Cure, and Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante. The continuing importance of Joy Division was shown at the turn of the millennium when John Peel asked his listeners to vote for the all-time Festive 50. At number one was "Atmosphere," while "Love Will Tear Us Apart" sat at number three. Three more songs from the band sat on the list. The ending solo from "New Dawn Fades," as performed by Moby, was featured in the 1995 film ''Heat'' as Al Pacino chases down Robert De Niro. In 1999, a New Jersey band named Thursday recorded a song called "Ian Curtis" that included Joy Division song titles, such as Isolation, Heart & Soul and Twenty Four Hours, as lyrics. In 2005, Joy Division were inducted along with New Order into the UK Music Hall of Fame.
Lyrics
The band were described in the press at the time as "doom laden". This was due in part to the often dark lyrics written by Ian Curtis. Death, sadness, anger, bitterness or loss were recurrent themes. For example the 1979 song Shadowplay includes the line "In the shadowplay, acting out your own death, knowing no more". Ian Curtis denied the band were doom laden in a 1980 recorded interview. He said "people have been saying 'oh yeah, it's all about death and doom...' but we're not...none of the songs are...I think it's a heavy metal thing, that..."[31]. The biography of Joy Division at Billboard describe the lyrics as "isolated, tortured."[32]
Equipment
Synthesisers
Joy Division often experimented with different sounds, especially once in collaboration with Martin Hannett. Within the band it was said that Sumner was the driving force behind new instrumental ideas and he instigated the use of synthesizers in Joy Division's music. Synthesizers became common in the latter part of the band's career, featuring prominently in the songs "Isolation," "Decades" and "The Eternal" from the ''Closer'' album, as well as "Atmosphere" and "Something Must Break." Ironically the band had been unhappy with their 1978 scrapped RCA album recordings because the producer had used synthesizers.
Synthesizers at the time were notoriously prone to overheating and going out of tune. Joy Division's ARP String Machine and Powertran Transcendent were no exceptions, as the synthesizer on the live version of "Decades" featured on the "Still" compilation testifies.
An out-take from the Closer sessions, "As You Said" (sometimes called "Incubation 2") subsequently released on the FAC28 flexi-disk and on the CD box set ''Heart And Soul'', is entirely electronic in its sound, and is one of only two Joy Division songs that doesn't include any vocals, the other track being "Incubation". In a 2005 Q magazine article the members of New Order claimed that Joy Division would have become an electronic band had Ian Curtis not died.
Electric guitar
Bernard Sumner was the group's lead guitarist. He played the Shergold Custom Masquerader and a Gibson SG Standard primarily. During the Warsaw days Sumner used a cheap SG copy, upgrading to a genuine Gibson after the success of ''Unknown Pleasures''. He also played the synthesizers. For this reason on some live tracks Ian Curtis took over basic guitar duties. "I Remember Nothing", "Heart and Soul", "Atmosphere", "Love Will Tear Us Apart" and "Incubation" all featured Curtis playing the electric guitar live. It is unlikely that Curtis played guitar on studio recordings. Footage exists of Curtis playing Sumner's Shergold Custom Masquerader and Vox Phantom Mark VI guitar (often mistakenly attributed as being a Teardrop, Guitar Organ or ordinary Phantom).
Bass guitar
Peter Hook chose to play his bass guitar more like a lead guitar on many tracks. Hook started to use a Shergold Marathon six stringed bass guitar on the ''Closer'' album, which allowed for a scale of higher notes to be played. He continued to use the Marathon with New Order, as well as a conventional Yamaha BB1200 four-stringed bass. His original bass, a Hondo Rickenbacker copy, was damaged after an altercation during a gig in Manchester in September 1979. Some reports state that this bass was destroyed during this altercation, but the bass survived long enough to be used on the band's January 1980 European tour. Hook also performed backing vocals for the group and was the 'other voice' on the song "Interzone." On the tracks "Atrocity Exhibition" and "Sound of Music," Hook and Sumner swapped instruments so that Hook was playing electric guitar and Sumner bass guitar.
Drums
Stephen Morris used an extensive drum kit to allow a great range of rolls, rhythm shifts and beats. Morris was an active drummer, especially on the tracks "She's Lost Control" and "Transmission" where the insistent beat fueled Curtis' gyrations. Morris also used Simmonds and Synare electronic drumpads and a BOSS DR-55 drum machine on the songs "Insight," "She's Lost Control," "Isolation," and "Decades", in combination with conventional drums to broaden the tonal palette.
Other equipment
The melodica was an instrument used by Joy Division during a few recordings. It was used predominately on "In a Lonely Place," which only exists as a rehearsal recording that can be heard on the "Heart and Soul" box set. It was used briefly on the song "Decades". New Order used the melodica a number of times and were said to have "inherited" it from Curtis, who purchased one after hearing it used by dub-reggae artist Augustus Pablo.
Live performances
The usual stage positioning at a Joy Division gig was Curtis in the middle front, Sumner to his right, Hook to his left, and Morris with his drum kit at the back of the stage. Early experimention with strobe lighting was abandoned due to Curtis's epilepsy; for the rest of their career they played under static white low level lights.
Curtis usually held onto the microphone stand for most of a song, only letting go to dance. He sometimes walked off stage after he had finished his vocals, leaving the rest of the band to finish without him. Curtis rarely spoke to the audience at gigs apart from the occasional "thank you" at the end of a song. At the Preston Warehouse gig in 1980 Curtis was unusually talkative in order to keep the audience informed of the equipment failure the band suffered part way through the set. This gig has since been issued on a CD and culminates in an intense version of "She's Lost Control" despite the equipment failures.
Dance
Curtis had a unique dance which he performed regularly. He rotated his arms very quickly back and forth in front of him as though fighting with a large wheel or attempting to swim. It is sometimes referred to as an 'epileptic dance' because the movements resemble someone having an epileptic fit.
Accusations of neo-Nazism
The band's name (which actually had an ironic connotation), along with Sumner reverting to his father's surname ''Albrecht'', and the imagery used on early releases, garnered the band criticism for their perceived insensitivity. Accusations of neo-Nazism, a charge the group denied, dogged them for the remainder of the band's career. These accusations resurfaced after Joy Division ended and reformed as New Order, a name sometimes interpreted as a reference to Adolf Hitler's speeches promising "the new order of the Third Reich". The band later stated they got the name from a newspaper article on the new society the Khmer Rouge had envisaged for Cambodia and that a variety of other names had been considered, some more frivolous than others. Gillian Gilbert said in a television interview she simply considered it to mean the new order within the band as they moved on from Joy Division.
One reference to Nazism exists within Joy Division lyrics. Rudolf Hess's prisoner of war number is used in the song "Warsaw". On , a compilation album, the band's guitarist Bernard Sumner can be heard saying, "You all forgot Rudolf Hess", before the song "At A Later Date".
Members
Members
★ Ian Curtis – lead vocals, guitar
★ Bernard Sumner – guitar, keyboards,
★ Peter Hook – bass guitar, vocals
★ Stephen Morris – drums, percussion
Other members
★ Terry Mason – drums (mid-1976 to May 1977)
★ Tony Tabac – drums (May to June 1977)
★ Steve Brotherdale – drums (June to August 1977)
Discography
Albums
★ ''Unknown Pleasures'' (1979)
★ ''Closer'' (1980)
Compilations
★ ''Still'' (1981) - collection of rare recordings along with their final concert performance
★ ''The Peel Sessions'' (LP, Strange Fruit SFRLP 211, 1986, 1987) - the band's two Peel Sessions combined on one album
★ ''Substance'' (1988) - singles compilation
★ ''Warsaw'' (1994) - very early recordings
★ ''Permanent'' (London 828624, 1995) - compilation; reached #16 on the UK album charts
★ ''Heart & Soul'' (1997) - 4 CD set of complete works
★ ''Joy Division The Complete BBC Recordings'' (CD, Strange Fruit SFRSCD094, 2000) - contains the two Peel Sessions, two songs from their 'Something Else' BBC TV appearance and an interview.
Live albums
★ ''Preston Warehouse'' (Factory FACD 2.60) - recorded February 28, 1980
★ ''Les Bains Douches'' (Factory FACD 2.61) - recorded December 18, 1979
★ ''Fractured'' (Factory FACD 2.61z) - box set combining ''Preston Warehouse'' and ''Les Bains Douches'' in special packaging
★ ''Re - Fractured'' (2004, limited release) - box set combining ''Preston Warehouse'' and ''Les Bains Douches'', together with a third disc containing recordings from a concert in Amsterdam, and a poster and t-shirt sporting the word 'Refractured', all contained in a special box
Singles and EPs
★ ''An Ideal for Living'' (UK, Enigma PSS139, 1978)
★ "Transmission" (UK, Factory FAC 13, 1979)
★ ''Licht und Blindheit'' (France, SS33002, 1980)
★ "Komakino" (UK, Factory FAC 28, 1980)
★ "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (UK, Factory FAC 23, 1980)
★ "Atmosphere/She's Lost Control" (UK/US, Factory FACUS 2, 1980)
★ ''The First Peel Session'' (UK, Strange Fruit SFPS013, 1986)
★ ''The Second Peel Session'' (UK, Strange Fruit SFPS033, 1987)
★ "Atmosphere" (UK, Factory FAC 213, 1988)
★ "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (UK, London UK YOJ 1, 1995)
Compilation appearances
★ '' (10" LP, Virgin VCL 5003, June 1978) — "At a Later Date"
★ ''A Factory Sample'' (2×7", Factory FAC 2, January 1979) — "Digital," "Glass"
★ ''Earcom 2: Contradiction'' (12"EP, Fast Product FAST 9B, October 1979) — "Autosuggestion," "From Safety to Where...?"
★ '' (Rhino, 2004)
There are also a tremendous number of bootleg recordings, both live and studio.[33]
Video
★ ''Here Are The Young Men'' (UK, Factory FACT 37, 1982). Live recordings of some of their gigs. Low quality, available on DVD.
★ ''Joy Division: Under Review'' Region 2 DVD only, available Oct.31 2006. A documentary including interviews with the remaining former band members charting the band's history.
Film
Control
Main articles: Control (2007 film)
In 2007 the film, ''Control'', directed by Anton Corbijn was released. The film depicts Curtis' life and uses the Deborah Curtis biography as a basis, although the plot has been broadened to cover areas of Ian's life that Deborah was not privy. Tony Wilson was consulted and the remaining former band members scored the film using the Joy Division name. ''Control'' had its international premiere on the opening night of Director's Fortnight at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival (May 17, 2007; the twenty-seventh anniversary of Ian Curtis' final night alive). Curtis is played by Sam Riley who played Mark E. Smith in ''24 Hour Party People''. Deborah is portrayed by Samantha Morton and Alexandria Maria Lara plays Annik Honoré. The members of New Order attended the premiere. In 2007 the Belgian indie magazine Side-Line published an interview online with Annik Honoré originally made in 2005 in which she tells for the first time about her view on the upcoming film.[34]
24 Hour Party People
Main articles: 24 Hour Party People
Much of the history of Joy Division was portrayed in the 2002 MGM/United Artists released film ''24 Hour Party People'' which presented a somewhat fictionalized account of the rise and fall of Factory Records, with whom both Joy Division and New Order were signed.
References
1. Sumner was also credited as "Bernard Dicken", "Bernard Albrecht", and "Bernard Albrecht-Dicken" on Joy Division releases
2. Jurek, Thom. "Heart and Soul". "All Music". Retrieved on 05 July, 2007.
3. Sex Pistols gig: the truth
4. Savage, Jon. "Joy Division: Someone Take These Dreams Away". ''Mojo''. July 1994.
5. Curtis, p. 42
6. Curtis, p. 43-44
7. Curtis, p. 44
8. Ott, p. 9
9. Curtis, p. 48
10. Curtis, p. 49
11. Curtis, p. 50
12. Reynolds, p. 111
13. Curtis, p. 55
14. Curtis, p. 51-52, 140
15. Brazier, Chris. ''An Ideal For Living'' review. Melody Maker. 24 June 1978.
16. Factory Records did not have record contracts, so Joy Division and New Order were never officially signed to the label.
17. ''Shadowplayers'' [DVD]. LTM, 2006
18. Wilkinson, Roy. "Ode to Joy". ''Mojo Classic: Morrissey and the Story of Manchester.'' 2006.
19. Savage, Jon. ''Unknown Pleasures'' review. ''Melody Maker''. 21 July 1979.
20. Reynolds, p. 115
21. Raftery, Brian. "He's Lost Control". ''Spin''. May 2005.
22. Reynolds, p. 117
23. Curtis, p. 131-32
24. Curtis, p. 132
25. "Wired" feature, BBC Look North, produced by Factory Communication Limited (FACT 207, 1988)
26. Reynolds, p. 118
27. Savage, Jon. "From safety to where?" ''Melody Maker''. 14 June 1980.
28. Curtis, p. 138
29. Murrary, Charles Shaar. "Closer to the Edge" [''Closer'' review]. ''NME''. 19 July 1980.
30. See http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Kevin_Hewick_-_The_Factory_Years/id/5206673
31. Joy Division: Under Review DVD (October 31 2006)
32. Biography of Joy Division at Billboard
33. See [1]
34. Annick Honoré interview
Sources
★ Curtis, Deborah. ''Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division''. London: Faber, 1995 (2nd ed. 2001, 3rd ed. 2005). ISBN 0-571-17445-0
★ Middles, Mick. ''From Joy Division to New Order: The Factory Story''. London: Virgin, 1996.
★ Middles, Mick; Reade, Lindsay. ''Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis''. London. Omnibus Press, 2006. ISBN 1-84449-826-3
★ Ott, Chris. ''Unknown Pleasures''. (33⅓ series) New York: Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-8264-1549-0
★ Reynolds, Simon. ''Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984''. Penguin, 2005. ISBN 0-14-303672-6
External links
★ Joy Division Central – Independent Joy Division site.
★ Joy Division Messageboard – Large, moderated, messageboard with 1250 members.
★ Joy Division Forum – Forum dedicated to Joy Division.
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