'Josip Broz Tito' (
Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито,
May 7,
1892 [May 25th according to official birth certificate] –
May 4,
1980) was the leader of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until his death. During
World War II, Tito organized the anti-fascist resistance movement known as the
Yugoslav Partisans. Later he was a founding member of
Cominform[1] but resisted Soviet influence (see
Titoism), and became one of the founders and promoters the
Non-Aligned Movement. He died on
May 4,
1980 in
Ljubljana.
Early years
Josip Broz was born in
Kumrovec,
Croatia, then part of
Austria-Hungary, in an area called
Zagorje. He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz, was a
Croat, while his mother Marija (born Javeršek) was a
Slovenian. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather in
Podsreda, he entered the primary school in
Kumrovec, and failed the second grade. He left school in 1905.
In 1907, moving out of the rural environment, Broz started working as a machinist's apprentice in
Sisak. There, he became aware of the
labor movement and celebrated
May 1 -
Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of
metallurgy workers and at the same time the
Social-Democratic Party of
Croatia and
Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in
Kamnik (
Slovenia),
Cenkovo (
Bohemia),
Munich and
Mannheim (
Germany), where he worked for
Benz automobile factory; he then went to
Wiener Neustadt,
Austria, where he worked at
Daimler as a test driver.
In the army
In May 1912, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in
Budapest. In the autumn of 1913, Broz was drafted into the
Austro-Hungarian Army and at the outbreak of
World War I in
1914, he was sent to
Ruma. He was arrested for anti-war
propaganda and imprisoned in the
Petrovaradin fortress. In January 1915, he was sent to the
Eastern Front in
Galicia to fight against
Russia. He distinguished himself as a capable soldier and was recommended for military decoration. On Easter March 25th 1915, while in
Bukovina, he was seriously wounded and captured by Russians.
Prisoner and revolutionary in Russia
After thirteen months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the
Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917 revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz joined a
Bolshevik group. In April, 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and join the demonstrations in
Saint Petersburg on July 16-17, 1917. On his way to Poland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the
Petropavlovsk fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to
Kungur, but he escaped from the train. He hid out with a Russian family where he met and married Pelagija Belousova. Broz then enlisted with the
Red Guards in
Omsk. In the spring of 1918, he applied for membership in the
Russian Communist Party. In
June 1918 Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family. He was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year. In January 1920 he and his wife made a long and difficult journey home where he arrived in September.
Return to Yugoslavia
Broz immediately joined the
Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The CPY's influence on the political life of the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections the Communists won 59 seats and became the third strongest party. The king's regime would not tolerate the CPY and declared it illegal. In 1921 all Communist-won mandates were nullified. Broz continued his work underground despite pressure on Communists from the government. As 1921 began he moved to Veliko Trojstvo near Bjelovar and found work as machinist.
In 1925, Broz moved to Kraljevica where he started working at a shipyard. He was elected for a syndicate commissioner and a year later he led a shipyard strike. He was fired and moved to Belgrade, where he worked in a train coach factory in Smederevska Palanka. He was elected as Workers Commissary but was fired as soon as his CPY membership was revealed. Broz then moved to Zagreb, where he was appointed secretary of Metal Workers Union of Croatia.
In 1934, he became a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, then located in Vienna, Austria, and adopted the code name "Tito".
In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkan section of
Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet
secret police (
NKVD). In 1936, the Comintern sent Comrade ''Walter'' (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In
1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY
Milan Gorkic murdered in Moscow. The same year, Tito returned from the Soviet Union to Yugoslavia after being named there by Stalin as Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY. During this period, he faithfully followed Comintern policy, supporting Stalin's policies and criticizing Western democracies, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
World War II
Main articles: Yugoslav People's Liberation War
On
April 6,
1941, German, Italian and Hungarian forces attacked Yugoslavia. The Luftwaffe bombed Belgrade and other major Yugoslav cities. On
April 17, representatives of Yugoslavia's various regions signed an armistice with Germany at Belgrade, ending eleven days of resistance against the invading German Wehrmacht.
The Independent State of Croatia was established as a Nazi puppet-state, ruled by the
Ustaša, a militant wing of the
Croatian Party of Rights, from which it split off in 1929. Until 1941, it was in exile in Italy, and was therefore limited in its activities. German troops occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as part of Serbia and Slovenia, while other parts of the country were occupied by Bulgaria, Hungary and Italy.
Tito did not initially respond to the German invasion because of Stalin's non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany . After Germany attacked the Soviet Union on
June 22,
1941, Tito called a Central committee meeting on
July 4,
1941, which named him Military Commander and issued a call to arms.
However, on June 22 (the day of the invasion) in the Brezovica forest near the city of
Sisak, Croatia, the
Partisans formed the famous
First Sisak Partisan Brigade (mostly consisting of Croats from the nearby city). This shows that Tito, in fact, took advantage of the Pact to prepare as best he could for the inevitable, so that his men could rise up on the very first day of
Operation Barbarossa. Despite this slight delay in response created by the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, this was, nevertheless, the first anti-fascist unit in Europe.
The Partisans soon began a widespread and successful
guerrilla campaign and started liberating chunks of territory. The activities provoked Germans into "retaliation" against civilians that resulted in mass murders (for each killed German soldier, 100 civilians were to be killed and for each wounded, 50).
In the liberated territories, the partisans organized people's committees to act as civilian government. Tito was the most prominent leader of the
Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia - AVNOJ, which convened in
Bihac on
November 26,
1942 and in
Jajce on
November 29,
1943. In these two sessions, they established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, making it a federation. In Jajce, Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.
[2] On
December 4,
1943, while most of the country was still occupied by the Axis, Tito proclaimed a provisional democratic Yugoslav government.
Tito's partisans faced competition from the largely
Serbian Chetniks, who were long supported by the
British and the royal government in exile. After the partisans stood up to intense
Axis attacks between January and June
1943, Allied leaders switched their support to them. American President Roosevelt, British Premier
Churchill and Soviet leader Stalin officially recognized the partisans at the
Tehran Conference. This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the partisans. As the leader of the communist resistance, Tito was a target for the
Axis forces in occupied Yugoslavia. The Germans came close to capturing or killing Tito on at least three occasions: in the 1943
Fall Weiss offensive; in the subsequent
Schwarz offensive, in which he was wounded on
June 9, being saved only because his loyal dog sacrificed himself; and on
May 25,
1944, when he barely managed to evade the Germans after their
Operation Rösselsprung airdrop outside his
Drvar headquarters.
The partisans were supported directly by Allied airdrops to their headquarters, with
Brigadier Fitzroy Maclean playing a significant role in the liaison missions. The
Balkan Air Force was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at helping his forces. Due to his close ties to
Stalin, Tito often quarreled with the British and American staff officers attached to his headquarters.
On
April 5,
1945, Tito signed an agreement with the USSR allowing "temporary entry of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory". Aided by the
Red Army, the
partisans won the war for liberation in 1945. At the end of the war, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav soil after the end of hostilities in Europe.
Post-war Yugoslavia
After the
Tito-Šubašić Agreement in late 1944, the provisional government of Democratic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was assembled on
March 7,
1945 in
Belgrade, headed by Tito. After the elections in November 1945, Tito became the
Prime Minister and
Minister of Foreign Affairs. It was at this time that Tito's forces, in loose conjunction with the Red Army, were involved in deportations of
Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans). The entire
Danube Swabians minority was labeled as Nazi collaborators since many had fought in the notorious
7th SS Mountain Division ''"Prinz Eugen"'', a unit comprised mostly of volunteers from the ranks of that minority.
In November 1945, a new
constitution was proclaimed and Tito organized a strong army, the
JNA (for a period the 5th strongest army in Europe), and a secret police force, the
UDBA. The UDBA and the
security agency,
OZNA, were charged (among other things) with seeking out, imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; sometimes this included Catholic priests due to the widespread
involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime. Many innocent people and non-combatants were killed in the days immediately after the war since they were inextricably mixed with nazi collaborators,
Chetniks,
Ustaše (the
NDH version of the
SS) and a few
Domobran units fleeing the victorious partisans, despite Tito's largely upheld promise for harmless surrender to the latter: this is referred to as the
Bleiburg massacre.
[3]
Tito's rule had several characteristics of a
dictatorship, though it fell short on that common in other
communist states after the
Second World War. The
Communist Party of Yugoslavia won the first post-war
elections, in which "simplified" ballots allowed only for the alternatives of yes and no. Despite the controversial nature of these ballots, it must be noted that Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support at the time. The Party immediately used its power to seek out remaining collaborators, nationalists and anti-Communists, partially using methods characteristic of Stalinist "
People's Republic".
[4]Tito's administration did, however, unite a country that had been severely affected by the war and successfully suppressed the nationalist sentiments of the peoples of Yugoslavia in favor of the common Yugoslav goal.
In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Catholic archbishop
Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of helping terrorists and of forcing conversion of Serbs to Catholicism.
[5] The sentence was later commuted. Later, Yugoslavia became by far the most religiously liberal among the socialist states, since Tito believed that oppression only makes religion spread. Tito always considered religious agitation a great threat.
In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the
COMINFORM; he was one of the few people to stand up to Stalin's demands for absolute loyalty. Stalin took it personally–for once, to no avail. "Stop sending people to kill me," Tito wrote. "If you don't stop sending killers, I'll send one to Moscow, and I won't have to send a second."
[6] The Yugoslav Communist Party was expelled from the association on
June 28,
1948. This rift with the
Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the
Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labelled ''
Titoism'' by
Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the
Communist bloc. The crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict.
[7]
On
June 26,
1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by
Milovan Đilas and Tito about "
self-management" (''samoupravljanje''): a type of independent
socialism that experimented with
profit sharing with workers in state-run enterprises. On
January 13,
1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded
Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on
January 14,
1953.
After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration.
[8] Tito visited USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing.
[9] However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s.
Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the
Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with
Egypt's
Gamal Abdel Nasser,
India's
Jawaharlal Nehru,
Indonesia's
Sukarno and
Ghana's
Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with
third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position.
On
April 7,
1963, the country changed its official name to the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression.
[10] In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican was signed according new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to teach the catechism and open seminaries. Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in conspiracy headed by Aleksandar Rankovic.
[11] In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying a granting of freedom of discussion and an abandonment of dictatorship). The state security agency (UDBA) saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000.
On
January 1,
1967, Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements.
[12]
In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. His plan called for Arabs to recognize State of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained.
[13] Arabs rejected his land for peace concept.
In 1967, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader
Alexander Dubček the chance to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets.
[14]
In 1971, Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia for sixth time. In his speech in front of Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22 member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly fails to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislature independently from the Communist Party. Djemal Bijedic was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralize the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defense, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.
[15]
Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists, had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for unity, and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia. This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the so-called
Croatian Spring (also referred to as ''masovni pokret'', ''maspok'', meaning "mass movement") when the government had to suppress both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of maspok's demands were later realised with the new constitution.
On
May 16,
1974, the new
Constitution was passed, and Josip Broz Tito was named
President for life.
Foreign policy
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the
Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries is natural as long as these countries are not using their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.
1978, Josip Broz Tito and Jimmy Carter visit in the Oval Office.
Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide.
[10] This basic right was limited by most Communist countries. A number of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe.
Tito also developed warm relations with
Myanmar under
U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader,
Ne Win.
Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be one of the only Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing,
anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in
Alfredo Stroessner's
Paraguay.
[17] However, one notable exeption to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was
Chile under Augusto Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many communist countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after
Allende was overthrown.
[18]
Final years
After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito increasingly took the role of senior statesman. His direct involvement in domestic policy and governing was diminishing.
In January 1980, Tito was admitted to
Klinični center Ljubljana (the clinical centre in
Ljubljana,
Slovenia) with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterwards. He allegedly died there on
May 4,
1980, three days before his 88th birthday. His funeral drew many world statesmen.
[19] Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, it was the largest statesman funeral in history. (Big Slavs, 2007).
Quotes
Tito was most admired for his speeches about brotherhood and unity, some of which are listed below.
"We have spilt an ocean of blood for brotherhood and unity of our peoples and we shall not allow anyone to touch or destroy it from within."
"No one questioned ' ''who is a
Serb, who is a
Croat, who is a
Muslim (Bosniak)'' ', we were all one people, that's how it was back then, and I still think it is that way today."
"None of our republics would be anything if we weren't all together; but we have to create our own history - history of United Yugoslavia, also in the future."
"We study and take as an example the Soviet system, but we are developing socialism in our country in somewhat different forms."
"I will give everything from myself to make sure that Yugoslavia is great, not just geographically but great in spirit, and that it hold firmly to its neutrality and sovereignty that has been established through great sacrifice in the last battle (referring to the second World War)."
"A decade ago young people en masse began declaring themselves as
Yugoslavs. It was a form of rising Yugoslav nationalism, which was a reaction to brotherhood and unity and a feeling of belonging to a single socialist self-managing society. This pleased me a lot."
Commenting on Stalin
"To say the least - this is a disloyal, non-objective attitude towards our Party and our country. It's a consequence of a terrible delusion that has been blown up to monstrous dimensions in order to destroy the reputation of our Party and its leadership, to take away the glory of the Yugoslavian people and their struggle. To trample everything great that our nation achieved with great sacrifices and blood loss - in order to break the unity of our Party, which represents a guarantee for successful development of socialism in our country and for the establishment of happiness of our people."
Aftermath
At the time of his death, speculation began about whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together. Ethnic divisions and conflict grew and eventually erupted in a series of
Yugoslav wars a decade after his death. Tito was buried in a mausoleum in
Belgrade, called
Kuća Cveća (''The House of Flowers'') and numerous people visit the place as a
shrine to "better times," although it no longer holds a guard of honour.
The gifts he received during his presidency are kept in the Museum of the History of Yugoslavia (whose old names were "Museum 25. May", and "Museum of the Revolution") in Belgrade. The value of the collection is priceless: it includes works of many world-famous artists, including original prints of ''
Los Caprichos'' by
Francisco Goya, and many others.
During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were
named after Tito. Several of these places have since returned to their original names, such as Podgorica, formerly Titograd (though Podgorica's international airport is still identified by the code TGD), which reverted to its original name in 1992. Streets in Belgrade, the capital, have all reverted back to their original pre-World War II and pre-communist names as well.
Family and personal life
Tito's first wife was
Pelagija Broz (née Belousova), a Russian who bore him a son,
Žarko. They were married in
Omsk before moving to Yugoslavia. She was transported to Moscow by the communists when Tito was imprisoned in 1928.
His next notable relationship was with
Hertha Haas, a woman of Jewish descent whom he met in
Paris in 1937. They never married, although in May 1941, she bore him a son,
Mišo. They parted company in 1943 in
Jajce during the second meeting of
AVNOJ. All throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with
Davorjanka Paunovic, codename Zdenka, a courier and his personal secretary, who, by all accounts, was the love of his life. She died of
tuberculosis in 1946 and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the
Beli Dvor, his Belgrade residence.
[20]
His best known wife was
Jovanka Broz (born Budisavljevic). Tito was just shy of his 59th birthday, while she was 27, when they finally married in April 1952, with state security chief
Aleksandar Rankovic as the best man. Their eventual marriage came about somewhat unexpectedly since Tito actually rejected her some years earlier when his confidante Ivan Krajacic brought her in originally. At that time, she was in her early 20s and Tito, objecting to her energetic personality, opted for the more mature opera singer
Zinka Kunc instead. Not the one to be discouraged easily, Jovanka continued working at
Beli Dvor, where she managed the staff of servants and eventually got another chance after Tito's strange relationship with Zinka failed. Since Jovanka was the only female companion he married while in power, she also went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady. Their relationship was not a happy one, however. It had gone through many, often public, ups and downs with episodes of infidelities and even allegations of preparation for a
coup d'etat by the latter pair. Certain unofficial reports suggest Tito and Jovanka even formally divorced in the late 1970s, shortly before his death. The couple did not have any children.
Tito's notable grandchildren include
Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia, and
Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in
Bosnia.
Though Tito was most likely born on
May 7, he celebrated his birthday on
May 25, after he became president of
Yugoslavia, to mark the occasion of an unsuccessful attempt at his life by the
Nazis in 1944. Nazis found forged documents of Tito's, where
May 25 was stated as his birthday. They attacked Tito on the day they believed was his birthday.
Tito spoke four languages in addition to his native Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian:
Czech,
German,
Russian, and
English.
May 25 was institutionalized as the
Day of Youth in former Yugoslavia. The
Relay of Youth started about two months earlier, each time from a different town of Yugoslavia. The baton passed through hundreds of hands of relay runners and typically visited all major cities of the country. On
May 25 of each year, the baton finally passed into the hands of Marshal Tito at the end of festivities at Yugoslav People's Army Stadium (hosting
FK Partizan) in Belgrade.(
May 25,
1977: Marica Lojen of Kumrovec passing the baton into Tito's hands: http://www.titoville.com/images/tito-in-stafeta.jpg)
Trivia
Origin of the name "Tito"
A popular explanation of the sobriquet claims that it is a conjunction of two Serbo-Croatian words, ''ti'' (meaning "you") and ''to'' (meaning "this"). As the story goes, during the frantic times of his command, he would issue commands with those two words, by pointing to the person, and then task.
[21] However, when Tito adopted the name, he was in no position to give orders because he was not the leader of the communist party, just a member.
Tito is also an old, though uncommon, Croatian name, corresponding to
Titus. Tito's biographer,
Vladimir Dedijer, claimed that it came from the Croatian
romantic writer,
Tituš Brezovački, but the name is very well known in Zagorje.
The newest theory is from Croatian journalist Denis Kuljiš. He got information from descendant of Kominterna spy Baturin, operating in Istanbul in the thirties, about his code system. Josip Broz was one of his agents, and his secret nicks were always names of pistols (including “Valter”, confirmed by Tito himself). One of last nicknames was “TT” (
TT-33, Soviet gun), and Broz after coming back to Yugoslavia even signed some communist party documents with that name. Kuljiš thinks that in a few years “TT” (pronouncing “te te”) became “Tito”.
Awards
Tito received many awards and decorations both from his own country and from other countries. Most notable of these are:
See also
★
Titoism
★
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
★
Yugoslav People's Army
★
Marshal of Yugoslavia
★
★
List of places named after Tito
Further reading
★ Barnett, Neil. ''Tito''. London: Haus Publishing, 2006 (paperback, ISBN 1-904950-31-0).
★
★
Reviewed by Adam LeBor in the
New Statesman, September 11, 2006.
★ Carter, April. ''Marshal Tito: A Bibliography (Bibliographies of World Leaders)''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 0-313-28087-8).
★ Dedijer, Vladimir. ''Tito''. New York: Arno Press, 1980 (hardcover, ISBN 0-405-04565-4).
★ Djilas, Milovan, ''Tito: The Story from Inside''. London: Phoenix Press, 2001 (new paperback ed., ISBN 1-84212-047-6).
★ MacLean, Fitzroy. ''Tito: A Pictorial Biography''. McGraw-Hill 1980 (Hardcover, ISBN 0-07-044671-7).
★ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''Tito: Yugoslavia's Great Dictator, A Reassessment''. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8142-0600-X; paperback, ISBN 0-8142-0601-8); London: C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 1-85065-150-7; paperback, ISBN 1-85065-155-8).
★ Vukcevich, Boško S. ''Tito: Architect of Yugoslav Disintegration''. Orlando, FL: Rivercross Publishing, 1995 (hardcover, ISBN 0-944957-46-3).
★ West, Richard. ''Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia''. London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 1-85619-437-X); New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1996 (paperback, ISBN 0-7867-0332-6).
★
New Power
References
1. Ian Bremmer, ''The J Curve: A New Way To Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall'', Page 175
2. Rebirth in Bosnia, Time Magazine Dec 13, 1943
3. Democide in totalitarian States
4. Democide and mass murders
5. ''Excommunicate's Interview'' - Time Magazine, October 21, 1946
6. "Untold tales of the Great Conquerors", ''U.S. News & World Report'', January 3, 2006
7. No Words Left? August 22, 1949
8. Come Back, Little Tito June 06, 1955
9. Discrimination in a Tomb June 18, 1956
10. Socialism of Sorts June 10, 1966
11. Unmeritorious Pardon December 16, 1966
12. Beyond Dictatorship January 20, 1967
13. Still a Fever August 25, 1967
14. Back to the Business of Reform August 16, 1968
15. Yugoslavia: Tito's Daring Experiment August 09, 1971
16. Socialism of Sorts June 10, 1966
17. ''Paraguay: A Country Study'', "Foreign Relations": "Foreign policy under Stroessner was based on two major principles: nonintervention in the affairs of other countries and no relations with countries under Marxist governments. The only exception to the second principle was Yugoslavia."
18. J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), ''Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions'', p. 316
19. Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia May 4th, 1980
20. Interview with Lordan Zafranovic
21. This explanation for the name's origin is provided in Fitzroy Maclean's 1949 book, ''Eastern Approaches''.
22. List of Tito's decorations, orders and medals on titoville.com
23. Recipients of Order of the Elephant
24. Recipients of Médaille militaire
25. List of order of Victory recipients
External links
★
Tito and His People
★
Titoville
★ Interview on book
King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership
★
Tito in anecdotes
★
Red Star and Clenched Fist, ''Time'' magazine, 1943
★
Area of Decision, ''Time'' magazine 1944
★
Proletarian Proconsul, ''Time'' magazine 1946
★
Remarks of Welcome by President Richard Nixon, The American Presidency Project 1971
★
Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony by Presidend Jimmy Carter, The American Presidency Project 1978
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