JOUSTING

'Jousting' is a sport that consists of competition between two mounted knights using a variety of weapons, usually in sets of three per weapon (such as tilting with a lance, blows with the battle axe, strokes with the dagger, or strokes with a sword), often as part of a tournament. The Chronicles of Froissart
Jousting was just one of a number of popular martial games in the Middle Ages referred to generically as hastiludes.
Though the first recorded tournament was staged in 1066, jousting did not gain in widespread popularity until the 13th century. It maintained its status as a popular European sport until the late 16th century.
Jousting was added to tournaments several centuries after their inauguration. The joust permitted a better display of individual skill and, although dangerous, could win large sums of money. Many knights made their fortune in these events, whilst many lost their fortune or even life. For example, Henry II of France died when a shard of his opponent's broken lance went through his visor and into his eye.

Contents

Medieval Jousting

War put on hold for a joust

Equipment

The lists

The horse

The armour

The lance

Modern-day jousting

See also

References

Further reading

Medieval Jousting

The skills and techniques used in jousting were also used in combat. In combat mounted knights would charge at their enemies with weapons to try to kill or disable them. The primary use of the jousting lance was to unhorse the other by striking them with the end of the lance while riding towards them at high speed. This is known as "tilting". Other weapons were also used for jousting.

War put on hold for a joust

The 1300s document (translated from French) called ''The Chronicles of Froissart'' contains many details concerning jousting in medieval times. For example, much can be gleaned from its account of a war put on hold for a joust as it illustrates and documents:

★ the connection between romance and jousting

★ the importance associated with jousting

★ the nonlethal expectations

★ the use of attendants

★ the rounds consisting of three encounters with various weapons

★ jousting being stopped when the risk of death seemed too great

★ the financial rewards of acquitting yourself well

★ tournaments contained jousts but jousts were also done outside of tournaments

★ jousts contained tilts but tilts were but one type of armed encounter during a joust

★ jousting as sport and not war was done between enemies during a war between warring sides, at least this once

★ the completion of a joust could be delayed days and finished later

★ standards of conduct considered honorable
''The Chronicles of Froissart'' records that, during a campaign in the Gatinois and the Beauce in France during the Hundred Years War between the English and French, a squire from Beauce named Gauvain Micaille yelled out to the English, "Is there among you any gentleman who for the love of his lady is willing to try with me some feat of arms? If there should be any such, here I am, quite ready to sally forth completely armed and mounted, to tilt three courses with the lance, to give three blows with the battle axe, and three strokes with the dagger. Now look, you English, if there be none among you in love." This is what Froissart says happened next:

Equipment

''), late fifteenth century. Illustration by Albrecht Dürer.]]

The lists

The ''lists'', or ''list field'', is the arena in which a jousting event or similar tournament is held. More precisely, it is the roped-off enclosure where tournament fighting takes place.^[1][2] It is mentioned frequently in the novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott.^[3] In the late medieval period, castles and palaces were augmented by purpose-built ''tiltyards'' as a venue for jousting tournaments.

The horse

The two most common kinds of horse used for jousting were warmblood ''chargers'' and coldblood ''destriers''. Chargers were medium-weight horses bred and trained for agility and stamina, while destriers were heavy war horses. These were larger and slower, but helpful to give devastating force to the rider's lance through its weight being about twice as great as that of a traditional riding horse. The horses were trained for ambling, a kind of pace that provided the rider with stability in order to be able to focus and aim better with the lance.
During a jousting tournament, the horses were cared for by their grooms in their respective tents. They wore caparisons, a type of ornamental cloth featuring the owner's heraldic signs. Competing horses had their heads protected by a chanfron, an iron shield for protection from otherwise lethal lance hits.
Other forms of equipment on the horse included long-necked spurs which enabled the rider to control the horse with extended legs, a saddle with a high back to provide leverage during the charge or when hit, as well as stirrups for the necessary leverage to deliver blows with the lance.

The armour

Jousting was popular from the Middle Ages until the early 1600s. During that time armour evolved from being chain mail, called mail at the time, and using only a heavy, one-piece helmet, called a "great helm", and shield. In later times, after 1400, knights wore full suits of plate armour. The armour frequently had extra interchangeable elements , so that a light military combat suit could be reinforced with heavier, "bolt-on" protective steel, on the cuirass (breastplate). It was a small attached shield, in some cases. These bolt-ons were usually much stronger on the side likely to take the impact of the lance. When the "Great Helm" was replaced, with the introduction of plate armour, bolt-on safety appliances were used to make the face of the closed helmet safer in the joust.

The lance

In modern times, jousting is often done for show or demonstration purposes, and the lances used are usually made of light wood and prepared so that they break easily. Lances were often decorated with stripes or the colors of a knight's coat of arms. In a real joust, the lances were of solid oak and a significant strike was needed to shatter them; however, the (blunt) lances would not usually penetrate the steel and the harnesses worn by the knights were lined on the inside with plenty of cloth to soften the blow from the lance.

Broken lances are common in full contact jousts. In this picture, airborne fragments of both lances are visible.

Modern-day jousting

International Jousting Association knights in historically correct reproduction armour jousting at a tournament in Taupo New Zealand, 2006

Modern day jousting or tilting has been kept alive by the International Jousting Association, [1], which has strict guidelines for the quality and authenticity of jousters armour & equipment, and has developed the use of breakable lance tips for safety.
Jousting under the IJA rules follows a points system where points are given for breaking the lance tip on the opposing knights shield, note there are no points given for unhorsing an opponent. IJA sanctioned tournaments also include skill at arms where the riders display their horsemanship and weapons handling skills with swords on the Moors Head, they use spears for the rings and spear throw, and use the lance against a spinning quintain. Many IJA tournaments also include a mounted melee with fully armoured riders using padded batons in place of swords for safety. None of the IJA events are theatrically based and they offer the public a chance to observe living history as opposed the Renaissance Fair type entertainment type jousting.
Today, tent pegging is the only form of jousting officially recognized by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports. The sport involves using a lance or sword to strike and carry away a small wooden ground target. The name "tent pegging" is derived from the cavalry tactic of causing confusion in enemy camps by galloping though the camps and collapsing the tents by pulling up the tent peg anchors with well-placed lance tip strikes. The actual sport of tent pegging, however, originates in medieval India, when horse cavalrymen would try to incapacitate elephant cavalry by striking the elephants with lances on their extremely sensitive toenails^[4].
Ring jousting is the official state sport of Maryland, and was the first official sport of any American state.^[5]
The Italian town of Foligno also holds an annual jousting tournament, the Giostra della Quintana that dates back to the 1613. The Knights have to spear rings from the statue of the Quintana. The ability and speed it's a winning mix. Elegance is a must. And the smile of the Lady of the Knight's Arm is the prize together the Palio.
The Italian town of Arezzo continues to hold an annual jousting tournament, which dates to the Crusades. Jousters aim for a square target attached to a wooden effigy of a Saracen king, whose opposite arm holds a cat-o-three-tails — three leather laces with a heavy wooden ball at the end of each lace. The riders strike the target with chalk-tipped lances and score points for accuracy, but must also dodge the cat-o-three-tails after they have struck the target.^[6]

Lance rest built into 1565 plate armour.

Modern theatrical medieval-style jousting competitions are popular at American Renaissance fairs and similar festivals, and feature riders on horseback attempting various feats of skill with the lance, which may not always have a basis in history.
Several international organisations, such as the Society for Creative Anachronism and the International Jousting Association, promote rules to govern their jousting events.^[7]
Many participate in jousting at the end of all day parties. ^[8] Two riders mount tall bikes and ride toward one another with a padded lance made of PVC resembling a giant Q-Tip.

Renaissance Fair jousting in Livermore California, 2006.

In Port Republic, Maryland the annual Calvert County Jousting Tournament is held every August on the grounds of historic Christ Episcopal Church. In 2005, the tournament was featured in an edition of ESPN's SportsCenter.

See also

★ Kipper (medieval tournament)

★ Tournament (medieval)

★ Bem cavalgar

★ Tent pegging

★ Renaissance Fair

★ A Knight's Tale

★ Quintana

★ Medieval Times

References

1. Glossary, Society for Creative Anachronism
2. Glossary, Cleveland Museum of Art
3. Ivanhoe
4. "Tent pegging with Unicef Team Canada", retrieved 2007
5. "Maryland Jousting Tournament Association", retrieved 2007
6. "Photographs of Arezzo", retrieved 2007
7. "Society Equestrian Marshal", retrieved 2007
8. ''EasyBeezie'' "BiKE KiLL" ''You Tube''. Joust at minute mark 7:39. Uploaded January 14, 2007.

Further reading

★ ''Tales from Froissart'' excerpts from 1849 edition of the Thomas Johnes translation (1805).

★ From Lance to Pistol: The Evolution of Mounted Soldiers from 1550 to 1600 (myArmoury.com article)

★ Tudor Joust Game (free, educational, online)

★ The Joust Example content:"The tilt barrier came into use by the middle of the fifteenth century."

★ The meaning of words: List, Tilt, Joust Example content:"When a ship 'lists' it means that it 'tilts.' Tilting is the action of tilt, meaning a 'charging on horseback with lance against an opponent, or a mark.' This can also be called jousting, which is known further as 'justing.'"