The 'Bailiwick of Jersey' (
Jèrriais: ''Jèrri'') is a British
Crown dependency[1] off the coast of
Normandy,
France.
[2] As well as the island of Jersey itself, the
Bailiwick includes the uninhabited islands of the
Minquiers,
Écréhous, the
Pierres de Lecq[3] and other rocks and reefs. Together with the
Bailiwick of
Guernsey it forms the grouping known as the
Channel Islands. The defence of all these islands is the responsibility of the
United Kingdom. However, Jersey is not part of the UK, nor the
European Union, but is rather a separate possession of
the Crown, comparable to the
Isle of Man. Jersey belongs to the
Common Travel Area.
History
Main articles: History of Jersey
Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England; the island's recorded history extends over a thousand years.
Evidence of bronze-age and early iron-age settlements can be found in many locations around the island. While archaeological evidence of
Roman influence has been found, in particular the coastal headland site at Le Pinacle, Les Landes, where remains of a primitive structure are attributed to Roman temple worship (''fanum''),
[4] evidence for regular Roman occupation has yet to be established.
Formerly under the control of Brittany and named ''Angia'' (also spelled ''Agna''
[5]), Jersey became subject to Viking influence in the ninth century, one of the "Norman Islands". The name for Jersey itself is sourced from a Viking heritage: the Norse suffix ''-ey'' for ''island'' can be found in many places around the northern European coasts. However, the significance of the first part of the island's toponym is unclear. Among theories are that it derives from ''jarth'' (
Old Norse: "earth") or ''
jarl'', or perhaps a personal name, Geirr, to give "Geirr's Island".
[6] Alternatively support for a Celtic origin can be made with reference to the Gaulish ''gar-'' (''oak''), ''ceton'' (''forest''). It is also said to be a corruption of the
Latin ''Caesarea'', the Roman name for the island, influenced by
Old English suffix ''-ey'' for "island";
[7][8] this is plausible if regional pronunciation of Latin implied that ''Caesarea'' was not pronounced [] but [].
The island was eventually annexed to the
Duchy of Normandy by
William Longsword,
Duke of Normandy in 933; his descendant,
William the Conqueror,
conquered England in 1066, which led to the
Duchy of Normandy and the kingdom of
England being governed under one monarch.
[9] The Dukes of Normandy owned considerable estates on the island, and Norman families living on their estates founded many of the historical Norman-French Jersey family names.
King John lost all his territories in mainland Normandy in 1204 to
King Philip II Augustus, but retained possession of Jersey, along with Guernsey and the other Channel Islands; the islands have been internally self-governing since.
[10]
Islanders became involved with the
Newfoundland fisheries in the late sixteenth century.
[11] In recognition for all the help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s,
Charles II gave
George Carteret, Bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies, which he promptly named
New Jersey, now part of the
United States of America.
[12][13]
Trade laid the foundations of prosperity, aided by neutrality between England and France.
[11] The Jersey way of life involved agriculture, fishing, shipbuilding, and production of woollen goods until nineteenth-century improvements in transport links brought tourism to the Island.
Jersey was occupied by
Germany from
1 July,
1940, and was held until
9 May,
1945.
[15]
Politics
The States building in St Helier.
Jersey's legislature is the
States of Jersey. It includes fifty-three
elected members: twelve
senators (elected for six-year terms), twelve
constables (heads of parishes elected for three-year terms), twenty-nine
deputies (elected for three-year terms); the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff (appointed to preside over the assembly and having a casting vote in favour of the status quo when presiding); and three non-voting members (the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General, and the Solicitor General) appointed by the Crown. Government departments are run by a cabinet of ministers under a
Chief Minister. The civil head of the Island is the
Bailiff.
All current States Members have been elected as independents. Formally constituted political parties are unfashionable, although groups of "like-minded members" act in concert.
The
Jersey Democratic Alliance is the only party currently having States Members, although these were elected as independents. The
Centre Party (Jersey) has committed to only proposing candidates for Senatorial elections, though members are free to, and have, stood for Deputy as independents. They would remain independent in the Chamber.
Stuart Syvret is often reported to be of the Jersey
Green Party.
[16]
The legal system is based on
Norman customary law (including the
Clameur de Haro), statute and
English law; justice is administered by the Royal Court.
Elizabeth II's traditional title as head of state is that of
Duke of Normandy, but she does not hold that title formally. She reigns by her position as Queen over a crown dependency. Her representative in the island is the Lieutenant Governor, who has but a token involvement in island politics. Since 2006, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been
Lieutenant General Andrew Ridgway.
Parishes
Main articles: Parishes of Jersey
Map of the parishes of Jersey
Administratively, Jersey is divided into twelve
parishes. All have access to the sea and are named after the saints to whom their ancient parish churches are dedicated:
★
Grouville (historically ''Saint Martin de Grouville''; incorporating
Les Minquiers)
★
Saint Brélade
★
Saint Clement
★
Saint Helier
★
Saint John
★
Saint Lawrence
★
Saint Martin (historically ''Saint Martin le Vieux''; incorporating
Les Écréhous)
★
Saint Mary
★
Saint Ouen
★
Saint Peter
★
Saint Saviour
★
Trinity
The
parishes of Jersey are further divided into ''
vingtaines'' (or, in St. Ouen, ''cueillettes''), divisions which are historic and nowadays mostly used for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency.
The Constable (''Connétable'') is the head of each parish, elected at a public election for a three year term to run the parish and to represent the municipality in the States. The
Procureur du Bien Public (two in each parish) is the legal and financial representative of the parish, (elected at a public election since 2003 in accordance with the ''Public Elections (Amendment) (Jersey) Law 2003''; formerly an Assembly of Electors of each parish elected the Procureurs in accordance with the ''Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales''). A ''Procureur du Bien Public'' is elected for a mandate of three years as a public trustee for the funds and property of the parish and to be empowered to pass contract on behalf of the parish if so authorised by a Parish Assembly.
''
Centeniers'' are elected at a public election within each parish for a term of three years to undertake policing within the parish. The ''Centenier'' is the only officer authorised to charge and bail offenders. Formerly, the senior ''Centenier'' of each parish (known as the ''Chef de Police'') deputised for the Constable in the States of Jersey when the Constable was unable to attend a sitting of the States. This function has now been abolished.
International relations
Jersey Airport greets travellers with "Welcome to Jersey" in Jèrriais.
Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey negotiates directly with foreign governments on matters within the competence of the States of Jersey. Jersey maintains a permanent non-diplomatic representation in
Caen, the ''Bureau de Jersey'', and a branch office in
Rennes. A similar office, the ''Maison de Normandie'', in St. Helier represents the ''
Conseil général'' of
Manche and the ''
Conseil régional'' of
Basse-Normandie and hosts the Consulate of France.
Jersey is a member of the
British-Irish Council, the
Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the
Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. Jersey is aiming to become a full member of the
Commonwealth in its own right.
[17]
Dicey and Morris (p26)
[18] list the separate States comprising the British Islands: "England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, [Hern] and Sark. . . is a separate country in the sense of the conflict of laws, though not one of them is a State known to public international law."
In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK
Lord Chancellor signed an agreement
[19] which established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. The agreement stated that:
★ the UK has no democratic accountability in and for Jersey;
★ the UK will not act internationally on behalf of Jersey without prior consultation;
★ Jersey has an international identity which is different from that of the UK;
★ the UK recognises that the interests of Jersey may differ from those of the UK, and the UK will seek to represent any differing interests when acting in an international capacity;
★ the UK and Jersey will work together to resolve or clarify any differences which may arise between their respective interests.
In a survey of 700 people carried out by
Channel Television in the summer of 2000, 68% supported independence from the United Kingdom.
[20] Senator (now Deputy) Paul le Claire lodged a ''projet'' calling for Jersey's independence shortly thereafter. Subsequently, the Jersey Law Review published an editorial
[21] and articles touching on the possibility of full independence.
[22] In 2007 the Chief Minister was reported
[23] as saying that Jersey had contingency plans in case independence were to be forced upon the Island or if Jersey wanted to move towards independence at a later date.
On
20 June 2007, Jersey signed an agreement
[24] regarding the exchange of information relating to tax matters. This was reported
[25] as the bailiwick's first tax treaty with a European state as a state in its own right (and the second after a similar agreement with the United States in 2002).
The
Federal Court of Justice of Germany ruled on
1 July 2002 (case: II ZR 380/00), that under German law, for the purposes of § 110 of the German Civil Procedures Act (ZPO), Jersey is to be deemed to be part of the United Kingdom and of the European Union as well. The European Union classes Jersey as a "special territory". It is part of the
Common Customs Territory.
Geography
Satellite view of Jersey.
Jersey is an island measuring 118.2
square kilometres
(65,569
vergée / 46
mi.), including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the
English Channel, approximately 22.5
kilometres (12
nm) from the
Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy,
France, and approximately 161 kilometres (100 mi) south of
Great Britain.
[26] It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands.
The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers,
[27] it also averages the most sunshine per year in the British Isles.
[28] The terrain consists of a plateau sloping from long sandy bays in the south to rugged cliffs in the north. The plateau is cut by valleys running generally north-south.
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Jersey
Thanks to specialisation in a few high return sectors, at
purchasing power parity Jersey has very high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. The
CIA World Factbook estimate of Jersey's
GDP per capita for 2005 is US$57,000, which was beaten only by two other small states with similar economic characteristics,
Bermuda and
Luxembourg. Jersey's economy is based on
financial services,
tourism,
electronic commerce and
agriculture; financial services contribute approximately sixty percent of the Island's economy,
and the Island is recognised as one of the
leading offshore financial centres.
In June 2005 the States introduced the Competition (Jersey) Law 2005
[29] in order to regulate
competition and stimulate economic growth. This
competition law was based on that of other jurisdictions.
Major agricultural products are
potatoes and dairy produce. The source of milk is
Jersey cattle, a small breed of cow that has also been acknowledged (though not widely so) for the quality of its meat.
[30][31] Small-scale organic beef production has been reintroduced in an effort to diversify the industry.
Farmers and growers often sell surplus food and flowers in boxes on the roadside, relying on the honesty of those who pass to drop the correct change into the money box and take what they want.
On
February 18 2005, Jersey was granted
Fairtrade Island status.
[32]
The absence of
VAT has led to the recent growth of the "fulfilment" industry, whereby low-value luxury items, such as videos, lingerie and contact lenses are exported to the UK, avoiding VAT on arrival and thus undercutting UK prices on the same products. In 2005, the States of Jersey announced limits on licences granted to non-resident companies trading in this way.
Duty-free goods are available for purchase on travel to and from the Island.
Aside from its banking and finance underpinnings Jersey also depends on tourism. Notable hotels include:
★ the Pomme d'Or overlooking Liberation Square in St. Helier, which during the occupation served as the German Navy Headquarters
[33] and from whose balcony the Liberation force raised the Union Flag on Liberation Day,
9 May 1945;
★ the Hotel de France, formerly the Imperial and the
Jesuit college, in St. Saviour overlooking the town of St. Helier;
★ the Hotel L'Horizon in St. Brelade's Bay.
★ La Grande Vere, in St. Helier overlooking St. Aubins Bay, with views of
Elizabeth Castle and the Waterfront.
Taxation
Until the twentieth century, the States relied on indirect taxation to finance the administration of Jersey. The levying of ''impôts'' (duties) was in the hands of the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats until 1921 when that body's tax raising powers were transferred to the Assembly of the States, leaving the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats to serve simply as licensing bench for the sale of alcohol (this fiscal reform also stripped the Lieutenant-Governor of most of his effective remaining administrative functions). The Income Tax Law of 1928 introducing
income tax was the first law drafted entirely in English. Income tax has been levied at a
flat rate of 20% for decades.
As VAT has not been levied in the Island, luxury goods have often been cheaper than in the UK or in France, providing an incentive for tourism from neighbouring countries.
On
13 May 2005, the States of Jersey approved the introduction of a
goods and services tax, scheduled for 2008.
[34]
Currency
Twin
cash machines at a bank which dispensed a choice of Bank of England or Jersey banknotes. Since the intervention of the Treasurer of the States in 2005, cash machines generally (with the exception of those at the Airport and Elizabeth Harbour) no longer dispense a choice of English or Jersey notes.
Jersey issues its own
Jersey banknotes and coins which circulate with UK coinage,
Bank of England notes,
Scottish notes and
Guernsey currency within the Island.
Coinage
Designs on the reverse of
Jersey coins:
★ 1p
Le Hocq Tower (coastal defence)
★ 2p L'Hermitage, site where Saint
Helier lived
★ 5p Seymour Tower (offshore defence)
★ 10p La Pouquelaye de Faldouet (
dolmen)
★ 20p
La Corbière lighthouse
★ 50p Grosnez Castle (ruins)
Pound coins are issued, but are much less widely used than pound notes. Designs on the reverse of Jersey pound coins include historic ships built in Jersey and a series of the twelve parishes' crests. The motto round the milled edge of Jersey pound coins is ''Insula Caesarea'' (
Latin: "Island of Jersey"). Two pound coins are issued also, but in very small quantities.
Demographics
Mont Orgueil was built in the thirteenth century to protect Jersey from French invasion.
The Island is host to large number of people born outside Jersey; 47% of the population are not originally from the island.
[35]
Thirty percent of the population is concentrated in
Saint Helier, the island's only town. Of the roughly 88,000 people in Jersey, around two-fifths are of Jersey/Norman descent and two-fifths of British (English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish) descent. The largest minority groups in the island, after the British, are Portuguese (around 7%, especially
Madeiran), Irish and Polish. The French community is also always present. The people of Jersey are often called Islanders, or in individual terms Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Most Jersey-born people consider themselves British and value the special relationship between the British Crown and the Island.
Religion in Jersey has a complex history and much diversity. The
established church is the
Church of England. In the countryside,
Methodism found its traditional stronghold. A minority of
Roman Catholics can also be found in Jersey, with two Catholic private schools (
De La Salle College in Saint Saviour being an all-boys Catholic school, and Beaulieu Convent School down the road in Saint Helier being an all-girls school where the sisters still have a presence in school life).
Jersey has an aging population. The main reason for this change particular to Jersey is the emigration of young people seeking opportunities the Island cannot provide.
For immigration and nationality purposes the United Kingdom generally treats Jersey as though it were part of the UK. However, Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration by non-Jersey residents and maintains its own immigration and border controls. Population is currently controlled by restrictions on those without ''residential status'' purchasing or renting property in the Island. Although Jersey citizens are full British citizens, an endorsement restricting the right of establishment in European Union states other than the UK is placed in the Jersey passport of British citizens connected solely with the Channel Islands and Isle of Man. Those who have a parent or grandparent born in the United Kingdom, or who have lived in the United Kingdom for five years, are not subject to this restriction.
Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821, the most recent being the 2001 Census on
March 11.
Culture
Jèrriais road sign ("The black road") in Saint-Ouën.
Victor Hugo in exile, 1850s.
Until the nineteenth century, indigenous
Jèrriais — a
variety of
Norman French — was the language of the island, though
French was used for official business. During the twentieth century, however, an intense
language shift took place and Jersey today is predominantly English-speaking. Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three per cent) are reckoned to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 percent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools, and the highest number of declared Jèrriais speakers is in the capital.
The
dialects of Jèrriais differ in
phonology and, to a lesser extent,
lexis between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. Anglicisation of the
toponymy increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.
Some
Neolithic carvings are the earliest works of artistic character to be found in Jersey. Only fragmentary wall-paintings remain from the rich mediaeval artistic heritage, after the wholesale
iconoclasm of the
Calvinist reformation of the sixteenth century.
Printing arrived in Jersey only in the 1780s, but the Island supported a multitude of regular publications in French (and Jèrriais) and English throughout the nineteenth century, in which poetry, most usually topical and satirical, flourished (see
Jèrriais literature).
John Everett Millais,
Elinor Glyn, and
Wace are among Jersey's artistic figures.
Lillie Langtry, the ''Jersey Lily'', is the Island's most widely recognised cultural icon. The famous French writer,
Victor Hugo, lived in exile in Jersey from 1852 to 1855.
The Island is particularly famous for the
Battle of Flowers, a carnival held annually since 1902.
[36]
Every year in Howard Davis park Jersey hosts its annual music festivals including Rock in the Park and its newly named Avanchi presents Jazz in July.
The Island's
patron saint is Saint
Helier.
[37]
Media
Local newspaper ''
Jersey Evening Post'' hosts a weekly Jèrriais column accompanied by English-language précis.
Jersey's only newspaper, the ''
Jersey Evening Post'', claims that it has an average issue readership of 73% of adults in Jersey and that over the course of a week 93 per cent of all adults will read a copy of the newspaper,
[38] it being the main printed source of local news and official notices. The newspaper features a weekly Jèrriais column accompanied by English-language précis.
BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service and Spotlight Channel Islands provides a joint television news services with Guernsey but with headquarters in Jersey.
Channel Television is a regional
ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey.
Channel 103 is a commercial radio station.
Cinema
Jersey Film Festival, 2005.
In 1909, T.J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 (demolished 1977). The
Jersey Film Society was founded on
11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The first
talking picture, ''The Perfect Alibi'', was shown on
30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 — during the German Occupation this was used for German propaganda films. The Odeon Cinema (now the New Forum) was opened
2 June 1952.
Since 1997, Kevin Lewis (formerly of The Cine Centre and now of the New Forum) has arranged the
Jersey Film Festival, a charity event showing the latest and also classic films outdoors in
35 mm on a big screen. The 2006 festival was held in Howard Davis Park, St Helier on the
12-
18 August 2006. In August 2006, plans were revealed to convert the former Odeon building into a department store while retaining the landmark architecture.
Food and drink
''Jersey wonders'', or ''mèrvelles'', are a favourite snack consisting of fried dough, especially at country fêtes. According to tradition, the success of cooking depends on the state of the tide.
Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey:
mussels (called ''moules'' locally),
oysters,
lobster and
crabs — especially
spider crabs —
ormers, and
conger.
Jersey
milk being very rich,
cream and
butter have played a large part in insular cooking. ''(See
Channel Island milk)'' However there is no indigenous tradition of cheese making, contrary to the custom of mainland Normandy, but some cheese is produced commercially. Jersey
fudge, mostly imported and made with milk from overseas Jersey cattle herds, is a popular food product with tourists.
Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of
new potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of small potatoes from the south-facing côtils (steeply-sloping fields). They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter.
Apples historically were an important crop. ''Bourdélots'' are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (''lé nièr beurre''), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices.
Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (''les mèrvelles''), fliottes, bean crock (''les pais au fou''),
nettle (''ortchie'') soup, vraic buns.
Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late twentieth century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Apple brandy is also produced, as is some wine.
Environment
Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as
Sites of Special Interest (SSI): Les Landes, Les Blanches Banques and La Lande du Ouest. A large area of intertidal zone is designated as a
Ramsar site.
Jersey is the home of
Durrell Wildlife (formerly known as the Jersey Zoological Park) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper, and author
Gerald Durrell.
See also
Footnotes and references
1. www.gov.je — Welcome to the States of Jersey website
2. WHERE IS JERSEY
3. Walking — Walking Routes — Moonwalks
4. Countryside Character Appraisal — Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland
5. History of stamps
6. "Jersey", ''Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names''. John Everett-Heath. Oxford University Press 2005. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Oxford University Press. Jersey Library. 6 October 2006
7. Online Etymological Dictionary
8. The Early Relations between Newfoundland and the Channel Islands, , H. W., Le Messurier, Geographical Review,
9. A Short Constitutional History of Jersey
10. A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands, , Anthony, Liddicoat, Walter de Gruyter, , ISBN 3-11-012631-1
11. From Outpost to Outport, , Rosemary E., Ommer, McGill-Queen's University Press, , ISBN 0-7735-0730-2
12. Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake, , Daniel J., Weeks, Lehigh University Press, , ISBN 0-934223-66-1
13. The Development of American Agriculture, , Willard W., Cochrane, University of Minnesota Press, , ISBN 0-8166-2283-3
14. From Outpost to Outport, , Rosemary E., Ommer, McGill-Queen's University Press, , ISBN 0-7735-0730-2
15. What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands?
16. Green Islands Network
17. Jersey Evening Post, 23 September 2006
18.
★ Dicey & Morris. (1993) ''The Conflict of Laws'' 12th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. (pp26/30) ISBN 0-420-48280-6
19. Jersey and UK agree framework for developing Jersey’s international identity
20. Channel Isles.
21. ''The Sword of Damocles'', Jersey Law Review, Volume 6, Issue 3, October 2002
22. "Jersey and the United Kingdom: a choice of destiny", ''Jersey Law Review'', Volume 8, Issue 3, October 2004.
23. Jersey Evening Post 21 April 2007
24. http://www.gov.je/ChiefMinister/International+Finance/NetherlandsandJerseysigntaxagreement.htm
25. Jersey Evening Post, 22 June 2007
26. As of October 15 2006, the States of Jersey indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the north-west coast of France and 140 km south of England".
27. CIA — The World Factbook — Jersey
28. This is Jersey — Out and About — Weather & Tides — Index
29. http://www.jcra.je/pdf/051101%20Competition-Jersey-Law--2005.pdf
30. Jersey's cash cow
31. CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies
32. Island achieves Fairtrade status
33. Night and Fog Prisoners, , Peter D., Hassall, Jersey Heritage Trust, ,
34. March 8 2005 Proposition P44/2005: Fiscal Strategy
★ May 12 2005
★
★ Amendment — paragraphs (a), (b) and (d)
★
★ Amendment — paragraph (c)
★ May 13 2005 States votes
★
★ Paragraphs (a)(i) and (ii)
★
★ Paragraph (a)(iii)
★
★ Paragraph (c)
★
★ Paragraph (d), as amended
35. 2001 Census
36. The Jersey Battle of Flowers
37. Saint Helier — Saint Hélyi — Saint Hélier
38. At the heart of Island life since 1890
Print
★ ''Jersey Through the Centuries'', Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984, ISBN 0-86120-003-9
External links
★
States of Jersey
★
Jersey Tourism
★
Jersey Legal Information Board (JLIB)
★
Les Pâraîsses d'Jèrri en Jèrriais ''(map of parishes, coat-of-arms, and history)''
★
BBC Jersey
★
Société Jersiaise
★
Jersey History
★
This is Jersey (Local Portal)
★
Independent visitors guide
★
Jersey in ''
The World Factbook''
★
Map of Jersey
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