''This article is about the person. For the university that bears his name, see
Johns Hopkins University.''
'Johns Hopkins' (
May 19,
1795 –
December 24,
1873) was a wealthy entrepreneur and philanthropist of
19th century Baltimore, now most noted for his
philanthropic creation of the institutions that bear his name, such as the
Johns Hopkins University,
Johns Hopkins Hospital and
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
His Birth, Birthplace, Family and Name
Johns Hopkins, was born on May 19, 1795 on Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²)
tobacco plantation with approximately 500 slaves located in
Anne Arundel County,
Maryland. The site of this plantation is now located in the new community of [Crofton]] close to the intersection of Reidel Road and Johns Hopkins Road. According to one website "The Hopkins family was in the Crofton area for 270 years and accumulated more than 1000 acres (4 km²) of land".
Johns Hopkins was the second son and the second child of the eleven children of Samuel Hopkins and Hannah Janney. Samuel Hopkins his father was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. His mother, Hannah Janney, was born in Loudoun County, Virginia.They were married in a Quaker ceremony on August 19 1792. When they married Samuel Hopkins, born in 1759, was 33 and Hannah Janney, born in 1774, was 18. Johns Hopkins was nicknamed "Johnsie".
[ Johns Hopkins University - Sheridan Libraries article ''Mr. Johns Hopkins'' by Kathryn A. Jacob reproduced from the Johns Hopkins Magazine January 1974 issue (vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13-17)].
Gerrard Hopkins was Johns Hopkins' great great grandfather and the founding father of this branch of the Hopkins' family. He originally came from
Canterbury,
England. Gerrard Hopkins who was a member of the
Church of England arrived in Anne Arundel County around the 1660s. He later married
Thomasin Eard. They had four children, three girls and a boy. The boy who was also named Gerrard Hopkins was Johns Hopkins' great grandfather. The second Gerrard Hopkins later married "
Margaret Johns" in a Quaker ceremony. Their tenth and last child was the paternal grandparent of Johns Hopkins.
"Johns", his unusual first name, is often misstated as "
John. "Johns" however was the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns.
[1]
The first name "Johns" was given first to Margaret Johns' and Gerrard Hopkins' tenth and last child. The name "Johns Hopkins" was then given to his grandfather's oldest son, and next to at least two or more of his grandfather's other sons' children.
[2] Samuel Hopkins was the first son of the third wife of the first Johns Hopkins. He named his second child and second son "Johns Hopkins". A few years before, his younger brother Philip named his first son "Johns Hopkins".
Johns Hopkins' mother's family, the
Janneys, emigrated from
Cheshire,
England. The paternal ancestor of the Janney family was a preacher who had been prosecuted in England because of his Quaker faith. Thomas Janney arrived in America with his family in the 1680s. He settled first in a Quaker settlement in
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Later the Janney family moved to
Loudoun County in Virginia. Both families arrived with indentured servants. By the second generation, this Hopkins' family had converted to the Quaker faith, Gerrard Hopkins had married Margaret Johns in a Quaker ceremony, and this couple had become slave owners like many other tobacco farmers in Anne Arundel County.
The Janney family members were rarely slaveowners. Some members of the Janney family were outspoken opponents of slavery. Yet, at the beginning of the Civil War, one member of the Janney family who represented his community in Loudoun County, Virginia where many were opposed to slavery returned home after giving his support to the Confederacy. In 1778 the first Johns Hopkins freed his slaves. By the time his son, Samuel Hopkins, married Hannah Janney, Samuel Hopkins had become a slaveowner who possessed most of the land he and his brothershad inherited and nearly 500 slaves.
[3]
The Emancipation and Its Aftermath
In
1807[4] Johns Hopkins' Quaker parents freed their slaves. The family emancipated their able-bodied slaves, took on the responsibility of taking care of the less able bodied slaves, and did so without any request for compensation, as was decided by members of the local Quaker society and as required by those members who wanted to retain their membership in their local Quaker society. Because of this emancipation, the formal education of Johns and his older brother, Joseph, was interrupted. The two oldest of the eleven siblings, Joseph, the eldest, and Johns, returned home from school to do the farm work. Johns Hopkins also started to help to care for the younger children in the family, a responsibility he carried out throughout his life.
[ Such responsibilities continued throughout his life. He helped to take care of his mother after his father's death in 1814. His mother died in 1846, a year after her eldest son, Joseph, also died. Johns Hopkins who lived longer than his other brothers helped to take care of his brothers and sisters, and of the families his siblings left after their spouses' deaths. Taking care of the elderly or those who were less abled bodied, his siblings and their families, were responsibilities he began to undertake in 1807 and undertook from 1807 onwards.]
Business Years
After he left the plantation, Hopkins worked for a time in his uncle's wholesale grocery business. His first success in business came while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. This also was his first experience operating, or assisting in the operation of, a business during and immediately after a war.
While staying at his uncle's home, he fell in love with his cousin, Elizabeth Hopkins. Among Quakers prejudice against first cousins marrying was strong and Elizabeth's parents would not allow them to marry.[ They pledged never to marry anyone else and remained single for the rest of their lives. In his will he provided a home for her where she lived until her death in 1889, and over a decade after his death in 1873. He also provided for his extended family, and his servants.]
After he left his uncle's store, Hopkins and Benjamin Moore, also a Quaker, went into business together. The business later became Hopkins & Brothers after Moore dissolved the partnership claiming that Johns loved money more than he did.[ One writer though calls this statement a "myth" or "fact" which "was so widely reported that the comment calling Hopkins "the only man more interested in making money than I" is variously attributed to his former business partner, a close associate, and even the international financier, George Peabody". Peabody like Johns Hopkins was also born in 1795. ][ [2] If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995 By Mike Field, Johns Hopkins Gazette]
After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with his three brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers. The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best." Later, Hopkins invested heavily in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and he also became a banker. He put up his own money more than once to save Baltimore City during financial crises, and at least twice to bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873. [5] [6] As a Union man during the American Civil War, he, the railroad's financial director, and John Work Garrett, the railroad president, were largely responsible for the use of the railroad to support the Union cause. Many Marylanders, including its leading citizens, sympathized with, and often were supporters of, the South and the Confederacy.[7] One of the first campaigns of the Civil War was planned at his summer estate, Clifton. In a state which did not vote for Lincoln as the US President, at the beginning of the Civil War one finds Johns Hopkins writing a letter to Lincoln telling him to keep the troops that Lincoln had stationed in Maryland in the state.
His Death and His Philanthropy
Johns Hopkins died without heirs on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1873. He left $7 million, mostly in Baltimore & Ohio Railroad stock, to establish his namesake institutions. This sum was the single largest philanthropic donation ever made to educational institutions up until that time. The bequest was used to found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum [8] first as he requested, in 1875, the Johns Hopkins University in 1876, the Johns Hopkins Press (the longest continuously operating academic press in America) in 1878, the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889, and the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893. The first of these posthumously founded institutions, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA) aka Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHHCCOA) [9] was founded by the trustees selected by Johns Hopkins to serve on the hospital board of trustees, one of the two interlocking boards of trustees established by him. Johns Hopkins University's first president, Dr. Daniel Coit Gilman was unanimously chosen by the trustees Johns Hopkins had selected to serve on the second board of trustees, the university board of trustees. About nine of the trustees were on both boards of trustees. Some of these trustees were also the executors of his will. Additional bequests in his will went to his cousin Elizabeth, other family members, his servants, one or more who were African Americans, and to other institutions as well. Johns Hopkins provided assistance, sometimes unsolicited, not just to members of his family but also to unrelated youths who needed help to start a career or business. Hopkins provided assistance,including scholarships, to poor youths in his last will and testament. Overall, the views of Johns Hopkins on these bequests can be found in the incorporation papers, filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873. [10], and again his will [11] and its codicils.
The original site for Johns Hopkins University was chosen personally by Hopkins. It was to be located at his summer estate, ''Clifton''. This property, which is now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named "Clifton Park." Before it was closed in 1924, the orphan asylum, which was described as a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity" at its opening, later served as a training school for black female domestic workers, an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children, and as an orphanage. It never was reopened. The school of nursing was closed in 1973. It reopened in 1983.[12]
The Abolitionist
Johns Hopkins was represented as an abolitionist during three periods in his life in Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette published in 1929 by his biographer and relative Mrs. Helen Hopkins Thom. After the 1970s a few other sources [13] represented him as an abolitionist. [14]. Almost fifty years' after Thom's 1929 publication Jacob called him an abolitionist and a Unionist during the Civil War in her article "Mr. Johns Hopkins" published in 1974 in the Johns Hopkins Magazine. This article which has been cited as the "best brief biograpy" and "best assessment" of Johns Hopkins was written to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Johns Hopkins' death. In 1995 Field said that Johns Hopkins was an abolitionist before the word "abolitionist" was "invented", and both portrayed him as a child participant in his parents' emancipation of the family's slaves in 1807,[. Field's article was published in the Johns Hopkins Gazette in 1995 to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of Johns Hopkins' birth in 1795. ]
Before the Civil War Johns Hopkins also worked with other abolitionists such as Myrtilla Miner[15] and Henry Ward Beecher[16]. During the Civil War, he was a supporter of Abraham Lincoln[17]. Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln signed "your servant" and "friend" is in the holdings of the Library of Congress. In an 1887 memoir by the mayor of Baltimore when the Civil War began, Mayor George
William Brown, Johns Hopkins was referred to as a "wealthy Union man". And, again, before Jacob and Field, Thom referred to him as a 12 year old participant in an "abolition", a Union man during the Civil War, and an abolitionist after the Civil War. All three discuss the effects of the 1807 emancipation on him, especially on his having to become a school leaver at 12 years old. Other sources cite the end of his formal education at 12, but less so his participation in an emancipation, his and his family's efforts to continue his education, his abolitionism, his support for the Union during the war, his formally stated wish for a colored children orphan asylum, except fot Thom in 1929 and Reynolds begining n the 1990s, his abolitionism immediately before the Civil War, his letter to Lincoln at the start of the war.
After the Civil War. Thom alone reported that he was a Reconstruction actor who provided instructions in the above mentioned documents that his philanthropy should be used in ways that were often opposed to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge during the American Reconstruction period,[18] and later even in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name.[19] Kelly Miller, the future founder of Howard University's sociology department, and Howard University's Dean of the Arts and Sciences, became the first African American student at Johns Hopkins University when he was admitted to its graduate school to study physics, mathematics, and astronomy in the 1880s, many say, because memories of Johns Hopkins were still fresh. He did not graduate because of a tuition increase. Because of segregation at Johns Hopkins University, the first undergraduate African American student, a Baltimore native Frederick Isadore Scott, was not admitted until the 1940s, and he also became the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. He majored in chemical engineering.[20]
The Legacy of Johns Hopkins at the Institutions that Carry his Name
In the second major history of Johns Hopkins, , alumnus Hugh Hawkins discussed African Americans and women at the Johns Hopkins University in a chapter with the title "The Uninvited". The first president of Johns Hopkins University, Daniel Coit Gilman, Hawkins stated was a "conservative" and not a "pioneer" when it came to gender and race relations. [21] Hawkins interestingly studied abolitionists and abolitionism, but "Johns Hopkins" was not one of them. Part of the reason for this was a convention wherein the label "abolitionist" coined in 1836, was long used to refer only to 1830s abolitionists, and their methods and activities. Subsequent writers on Johns Hopkins and on the institutions that carry his name rarely use the label of "abolitionist" for Johns Hopkins whether they are writing after Thom and before Jacob, or after Jacob and Field. Outside of a few sources mostly cited herein, Johns Hopkins is rarely represented as an abolitionist, and his words or deeds are rarely represented as abolitionist ones.
Hawkins says little about Johns Hopkins in Pioneer, which is republished in 2001 by the Johns Hopkins University Press which again was originally founded in 1878. Hawkins is critical of Thom's biography on Johns Hopkins because of her lack of knowledge of what was really going on at the university. Neither he nor the two writers who later labeled Johns Hopkins an abolitionist (Jacob and Field), mentioned the colored children orphan asylum. Thom however stated that Johns Hopkins said he wanted it built in his "long painstaking will". Johns Hopkins' March 12th, 1873 instruction letter which referred to it was also included at the end of her biography on him.
When one looks at Johns Hopkins, it is much more difficult to call persons of African descent "the uninvited". In her biography of Johns Hopkins, Thom named African born "Mintie" and noted that her elderly daughter as two of the slaves who remained on the White Hall plantation, Johns Hopkins' birthplace, after the able-bodied slaves were freed. One or more letters between Johns Hopkins and his mother mentioned "Mintie".
Because of memories of Johns Hopkins were still fresh, many say, Kelly Miller, became the first African American student at Johns Hopkins University. He was admitted to its graduate school to study physics, mathematics, and astronomy in the 1880s. He did not graduate because of a tuition increase. He became the future founder of Howard University's sociology department, Howard University's Dean of the Arts and Sciences and a prolific writer. Such memories, his influence, and knowledge of his abolitionism, seemed to have waned both within and outside of the institutions named for him. Because of segregation at Johns Hopkins University, the first undergraduate African American student, a Baltimore native Frederick Isadore Scott, was not admitted until the 1940s. Scott also became the first African American graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in 1950. He majored in chemical engineering.[22]
Moreover, because his writings were so few almost no one knows what Johns Hopkins thought about admitting blacks to Johns Hopkins University. He however said specifically about the hospital that it should provide quality personnel, facilities, services and care to the poor, no matter their age first, their sex second, and their color third. When Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889 African Americans were served and African Americans have been served there thereafter. Still, it was not until 1967, seventeen years after Scott's graduation in 1950, that an African American, the late Robert Gamble and Nigerian born British trained James Nabwangu, graduated from the famed Johns Hopkins Medical School. [23] That same year African Americans, Miriam DeCosta Sugarmon and Percy Pierre received doctorates from Johns Hopkins University, she in Romance Languages and he in Electrical Engineering, making them the first African Americans to graduate from Johns Hopkins University's doctoral programs.[24] That same year, 1967, was the one hundredth anniversary of the documents Johns Hopkins used to incorporate the Johns Hopkins Institutions, the one hundredth and sixtieth anniversary of his family's 1807 emancipation of their slaves, the one hundredth and fiftieth anniversary of the Dred Scott case in 1857 and of Johns Hopkins' service as a trustee of the school Myrtilla Miner founded for black females. This school is now considered to be the founding institution of the University of the District of Columbia (UDC), one of the HBCUs (historically black colleges and universities}. This year, 2007, is the two hundredth anniversary of the 1807 emancipation, and the one hundredth and fortieth anniversary of his incorporation of a university, a hospital, and a colored orphan asylum in 1867.
DeCosta Sugarmon received a master's degree in Romance Languages from the Johns Hopkins University in 1960 making an African American woman the first to receive a graduate degree from the Johns Hopkins University. James Nabwangu now a neurosurgeon in the Dakotas, received a bachelor's degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences in 1964, fourteen years after Scott graduated from the university in 1950 with a bachelor's degree in engineering.
The institutions named after Johns Hopkins seem not to have taken the leadership whether it came to "color", "age", which Johns Hopkins listed before "sex" and 'color",or "sex" which was listed between "age" and "color", in his March 12th 1873 instruction letter to the members of the hospital board of trustees. Johns Hopkins University did not admit undergraduate women to Johns Hopkins University until 1970, making it one of the last educational institutions to admit undergraduate women. Women were attending the other schools. In 1889, the same year that the Johns Hopkins Hospital was founded, the Johns Hopkins Nursing School was founded, as Johns Hopkins had requested in his March 12, 1873 instruction letter to the members of the hospital board of trustees. He sent no instruction letter to the second board of trustees, the university board of trustees. Women did gain entry to the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in 1893 when they provided the funds needed to open the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893. A stipulation that required that women be admitted to the medical institutions was attached to these funds.
Similar to the Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Medical School, and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, built in 1889, was segregated until after the 1940s. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, also built in 1889, was segregated in 1892, a few years before the passage of Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896. His contemporaries' and later generations' definitions of "separate but equal" as "separate and unequal" many times contrasted with his and the leader of the hospital trustees' actions before his death. The decision was made to segregate hospital a few years after its founding led by the president of the hospital trustees, Francis King. King who was also a Quaker, and the person who knew Johns' Hopkins' plans before and better than most others according to French, also took leadership in bulding the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum. Both the hospital and the Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Children Orphan Asylum, were built by one of the most renown architects of their time,John Niernsee[25] and only then after travels, correspondences, and visits to similar institutions in Europe. KIng visited and consulted with {{FLorence Nightengale]] whilein Europe, and was a supporter of the women's efforts to attend the university and the hospital.
Finally, in 1948 and 1949, and about sixty years after Kelly Miller enrolled at the graduate school of Johns Hopkins university, Dr. Clifton Wharton, Jr., attended and graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies [(SAIS) in Washington, D.C. making him the first graduate of a graduate program of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. [26] He later become the president of Michigan State University, the first African American CEO of a Fortune 500 company (TIAA-CREF), and a foreign policy advisory to six presidents.
Wharton's graduation occurred about one hundred and fifty four years after this child of Quaker slave owners' birth in 1795, one hundred and forty one years since the 1807 emancipation and eighty years before Johns Hopkins incorporated a university, hospital and colored children orphan asylum, seventy six years after Johns Hopkins' request that the orphan asylum be founded first, sixty four years after the colored orphan asylum was constructed by one of the best architects of his time, and twenty five years after the orphan asylum was closed after about fifty years of existence in 1924. Until today, those at Johns Hopkins Institutions cite and celebrate Gilman, his vision and administrative ability, and less so Johns Hopkins'. Some publications even say that Johns Hopkins had no vision. Publications after both Jacob and Field often do not use the word "abolitionist " to label him as Thom did in her 1929 biography of him. They, with a few exceptions, almost never view and treat him as an abolitionist, or his deeds and writings as abolitionist ones.
References
1. Johns Hopkins University's website Who was Johns Hopkins''
2.
[1] Genealogical records of Marylanders' Gerrard, and Margaret Johns. Hopkins
3. Genealogical records of Samuel, and Hannah Janney, Hopkins.
4. Johns Hopkins:A Silhouette, Helen Hopkins Thom, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929 -- the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary
5. [3] Johns Hopkins, Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
6. [4] Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
7. [5] is the memoir By George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city and a trustee on the university board of trustees established by Johns Hopkins. Brown said that Johns Hopkins was a wealthy Union man in Baltimore and that the residents of Baltimore city had strong Confederate and Southern leanings.
8. [6] Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
9. Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds
10. [7] published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter.
11. [8] Obituary, Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999,v. 28,no. 16. The first obituary appeared in a rival newspaper in Baltimore, the Baltimore American. There were obituaries in the New York and Chicago newspapers
12. [9] Johns Hopkins University 's website, History of the School of Nursing
13. [10]The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in JSTOR
14. [11] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography.
15. Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica
16.
Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
17. See Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln in the holdings of the Library of Congress
18. [12]
Documents cited in "Chronology", Johns Hopkins University's website. See also "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University",in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, "The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in JSTOR
19. [13] The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on John Hopkins University's website cited immediately above.
20. "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.
21.
Hugh Hawkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University 1874 - 1889, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. The author of the first major history was another alumnus and the university librarian, John C. French, A History of the University Founded by Johns Hopkins, published in 1946.
22.
"The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology.
23. Kate Ledger,"In a Sea of White Faces", Johns Hopkins Medical News
24. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
25. [14] Maryland ArtSource-Artists-John Rudolph Niernsee
26. [15] "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology's references to him, and Decosta.
External links
★ Genealogical Records on Marylanders
★ Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions
★ In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown city Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings
★ In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter
★ The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
★ href="Appleton's_Cyclopedia_of_American_Biography">Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
★ Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum", 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine BY Dr. P. Reynolds
★ Grave site of Johns Hopkins
★ Graveside ceremony for Johns Hopkins
★ Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University
★ The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874 by John Thomas Scharf
★ "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995", Mike Field, the author, contradicts this statement
★ Chronology, Nursing school
★ The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan
★ Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum" By Dr. P. Reynolds
★ Johns Hopkins Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
★ "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43/ JSTOR
★ Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
★ "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.
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