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'Johann Augustus Sutter' (February 28 1803 – June 18 1880) was a Californian of Swiss descent famous for his association with the California Gold Rush (in that gold was discovered by James W. Marshall in Sutter's Mill) and for establishing Sutter's Fort in an area that would later become the capital of the U.S. state of California, Sacramento. Although famous throughout California for his association with the Gold Rush, Sutter ironically died almost poor, having seen his business ventures fail while those of his elder son, Augustus Sutter, prospered.

Contents

Biography

Early years

The New World

New Helvetia

Land grant challenge

Legacy

Books and films

Scholarly studies

Fiction

Films

See also

External links

Biography

Early years

Johann Augustus Sutter was born on February 23 1803 in Kandern, Baden, Germany, when his father came from the nearby town of Rünenberg in Switzerland. He went to school in Neuchâtel, Switzerland and later joined the Swiss army, eventually becoming captain of the artillery. Debts incurred in business dealings, however, compelled Sutter to leave Europe for the United States. In May 1834, he left his wife and seven year old child in Burgdorf, Switzerland, and with a French passport he came on board the ship ''Sully'' which travelled from Le Havre, France, to New York City where it arrived on July 14 1834.

The New World

In the United States, Sutter undertook extensive travels. Together with 35 Germans he moved from the St. Louis area to Santa Fe, then moving to the town of Westport. On April 1, 1838, he joined a group of missionaries, led by the fur trapper Andrew Dripps, and went along the Oregon Trail to Fort Vancouver in Oregon Territory, which he reached in October. With a few companions, he went on board the British bark ''Columbia'' which left Fort Vancouver on November 11 and laid at anchor in Honolulu on December 9. Sutter wanted to settle in California, but the only vessel riding at anchor in the harbor was the brig ''Clementine'' — Sutter managed to be signed on as unpaid supercargo of this brig freighted with a cargo of provisions and general merchandise for the Russian colony of New Archangel, now known as Sitka, Alaska. The ''Clementine'' hoisted anchor on April 20 1839, with Sutter together with 10 Kanakas, two of them women, a few companions, and a Hawaiian bulldog. From the Russian colony at Sitka, where he stayed one month, Sutter traveled by sail to Yerba Buena, now San Francisco, at that time a tiny poor mission station. The ''Clementine'' arrived in Yerba Buena on July 1 1839.

New Helvetia

At the time of Sutter's arrival in California, the territory had a population of only 1,000 Europeans, in contrast with 30,000 Native Americans. It was at that point a part of Mexico and the governor, Juan Bautista Alvarado, granted him permission to settle; in order to qualify for a land grant, Sutter became a Mexican citizen on August 29 1840 - the following year, on June 18, he received title to 48,827 acres (198 km²). Sutter named his settlement New Helvetia, or "New Switzerland," after the homeland of his father. Sutter employed variously Native Americans (of the Miwok and Maidu tribes), Kanakas and Europeans at his compound, which he called Sutter's Fort; he envisioned creating an agricultural utopia, and for a time the settlement was in fact quite large and prosperous. It was for a period the destination for most California-bound immigrants, including the ill-fated Donner Party, whom Sutter attempted to rescue.

A Francophile, Sutter threatened to raise the French flag over California and place New Helvetia under French protection [1], but in 1847 the Mexican land was handed over to the United States. Sutter at first supported the establishment of an independent California Republic but when United States troops briefly seized control of his fort, Sutter did not resist because he was outnumbered.
In 1848 gold was discovered near his sawmill in Coloma, along the American River. Sutter's attempt at keeping this quiet failed when merchant and newspaper publisher Samuel Brannan returned from Sutter's Mill to San Francisco with gold he had acquired there and began publicizing the find. Masses of people overran the land and destroyed nearly everything Sutter had worked for. In order to keep from losing everything, however, Sutter deeded his remaining land to his son, Augustus Sutter. The younger Sutter, who had come from Switzerland and joined his father in September 1848, saw the commercial possibilities of the land and promptly started plans for building a new city he named Sacramento, after the Sacramento River. The elder Sutter deeply resented this because he had wanted the city to be named Sutterville and be built near his New Helvetia domain.

Land grant challenge

Sutter's El Sobrante land grant was challenged by the Squatter's Association, and in 1858 the U.S. Supreme Court denied its validity. Sutter sought reimbursement of his losses associated with the Gold Rush. He received a pension of $250 a month not as a reimbursement of taxes paid on the Sobrante grant at the time Sutter considered it his own. He and wife Nanette moved to Lititz, Pennsylvania. The proximity to Washington, D.C. along with the reputed healing qualities of Lititz Springs appealed to the aging Sutter. He also wanted his three grandchildren to have the benefits of the fine private and Moravian Schools. Sutter built his home across from the Lititz Springs Hotel; the present day General Sutter Inn.
For more than fifteen years, John Sutter, the undisputed founder of California, petitioned Congress for restitution but little was done. On June 16 of 1880, Congress adjourned, once again, without action on a bill which would have given Sutter $50,000. Two days later on June 18, 1880 John Augustus Sutter died in a Washington D.C.hotel. He was returned to Lititz and is buried in the Moravian Cemetery. Mrs. Sutter died the following January and is buried with him.

Legacy

In addition to the links found below, Sutter Street in downtown San Francisco, California is named after him. Sutter's Landing, Sutterville Rd., Sutter Middle School, and Sutterville Elementary School in Sacramento are all named after him. The Sutterville Bend of the Sacramento River is also named after him. Sutter Medical Foundation, a non-profit medical system in Northern California also takes its name in honor of Sutter.

Books and films

Scholarly studies

★ Albert L. Hurtado, ''John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier'' (2006) University of Oklahoma Press, 416 pp. ISBN 0-8061-3772-X.

Fiction

★ Blaise Cendrars ''L'Or'' (1925) (''Sutter's Gold''), a novel

★ Luis Trenker ''Der Kaiser von Kalifornien'', 1936

★ Stefan Zweig narrates the gold story in on of his ''Sternstunden der Menschheit''.

Films

★ ''Days of '49'' (1924) (at IMDB)

★ ''California in '49'' (1929) (at IMDB)

★ ''The Kaiser of California'' (1936) (at IMDB)

★ ''Sutter's Gold'' (1936) (at IMDB)

★ ''Kit Carson'' (1940) (at IMDB)

★ "The Pathfinder" (''The Great Adventure'', 1964) (at IMDB)

★ ''Fortune'' (1969) (at IMDB)

★ '' (1978) (at IMDB)

★ ''California Gold Rush'' (1981) (at IMDB)

★ ''Dream West'' (1986) (at IMDB)

★ ''General Sutter'' (1999) (at IMDB)

See also

★ New Helvetia

★ Sutter, California

★ Sutter Buttes

★ Sutter County, California

★ Sutter Creek, California

★ Sutter's Fort

★ Sutter's Mill

External links

★ His account of the discovery of gold

★ Collection of John Sutter Journal Entries

★ Street names in San Francisco

★ Sutterville, California State Historic Landmark

★ Sutter's Fort, California State Historic Landmark

★ General Sutter Inn Lititz, PA