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A 'joke' is a short story or ironic depiction of a situation communicated with the intent of being humorous.
A practical joke or prank differs from a spoken one in that the humor is mainly physical rather than verbal (e.g. placing salt in the sugar bowl, or more cruel "jokes" such that involve destruction of another's property).
Jokes are typically for the entertainment of friends and onlookers. The desired response is generally laughter, although loud groans of revealed stupidity are also a common response to some "dumb" jokes, such as puns and shaggy dog stories.
Anthropology of jokes
In 1975 anthropologist Mary Douglas noted that "Joking is one mode of expression that has yet to be interpreted in its total relation to other modes of expression";[1] scholar Seth Graham remarked that 30 years later this statement remains largely valid.[2][3]
Psychology of jokes
Why we laugh has been the subject of serious academic study, examples being:
★ Immanuel Kant, in ''Critique of Judgement'' (1790) states that "Laughter is an effect that arises if a tense expectation is transformed into nothing." Here is Kant's two hundred and seventeen year old joke and his analysis:
"An Englishman at an Indian's table in Surat saw a bottle of ale being opened, and all the beer, turned to froth, rushed out. The Indian, by repeated exclamations, showed his great amazement. - Well, what's so amazing in that? asked the Englishman. - Oh, but I'm not amazed at its coming out, replied the Indian, but how you managed to get it all in. - This makes us laugh, and it gives us a hearty pleasure. This is not because, say, we think we are smarter than this ignorant man, nor are we laughing at anything else here that it is our liking and that we noticed through our understanding. It is rather that we had a tense expectation that suddenly vanished..."
★ Henri Bergson, in his book ''Le rire'' (''Laughter'', 1901), suggests that laughter evolved to make social life possible for human beings.
★ Sigmund Freud's ''"Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious"''. (''Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten'').
★ Arthur Koestler, in ''The Act of Creation'' (1964), analyzes humor and compares it to other creative activities, such as literature and science.
★ Marvin Minsky in ''Society of Mind (1986)''.
:Marvin Minsky suggests that laughter has a specific function related to the human brain. In his opinion jokes and laughter are mechanisms for the brain to learn nonsense. For that reason, he argues, jokes are usually not as funny when you hear them repeatedly.
★ Edward de Bono in ''"The Mechanism of the Mind"'' (1969) and ''"I am Right, You are Wrong"'' (1990).
:Edward de Bono suggests that the mind is a pattern-matching machine, and that it works by recognizing stories and behaviour and putting them into familiar patterns. When a familiar connection is disrupted and an alternative unexpected new link is made in the brain via a different route than expected, then laughter occurs ''as the new connection is made''. This theory explains a lot about jokes. For example:
:
★ Why jokes are only funny the first time they are told: once they are told the pattern is already there, so there can be no new connections, and so no laughter.
:
★ Why jokes have an elaborate and often repetitive set up: The repetition establishes the familiar pattern in the brain. A common method used in jokes is to tell almost the same story twice and then deliver the punch line the third time the story is told. The first two tellings of the story evoke a familiar pattern in the brain, thus priming the brain for the punch line.
:
★ Why jokes often rely on stereotypes: the use of a stereotype links to familiar expected behaviour, thus saving time in the set-up.
:
★ Why jokes are variants on well-known stories (eg the genie and a lamp and a man walks into a bar): This again saves time in the set up and establishes a familiar pattern.
★ In 2002, Richard Wiseman conducted a study intended to discover the world's funniest joke [1].
★ Humor and Jokes have also been concluded to be logic that is completely random or vise versa.
Laughter, the intended human reaction to jokes, is healthful in moderation, uses the stomach muscles, and releases endorphins, natural feel good chemicals, into the brain.
One of the most complete and informative books on different types of jokes and how to tell them is ''Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor'' (1971), which encompasses several broad categories of humour, and gives useful tips on how to tell them, whom to tell them to, and ways to change the joke to fit one's audience. According to a psychologist at Arizona University, "People tell jokes about things they are uncomfortable with". [2]
Rules
The rules of humour are analogous to those of poetry. French philosopher Henri Bergson said : "''In every wit there is something of a poet''"[4](In this essay Bergson viewed the essence of humour as the encrustation of the mechanical upon the living. He used as an instance a book by an English humorist, in which an elderly woman who desired a reputation as a philanthropist provided "homes within easy hail of her mansion for the conversion of atheists who have been specially manufactured for her, so to speak, and for a number of honest folk who have been made into drunkards so that she may cure them of their failing, etc." This idea seems funny because a genuine impulse of charity as a living, vital impulse has become encrusted by a mechanical conception of how it should manifest itself.) These common rules are mainly: precision, synthesis and rhythm.
Precision
To reach precision, the comedian must choose the words in order to provide a vivid, in focus image, and to avoid being generic as to confuse the audience, and provide no laughter.
To properly arrange the words in the sentence is also crucial to get precision. An example by Woody Allen (from ''Side Effects'', "''A Giant Step for Mankind''" story [3]):
Synthesis
As Shakespeare said in ''Hamlet'', "''Brevity is the soul of wit''".[5] Meaning that a joke is best when it expresses the maximum level of humor with a minimal number of words; this is today considered one of the key technical elements of a joke. An example from Woody Allen:
Though, the familiarity of the pattern of "brevity" has led to numerous examples of jokes where the very length is itself the pattern breaking "punchline". Numerous examples from Monty Python exist, for instance, the song "I Like Traffic Lights", and more modernly, Family Guy contains numerous such examples, most notably, in the episode Wasted Talent, Peter Griffin bangs his shin, a classic slapstick routine, and tenderly nurses it whilst inhaling and exhaling to quiet the pain. This goes on for considerably longer than expected.
Rhythm
Main articles: Timing (linguistics), Comic timing
The joke's content (meaning) is not what provokes the laugh, it just makes the salience of the joke and provokes a smile. What makes us laugh is the joke mechanism. Milton Berle demonstrated this with a classic theatre experiment in the 1950s: if during a series of jokes you insert phrases that are not jokes, but with the same rhythm, the audience laughs anyway. A classic is the ternary rhythm, with three beats: introduction, premise, antithesis (with the antithesis being the punch line).
In regards to the Milton Berle experiment, they can be taken to demonstrate the concept of "breaking context" or "breaking the pattern". It isn't necessarily the rhythm that caused the audience to laugh, but the disparity between the expectation of a "joke" and being instead given a non-sequitur "normal phrase." This normal phrase is, itself, unexpected, and a type of punchline.
Conclusions
When a technically good joke is referred changing it with paraphrasing, it is not laughable any more; this is because the paraphrase, changing some term or moving it within the sentence, breaks the joke mechanism (its vividness, brevity and rhythm), and its power and effectiveness are lost. Douglas Adams described sentences where the joke word is the final word as "comically weighted." This saves the "payoff" until the last possible moment, allowing the expectation for surprise to reach its highest point, while the mind is more firmly rooted in the pattern established by the rest of the sentence.
Why do we laugh? (model of appreciation)
No satisfactory theory of laughter explains why humans laugh has yet gained wide acceptance.
Some of the prominent explanations (that is a humour appreciation model) comes from part of the ideas contained in the psychology essay ''Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious'', by Sigmund Freud (1905) [4].
According to Freud's operational description, we laugh when the unconscious energy emerges to reach the conscious mind; and it reaches it unexpectedly due to the techniques used by the comedian. This exceeding energy is rapidly discharged in the form of laughter.
Freud distinguishes three fields: the comic, the wit, and the humour.
Comic
In the comic field plays the 'economy of ideative expenditure'; in other words excessive energy is wasted or action-essential energy is saved. The profound meaning of a comic gag or a comic joke is "I'm a child"; the comic deals with the clumsy body of the child.
Laurel and Hardy are a classic example. An individual laughs because he recognizes the child that is in himself. In clowns stumbling is a childish tempo. In the comic, the visual gags may be translated into a joke. For example in ''Side Effects'' (''By Destiny Denied'' story) by Woody Allen:
The typical comic technique is the disproportion.
Wit
In the wit field plays the "economy of censorship expenditure"[6](Freud literally calls it "the economy of psychic expenditure".); usually censorship prevents some 'dangerous ideas' from reaching the conscious mind, or helps us avoid saying everything that comes to mind; adversely, the wit circumvents the censorship and brings up those ideas. Different wit techniques allow one to express them in a funny way. The profound meaning behind a wit joke is "I have dangerous ideas". An example from Woody Allen:
Wit is a branch of rhetoric, and there are about 200 techniques (technically they are called tropes, a particular kind of figure of speech) that can be used to make jokes.[7]
Irony can be seen as belonging to this field.
Humor
In the comedy field, humour induces an "economized expenditure of emotion" (Freud literally calls it "economy of affect" or "economy of sympathy". Freud produced this final part of his interpretation many years later, in a paper later supplemented to the book.).6[8] In other words, the joke erases an emotion that should be felt about an event, making us insensitive to it.e.g: "yo momma" jokes. The profound meaning of the void feeling of a humour joke is "I'm a cynic". An example from Woody Allen:
This field of jokes is still a grey area, being mostly unexplored. Extensive use of this kind of humour can be found in the work of British satirist Chris Morris, like the sketches of the ''Jam'' television program.
Black humour and sarcasm belong to this field.
Cycles
Folklorists, in particular (but not exclusively) those who study the folklore of the United States, collect jokes into 'joke cycles'. A 'cycle' is a collection of jokes with a particular theme or a particular "script". (That is, it is a literature cycle.)[9] Folklorists have identified several such cycles:
★ the elephant joke cycle that began in 1962
★ the Helen Keller Joke Cycle that comprises jokes about Helen Keller[10]
★ viola jokes[11]
★ the NASA, Challenger, or Space Shuttle Joke Cycle that comprises jokes relating to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster[12][13][14]
★ the Chernobyl Joke Cycle that comprises jokes relating to the Chernobyl disaster[15]
★ the Essex girl and the Stupid Irish joke cycles in the United Kingdom[16]
★ the Dead Baby Joke Cycle[17]
★ the Newfie Joke Cycle that comprises jokes made by Canadians about Newfoundlanders[18]
★ the Little Willie Joke Cycle, and the Quadriplegic Joke Cycle[19]
★ the Jew Joke Cycle and the Polack Joke Cycle[20]
★ the Rastus and Liza Joke Cycle, which Dundes describes as "the most vicious and widespread white anti-Negro joke cycle"[21]
★ the Radio Erevan (or Yerevan) Joke Cycle, which satirizes Radio Yerevan as offering naive or stupid answers to questions from its listeners, answers that often satirize Communism, Marxism, Socialism, Russian society, or Russian institutions[22]
Gruner discusses several "sick joke" cycles that occurred upon events surrounding Gary Hart, Natalie Wood, Vic Morrow, Jim Bakker, Richard Pryor, and Michael Jackson, noting how several jokes were recycled from one cycle to the next. For example: A joke about Vic Morrow ("We now know that Vic Morrow had dandruff: they found his head and shoulders in the bushes") was subsequently recycled and applied to the crew of the Challenger space shuttle ("How do we know that Christa McAuliffe had dandruff? They found her head and shoulders on the beach."). The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh, Charles R. Gruner, , , Transaction Publishers, , ISBN 0765806592
Berger asserts that "whenever there is a popular joke cycle, there generally is some widespread kind of social and cultural anxiety, lingering below the surface, that the joke cycle helps people deal with".[23]
Types of jokes
Jokes often depend on the humour of the unexpected, the mildly taboo (which can include the distasteful or socially improper), or playing off stereotypes and other cultural beliefs. Many jokes fit into more than one category.
Subjects
''Political jokes'' are usually a form of satire. They generally concern politicians and heads of state, but may also cover the absurdities of a country's political situation. A prominent example of political jokes would be political cartoons. Two large categories of this type of jokes exist. The first one makes fun of a negative attitude to political opponents or to politicians in general. The second one makes fun of political clichés, mottos, catch phrases or simply blunders of politicians. Some, especially the you have two cows genre, derive humour from comparing different political systems.
Professional humour includes caricatured portrayals of certain professions such as lawyers, and in-jokes told by professionals to each other.
Mathematical jokes are a form of in-joke, generally designed to be understandable only by insiders.
Ethnic jokes exploit ethnic stereotypes. They are often racist and frequently considered offensive.
For example, the British tell jokes starting "An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman..." which exploit the supposed parsimony of the Scot, stupidity of the Irish, or some combination. Such jokes exist among numerous peoples.
Racially offensive humour is increasingly unacceptable, but there are similar jokes based on other stereotypes such as blonde jokes.
Religious jokes fall into several categories:
★ Jokes based on stereotypes associated with people of religion (e.g. ''nun jokes'', ''priest jokes'', or ''rabbi jokes'')
★ Jokes on classical religious subjects: crucifixion, Adam and Eve, St. Peter at The Gates, etc.
★ Jokes that collide different religious denominations: "A rabbi, a medicine man, and a pastor went fishing..."
★ Letters and addresses to God.
Self-deprecating or self-effacing humour is superficially similar to racial and stereotype jokes, but involves the targets laughing at themselves. It is said to maintain a sense of perspective and to be powerful in defusing confrontations. Probably the best-known and most common example is Jewish humour. The egalitarian tradition was strong among the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in which the powerful were often mocked subtly. Prominent members of the community were kidded during social gatherings, part a good-natured tradition of humour as a leveling device. A similar situation exists in the Scandinavian "Ole and Lena" joke.
Self-deprecating humour has also been used by politicians, who recognize its ability to acknowledge controversial issues and steal the punch of criticism - for example, when Abraham Lincoln was accused of being two-faced he replied, "If I had two faces, do you think this is the one I’d be wearing?".
Dirty jokes are based on taboo, often sexual, content or vocabulary.
Other taboos are challenged by ''sick jokes'' and ''gallows humour''; to joke about disability is considered in this group.
Surrealist or minimalist jokes exploit semantic inconsistency, for example: ''Q: What's red and invisible? A: No tomatoes.''.
Anti-jokes are jokes that aren't funny in regular sense, and often can be decidedly unfunny, but rely on the let-down from the expected joke to be funny in itself.
An elephant joke is a joke, almost always a riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of connected riddles, that involves an elephant.
Styles
The question / answer joke, sometimes posed as a common riddle, has a supposedly straight question and an answer which is twisted for humorous effect; puns are often employed. Of this type are knock-knock joke, light bulb joke, the many variations on "why did the chicken cross the road?", and the class of "What's the difference between..." joke, where the punch line is often a pun or a spoonerism linking two apparently entirely unconnected concepts.
Some jokes require a double act, where one respondent (usually the straight man) can be relied on to give the correct response to the person telling the joke. This is more common in performance than informal joke-telling.
A shaggy dog story is an extremely long and involved joke with an intentionally weak or completely non-existent punchline. The humour lies in building up the audience's anticipation and then letting them down completely. The longer the story can continue without the audience realising it is a joke, and not a serious anecdote, the more successful it is. Shaggy jokes appear to date from the 1930s, although there are several competing variants for the "original" shaggy dog story. According to one, an advertisement is placed in a newspaper, searching for the shaggiest dog in the world. The teller of the joke then relates the story of the search for the shaggiest dog in extreme and exaggerated detail (flying around the world, climbing mountains, fending off sabre-toothed tigers, etc); a good teller will be able to stretch the story out to over half an hour. When the winning dog is finally presented, the advertiser takes a look at the dog and states: "I don't think he's so shaggy."
Notes
1. "Jokes" 1975 p.291
2. Seth Benedict Graham ''A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT'' 2003 p.2
3. "Jokes" 1975 p.293
4. Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, Henri Bergson, , , Dover Publications, 2005,
5. Hamlet, William Shakespeare, , , , 1600-1602,
6. Wit and its relation to the unconscious, Sigmund Freud, , , missingpublisher, ,
7. Linguistic Theories of Humour, Salvatore Attardo, , , Walter de Gruyter, , ISBN 3-11-014255-4
8. Humour, Sigmund Freud, , , International Journal of Psychoanalysis,
9. Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis, Salvatore Attardo, , , Walter de Gruyter, , ISBN 311017068X
10. The Hellen Keller Joke Cycle, K. Hirsch and M.E. Barrick, , , Journal of American Folklore,
11. No Laughing Matter: The Viola Joke Cycle as Musicians' Folklore, Carl Rahkonen, , , Western Folklore,
12. The NASA Joke Cycle: The Astronauts and the Teacher, Elizabeth Radin Simons, , , Western Folklore,
13. Challenger Jokes and the Humor of Disaster, Willie Smyth, , , Western Folklore,
14. Jokes and the Discourse on Disaster, Elliott Oring, , , The Journal of American Folklore,
15. The Politics of Joking: Popular Response to Chernobyl, Laszlo Kurti, , , The Journal of American Folklore,
16. Jokes and Their Relation to Society, Christie Davies, , , Walter de Gruyter, , ISBN 3110161044
17. The Dead Baby Joke Cycle, Alan Dundes, , , Western Folklore,
18. Mirth of Nations, Christie Davies, , , Transaction Publishers, , ISBN 0765800969
19. The Mourning for Diana, Christie Davies, , , Berg Publishers, , ISBN 1859732380
20. A Study of Ethnic Slurs: The Jew and the Polack in the United States, Alan Dundes, , , Journal of American Folklore,
21. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore, , , , University Press of Mississippi, , ISBN 0878054782
22. Manufacturing Desire: Media, Popular Culture, and Everyday Life, Dr Arthur Asa Berger, , , Transaction Publishers, , ISBN 1560002263
23. An Anatomy of Humor, Dr Arthur Asa Berger, , , Transaction Publishers, , ISBN 0765804948
References
★ Mary Douglas “Jokes.” ''Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies.'' [1975] Ed. Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991.
See also
★ Anecdote
★ Comedy
★ Comedy genres
★ Funny
★ Insult
★ Internet humour
★ Punch line
★ Monty Python Lethal Joke
★ World's funniest joke
★ Joke chess problem
★ Taboo
★ Colombian comedy
External links
★ – An active listing of links to jokes.
★ Forum Jokes A collection of funny posts made on forums/message boards
★ ''Dictionary of the History of ideas'': Sense of the Comic
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