'Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr.' (born
October 8,
1941) is a professional
civil rights activist and
Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the
Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, and is a prominent leader of the American
Christian left. He is the father of Congressman
Jesse Jackson, Jr.
Early life
Jackson was born 'Jesse Louis Burns' in
Greenville, South Carolina to Helen Burns. Helen Burns was a single mother, aged 16, when he was born. His biological father, Noah Louis Robinson, a former professional boxer and a prominent figure in the black community, was married to another woman when Jesse was born. He was not involved in his son's life. In 1943, two years after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson who would adopt Jesse 14 years later. Jesse went on to take the surname of his step-father.
[1]
Education
Jackson attended Sterling High School, a segregated high school in Greenville, where he was an outstanding student-athlete. Upon graduating in 1959, he rejected a contract from a professional baseball team to attend the racially integrated
University of Illinois on a football scholarship. However, one year later, Jackson transferred to
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (A&T) located in
Greensboro. The change was based on the school's racial biases which included: Jackson being unable to play as a quarterback despite being a star quarterback at his high school and being demoted by his speech professor as an alternate in a public speaking competition team despite the support of his teammates who elected him a place on the team for his superior abilities.
[2]
Jackson is a member of
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity.
Civil rights leader
In 1965, Jesse Jackson participated in
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s movement in Selma, Alabama. When Jackson returned from Selma, he threw himself into King’s effort to establish a beachhead of the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Chicago.
In 1966, King selected Jackson to be head of the SCLC’s
Operation Breadbasket in Chicago, and promoted him to be the national director in 1967. Following the example of
Reverend Leon Sullivan of Philadelphia, a key goal of the new group was to foster “selective buying†(boycotts) as a means to pressure white businesses to hire blacks and purchase goods and services from black contractors. One of Sullivan's precursors was Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a wealthy South Side doctor and entrepreneur and key financial contributor to Operation Breadbasket. Before he moved to Chicago from Mississippi in 1956, Howard, as the head of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, had successfully organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for blacks.
Jackson was present with King in Memphis when he was assassinated on
April 4,
1968, the day after making his famous "I’ve been to the mountaintop" speech given to the
Mason Temple, Church of God in Christ.
Beginning in 1968, Jackson increasingly clashed with
Ralph Abernathy, King's successor as head of the national SCLC. In December, 1971, they had a complete falling out. Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy.†Jackson resigned, called together his allies, and
Operation PUSH was born during the same month. The new group was organized in the home of Dr.
T.R.M. Howard who also became a member of the board of directors and chair of the finance committee.
In 1984, Jackson organized the
Rainbow Coalition, which later merged, in 1996, with Operation PUSH. The newly formed Rainbow PUSH organization brought the reverend's role as an important and effective organizer to the mainstream.
International activities
Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the
Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.
During the 1980s, he achieved wide fame as an African American leader and as a politician, as well as becoming a well-known spokesman for civil rights issues.
★ In 1983, Jackson traveled to
Syria to secure the release of a captured American pilot,
Navy Lt. Robert Goodman who was being held by the Syrian government. Goodman had been shot down over Lebanon while on a mission to bomb Syrian positions in that country. After a dramatic personal appeal that Jackson made to
Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, Goodman was released. Initially, the Reagan administration was skeptical about Jackson's trip to Syria. However, after Jackson secured Goodman's release,
United States President Ronald Reagan welcomed both Jackson and Goodman at the White House on
January 4, 1984
[3]. This helped to boost Jackson's popularity as an American patriot and served as a springboard for his 1984 presidential run.
★ In June 1984, Jackson negotiated the release of twenty-two Americans being held in
Cuba after an invitation by Cuban president
Fidel Castro.
[4]
★ In 1997, Jackson traveled to
Kenya to meet with
Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi as United States President
Bill Clinton's special envoy for democracy to promote free and fair elections.
★ In April 1999, during the
Kosovo War, Jackson traveled to
Belgrade to negotiate the release of three U.S. POWs captured on the Macedonia border while patrolling with a UN peacekeeping unit. He met with the then-Yugoslav president
Slobodan Milošević, who later agreed to release the three men.
[5]
★ On
February 15 2003, Jackson spoke in front of over one million people (estimate) in
Hyde Park,
London at the culmination of the
Anti-War Demonstration against the imminent
invasion of
Iraq by the U.S. and the
United Kingdom.
★ In November 2004, Jackson visited senior politicians and community activists in
Northern Ireland in an effort to encourage better cross-community relations and rebuild the peace process and restore the governmental institutions of the
Belfast Agreement
★ In August 2005, Jackson traveled to
Venezuela to meet
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, following controversial remarks by televangelist
Pat Robertson in which he implied that Chávez should be assassinated. Jackson condemned Robertson's remarks as immoral. After meeting with Chávez and addressing the Venezuelan Parliament, Jackson said that there was no evidence that Venezuela posed a threat to the U.S. Jackson also met representatives from the Afro Venezuela and indigenous communities.
[6]
★ According to an AP-AOL black voices poll in Feb 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote. He was followed by
Condoleezza Rice with 11%.
[7]
Presidential candidate
1984 election
In 1984, Jackson became the second African American (after
Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for
President of the United States, running as a
Democrat.
In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place behind Senator
Gary Hart and former
Vice President Walter Mondale, who eventually won the nomination. Jackson garnered 3.5 million votes and won five primaries, including Michigan.
As he had gained 21% of the popular vote but only 8% of delegates, he afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "p.r. parade of personalities". He also mocked Mondale, saying that
Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul–Minneapolis" area.
[3]
1988 election
Four years later, in 1988, Jackson once again offered himself as a candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. This time, his successes in the past made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized. Although most people did not seem to believe that he had a serious chance at winning, Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, capturing 6.9 million votes and winning eleven primaries. Briefly, after he won 55% of the vote in the
Michigan Democrat caucus, he was considered the frontrunner for the nomination, as he surpassed all the other candidates in total number of pledged
delegates.
Jackson's campaign, however, suffered a significant setback less than two weeks later when he was defeated handily in
Wisconsin primary by
Michael Dukakis. Jackson's showing among white voters in Wisconsin was significantly higher than in his 1984 run, but was also noticeably lower than pre-primary polling had indicated it would be. The discrepancy has been cited as an example of the so-called "
Bradley effect".
[8]
Jackson's run had also been interrupted by an ill-timed event involving his half-brother Noah Robinson Junior. Robinson had a long running feud on a criminal named Leroy "Hambone" Barber who had been convicted of armed robbery against Robinson. While Barber was imprisoned Robinson had written letters to him stating that he would enact a violent revenge upon him upon his release from prison. (These letters would come back to haunt Robinson at a future date). Noah Robinson had made good on his violent promise by contacting imprisoned gang leader and longtime friend
Jeff Fort and wiring him $10,000 to assemble a hit team to hunt down Leroy Barber and have him murdered. Through a
HUMINT asset in Jeff Fort's El Rukn gang, the
Illinois State Police was able to conclude that Robinson had ordered the murder, and he was convicted of
first degree murder and sentenced to
life imprisonment. During Jesse Jackson's campaign he had to answer frequent questions about his brother, who was often referred to as "the
Billy Carter of the Jackson campaign".
[9]
On the heels of Jackson's narrow loss to Dukakis the day before in Colorado, Dukakis' comfortable win in Wisconsin terminated Jackson's momentum. The victory established Dukakis as the clear Democratic frontrunner, and he went on to claim the party's nomination.
[10]
Campaign platform
In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very
liberal platform. Declaring that he wanted to create a "Rainbow Coalition" of various
minority groups, including
African-Americans,
Hispanics, the
poor and
working poor, and
homosexuals, as well as
white progressives who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included:
★ creating a
Works Progress Administration-style program to rebuild America's
infrastructure and provide jobs to all Americans,
★ reprioritizing the
War on Drugs to focus less on
mandatory minimum sentences for drug users (which he views as racially biased) and more on harsher punishments for
money-laundering bankers and others who are part of the "supply" end of "
supply and demand,"
★ reversing
Reaganomics-inspired
tax cuts for the richest ten percent of Americans and using the money to finance
social welfare programs,
★ cutting the
budget of the
Department of Defense by as much as fifteen percent over the course of his administration,
★ declaring
Apartheid-era
South Africa to be a
rogue nation,
★ instituting an immediate
nuclear freeze and beginning
disarmament negotiations with the
Soviet Union,
★ giving
reparations to descendants of black slaves,
★ supporting family farmers by reviving many of
Roosevelt's New Deal–era farm programs,
★ creating a single-payer system of
universal health care,
★ ratifying the
Equal Rights Amendment,
★ increasing federal funding for lower-level
public education and providing free
community college to all,
★ applying stricter enforcement of the
Voting Rights Act, and
★ supporting the formation of a
Palestinian state.
With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its Apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988.
Abortion
Although Jackson was one of the most liberal members of the Democratic Party, his views on abortion were originally more in line with pro-life views. Jackson once endorsed the pro-life
Hyde Amendment and wrote an article in a
1977 National Right to Life Committee News report:
:''"There are those who argue that the right to privacy is of [a] higher order than the right to life ... that was the premise of slavery. You could not protest the existence or treatment of slaves on the plantation because that was private and therefore outside your right to be concerned.''
:''"What happens to the mind of a person, and the moral fabric of a nation, that accepts the aborting of the life of a baby without a pang of conscience? What kind of a person and what kind of a society will we have twenty years hence if life can be taken so casually? It is that question, the question of our attitude, our value system, and our mind-set with regard to the nature and worth of life itself that is the central question confronting mankind. Failure to answer that question affirmatively may leave us with a hell right here on earth."''
However, since then, Rev. Jackson has adopted an openly pro-choice view, believing the right of a woman to terminate a pregnancy is fundamental and should not be infringed in any way by the government.
[11]
2004 presidential election
Jesse Jackson’s most recent project related to presidential politics was gathering information and support to investigate the
2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, particularly the voting results in Ohio and its recount. Jackson called for a congressional debate on the matter, asking for a fair count and national voting standards. He said that the elections in the
United States are each run with different standards by different states with partisan tricks, racial bias, and widespread incompetence and are an open scandal.
Jackson said that he held some hope that the election could be overturned, although he admitted that that was very doubtful.
Jackson compared the voting irregularities of
Ohio to that of the
2004 Ukrainian presidential election, saying that if Ohio were
Ukraine, the U.S. presidential election would not have been certified by the international community. Jackson has called
Ohio Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell inappropriately partisan and said that Blackwell may have been pressured by President
George W. Bush and Vice-President
Dick Cheney to deliver Ohio to the
Republican Party.
Based on information obtained in hearings held by Rep.
John Conyers (Detroit, Michigan) and discovered during a flawed recount of the Ohio presidential vote called for by
Green Party candidate
David Cobb and
Libertarian Party candidate
Michael Badnarik, Jackson suggested that the Ohio voting machines were "rigged" and that some African-Americans were forced to stand in line for six hours in the rain before voting. When asked for evidence, Jackson did not give facts, but replied, "Based on distrusting the system, lack of paper trails, the anomaly of the exit polls."
On January 6, 2005, the U.S. House Judiciary Committee Democrat staff released a 100 page report on the Ohio election. This challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 74-1 by the United States Senate and 267-31 in the
House. Many high-ranking Democrats chose to distance themselves from this debate, including
John Kerry, despite Jesse Jackson personally asking Kerry for help. The call for election reform legislation and voting rights protection nonetheless continued from various citizen groups.
Current activities
While Jesse Jackson was initially critical of the "
Third Way" or more moderate policies of Bill Clinton, he became a key ally in gaining African American support for Clinton and eventually became a close advisor and friend of the Clinton family. Clinton awarded Jesse Jackson the
Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor bestowed on civilians. His son,
Jesse Jackson, Jr., also emerged as a political figure, becoming a member of the
United States House of Representatives from
Illinois.
Jackson is also known as a passionate orator, in the tradition of Southern U.S. and African American
Protestant preaching.
In 2003, Jackson surprised many observers by declining to endorse the campaigns of either the Reverend
Al Sharpton or former Senator
Carol Moseley Braun, the two African-American candidates, in the race for the Democratic Party's 2004 presidential nomination. Instead, Jackson remained largely silent about his preference in the race until late in the primary season, when he allowed Democratic Representative
Dennis Kucinich of
Ohio, another presidential candidate, to speak at a Rainbow/PUSH forum on
March 31,
2004. Although he did not explicitly voice an endorsement of Rep. Kucinich, Jackson described Kucinich as "assuming the burden of saying 'you make the most sense, but you can't win.'"
[12]
He also writes for ''
The Progressive Populist''.
In 2005, he was enlisted as part of the
United Kingdom's "Operation Black Vote", a campaign to encourage more of Britain's ethnic minorities to vote in political elections ahead of the May 2005 General Election.
Also in early 2005, Jackson visited the parents of
Terri Schiavo and their supporters; he supported their unsuccessful bid to keep the disabled
Florida woman alive. In March 2006,
Crystal Gail Mangum had accused three men of the
Duke University Men's Lacrosse team of
raping her. Jackson had agreed to pay the rest of her college tuition regardless of the outcome of the case. The case against the Duke Lacrosse team was later thrown out after all charges were dropped against the three lacrosse players.
[13]
Jackson has taken a key role in the scandal caused by comedic actor
Michael Richards' racially charged comments in November 2006. Richards called Jackson a few days after
the incident to apologize, to which Jackson accepted Richards' apology
[5] and met with him publicly as a means of resolving the situation. Despite this, however, Jackson called for a ban on purchase of the newly released Season 7
DVD of ''
Seinfeld'', a TV show in which Richards starred. Many spectators considered this action both
deceptive and irrelevant to the situation. Jackson also joined black leaders in a call for the elimination of the "
N-word" throughout the entertainment industry.
[6]
On June 23rd, 2007 Jackson was arrested in connection with a crowd protesting at a gun store in a poor suburb of Chicago, IL. Jackson was protesting the fact that the gun store (allegedly) had been selling firearms to local gang members and was contributing to the decay of the community. According to police reports, Jackson refused to stop blocking the front entrance of the store and let customers pass. He was charged with one count of criminal trespass to property.
[7]
Controversies
Remarks about Jews
Jackson has been criticized for some of the remarks he has made about Jews and Jewish issues: that
Nixon was less attentive to poverty in the U.S. because "four out of five [of Nixon's top advisors] are
German Jews and their priorities are on Europe and Asia"; that he was "sick and tired of hearing about the
Holocaust"; that there are "very few Jewish reporters that have the capacity to be objective about
Arab affairs";
[14] In addition Rev. Jackson had referred to Jews as "
Hymies" and to New York City as "Hymietown" in January 1984 during a conversation with Washington Post reporter, Milton Coleman.
[15]
Extra-marital affair
In 2001, it was revealed that Jackson (married since 1962) had an affair with a staffer
Karin Stanford that resulted in the birth of their daughter, Ashley. According to CNN, in August of 1999, The Rainbow Push Coalition had paid Stanford $15,000 in moving expenses and $21,000 in payment for contracting work.
[16] This incident prompted Jackson to withdraw from
activism for a short period of time.
[17] Separate from the 1999 Rainbow Coalition payments, Jackson pays $3,000 a month in child support.
[17]
Family
★ Wife: Jacqueline Lavinia (Brown) Jackson (m. 1962)
★
★ Son:
Jesse Jackson, Jr. (b.
March 11,
1965)
★
★ Son: Yusef DuBois Jackson
★
★ Son: Jonathan Jackson
★
★ Daughter: Santita Jackson
★
★ Daughter: Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Jr.
★
★ Daughter: Ashley (b. May 1999) (with Karin Stanford)
See also
★
I Am - Somebody
★
Jesse Lee Peterson, an outspoken conservative African-American critic of Jesse Jackson
References
★ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''T.R.M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942-1954'' in Glenn Feldman, ed., ''Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South'' (2004 book), 68-95.
★ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito. ''T.R.M. Howard M.D.: A Mississippi Doctor in Chicago Civil Rights,'' A.M.E. Church Review (July-September 2001), 50-59.
Footnotes
1. http://www.wargs.com/other/jacksonj.html
2. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557067/Jackson_Jesse_(Louis).html
3. [1]
4. ''New York Times''
5. PBS ''Frontline'' chronology
6. [2]
7. CBSNews.com
8. Polman, Dick. (2007, January 21). "Barack Obama's race seems to be a second-tier issue", ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', "The American Debate"
9. "Shakedown" by Kenneth Timmerman
10. Dionne, E. J. Jr. (1988, April 6). "Dukakis Defeats Jackson Handily in Wisconsin Vote", ''The New York Times''
11. Reprint of a Washington Post article from 1988
12. [4]
13. Prosecutors Drop Charges in Duke Case Aaron Beard
14. http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/08/16/jackson/index.html
15. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/jackson.htm
16. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/02/01/jackson.money/index.html
17. http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2001/01/19/jackson/index.html
18. http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2001/01/19/jackson/index.html
External links
★
Rainbow/Push Coalition
★
broadcast
★
Jesse Jackson - Keep Hope Alive
★
affiliates
★
quotes
★
Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
★
1988 DNC speech transcript and audio
★
1984 DNC speech transcript and audio
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
