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A number of 'war fans' were used in Japanese feudal warfare, of varying size and material, for different purposes. One of the most significant, and perhaps most interesting, uses was as a signalling device. Signalling fans came in three varieties: a tasseled pom-pon, a solid iron fan, or a wood and paper one, very similar to the ''gunbai'' used today by sumo referees. The commander would raise or lower his fan and point in different ways to issue commands to the soldiers, which would then be passed on by other forms of visible and audible signalling. The art of fighting with war fans is tessenjutsu.

Contents

Types of war fan

War fans in history and folklore

War fans in popular culture

Harisen

War Fan of Asia

See also

Reference

Types of war fan

★ '' were large iron fans, sometimes built on a wooden core, which were carried by high-ranking officers. They were used to ward off arrows, as a sunshade, and to signal to troops.

★ '' were folding fans used by the average warriors to cool themselves off. They were made of bronze, brass or a similar metal for the inner spokes, and often used iron for the outer spokes, making them lightweight but strong. Warriors would hang their fans from a variety of places, most typically from the belt or the breastplate, though the latter often impeded the use of a sword or a bow.

★ '' were tasseled signalling fans which would be used by a commander to signal troop movements.

★ '' were folding fans with outer spokes made of iron which were designed to look like normal, harmless folding fans or solid clubs shaped to look like a closed fan. Samurai could take these to places where swords or other overt weapons were not allowed, and some swordsmanship schools included training in the use of the ''tessen'' as a weapon. The ''tessen'' was also used for fending off arrows and darts, as a throwing weapon, and as an aid in swimming, like hand-flippers.

War fans in history and folklore

One particularly famous legend involving war fans concerns a direct confrontation between Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin at the fourth battle of Kawanakajima in 1561. Kenshin burst into Shingen's command tent on horseback, having broken through his entire army, and attacked, his sword was deflected by Shingen's war fan. It is not clear whether Shingen parried with a ''tessen'', a ''dansen uchiwa'', or some other form of fan. Nevertheless, it was quite rare for commanders to fight directly, and especially for a general to defend himself so effectively when taken so off-guard.
Minamoto no Yoshitsune is said to have defeated the great warrior monk Benkei with a ''tessen''.
Araki Murashige is said to have used a ''tessen'' to save his life when the great warlord Oda Nobunaga sought to assassinate him. Araki was invited before Nobunaga, and was stripped of his swords at the entrance to the mansion, as was customary. When he performed the customary bowing at the threshold, Nobunaga intended to have the room's sliding doors slammed shut onto Araki's neck, killing him. However, Araki supposedly placed his ''tessen'' in the grooves in the floor, blocking the doors from closing.
The Yagyū clan, sword instructors to the Tokugawa shoguns, included ''tessenjutsu'' in their swordschool, the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū.

War fans in popular culture

Many fictional characters use war fans as weapons in battle: Yumi Ishiyama in the French animated series ''Code Lyoko'' uses war fans as her weapons, as do Mai Shiranui of ''Fatal Fury'', ''King of Fighters'', Anji Mito of Guilty Gear X, and Kitana of ''Mortal Kombat'', and Temari from ''Naruto'' fights with a giant metal fan. Kagura from the anime ''InuYasha'' wields a fan to use her powers. Tasuki from ''Fushigi Yūgi'' is also known for wielding a flaming war fan. The Kyoshi Island Warriors from use metal fans as their primary weapon and even utilize retractable fans as wrist shields. Jinta Hanakari, a supporting character in the anime and manga series Bleach wields an oversized Tessen as a weapon. Hakuoro, the masked protagonist of Utawarerumono, fights with a metal fan in all his battles. The psychopathic character Kazuo Kiriyama is given a harisen in the movie ''Battle Royale''. In Negima, Negi's main partner Asuna is initially equipped with a harisen when her contract is activated rather than the large sword on her Pactio card. Also, in Super Mario RPG, one of Princess Toadstool's weapons is a War Fan. In the game Soulcalibur III, certain classes in Character Creation Mode can equip war fans. In recognition of the aforementioned conflict at Kawanakajima, Takeda Shingen wields a dansen uchiwa in Samurai Warriors and Samurai Warriors 2 the character Mitsunari Ishida also from the same game wields a tessen. Several playable characters in the Dynasty Warriors video game franchise wield war fans in battle.
War fans have also been named as ''shukusen'' in some popular culture. An example of this is in Tamora Pierce's Quartet: Protector of the Small. In this set of books, Yamani women wield deadly metal fans which they use for decoration, complex fan dances and self-defense. It is interesting to note that Yamani culture is partly based on historical Japanese culture.
In the film The Last Samurai one of the samurai is briefly seen practicing with a war fan before the final battle of the movie.
In the computer game Battle Realms, the units called the Fan Geisha, healers of the Serpent clan, use razor war fans as weapons.

Harisen

The 'harisen' (literally meaning "''paper fan''" in Japanese) is a giant paper fan. Usually made in a closed fashion, it is used in Japanese comedy shows as a form of physical comedy. This is what is usually seen in anime when a character smacks another on the head with a paper fan.

War Fan of Asia

Fans are also used for offensive and defensive purposes in the Chinese and Korean martial arts. They are called "铁扇" (''tiě shān'', literally 'steel fan') in Chinese, and "Buchae" in Korean.

See also

★ Jutte

Reference

★ Ratti, Oscar and Adele Westbrook (1973). Secrets of the Samurai. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.