(Redirected from Japanese occupation of Taiwan)The 'Japanese colonial period', 'Japanese rule' or the 'Imperial Japanese occupation',
[ ] in the context of
Taiwan's history, refers to the period between
1895 and
1945 during which Taiwan was a
Japanese colony. The expansion into Taiwan was a part of Japan's general policy of southward expansion during the late
19th Century.
It has been argued that Japanese rule in Taiwan was markedly different from in
Korea and other parts of Asia. As Taiwan was Japan's first overseas colony, Japanese intentions were to turn the island into a showpiece "model colony".
[1] As a result, much effort was made to improve the island's
economy,
industry,
public works and
culture. However, Japanese rule of Taiwan also had a negative side, such as the forced prostitution of Taiwanese women as
comfort women.
[2]
The relative failures of immediate post-
World War II rule by the
Kuomintang led to a certain degree of nostalgia amongst the older generation of Taiwanese who experienced both. This has affected, to some degree, issues such as
national identity,
ethnic identity and the
Taiwan independence movement. The comparative lack of
anti-Japanese sentiment amongst Taiwanese society is often not understood by
overseas Chinese communities and
mainland Chinese.
History
''See also:
History of Taiwan.''
Background
Japan had sought to expand its imperial control over Taiwan (known in Japan as ''Takasago Koku'' (é«˜ç ‚åœ‹, "Highland nation") since
1592, when
Toyotomi Hideyoshi undertook a policy of overseas expansion and extending Japanese influence southward.
[ Chapter 3 ] Several attempts to invade Taiwan were unsuccessful, mainly due to disease and armed resistance by aborigines on the island. In
1609, the
Tokugawa Shogunate sent
Haruno Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. In
1616,
Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.
In November of
1871, a vessel from the Kingdom of
Ryukyu, with 69
Ryukyu people on board, were forced to land near the southern tip of Taiwan by strong winds. They had a conflict with local
Paiwan aborigines and many were killed in the process. In October of 1872, Japan sought compensation from the Qing Dynasty of China, claiming the Kingdom of
Ryukyu was part of Japan. In May of 1873, the Japanese diplomats arrived in Beijing and put forward their claims, the Qing government immediately rejected Japanese demands on the ground that the Kingdom of
Ryukyu at that time was an independent state and had nothing to do with Japan. The Japanese refused to leave and asked if the Chinese government would punish those "barbarians in Taiwan".
The Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines on Taiwan: those directly governed by the Qing, and those unnaturalized "raw barbarians... beyond the reach of Chinese culture. Thus could not be directly regulated." They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution. The Qing Dynasty made it clear to the Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing jurisdiction, even though part of that island's aboriginal population was not yet under the influence of Chinese culture. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal population within a national boundary was not under the influence of the dominant culture of that country.
[3]
The Japanese nevertheless launched an expedition with a force of 3000 soldiers in April of 1874. In May of 1874, The Qing Dynasty began to send in troops to reinforce the island. By the end of the year, the government of Japan decided to withdraw its forces after realizing Japan was still not ready for a war with China.
The number of casualties for the Paiwan was about 30, and that for the Japanese was 543 (12 Japanese soldiers were killed in battle and 531 by disease).
Cession of Taiwan (1895)
.jpg)
Japanese Soldiers Entering Taipei City in 1895 after the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
By the
1890s, about 45 percent of Taiwan was administered under standard Chinese administration while the remaining lightly populated regions of the interior were under
aboriginal control. The
First Sino-Japanese War broke out between
Qing Dynasty China and
Japan in
1894 following a dispute over the sovereignty of
Korea. Following its defeat, China ceded the islands of Taiwan and
Penghu to
Japan in the
Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on
April 17,
1895. According to the terms of the treaty, Taiwan, Penghu, and regions between 119ËšE-120ËšE and 13ËšE-14ËšN were to be ceded to Japan in perpetuity. Both governments were to send representatives to Taiwan immediately after signing to begin the transition process, which was to be completed in no more than two months. Because Taiwan was ceded by treaty, the period that followed is referred to by some as the "colonial period", while others who focus on the fact that it was the culmination of a war prefer to refer to it as the "occupation period".
Though the terms dictated by Japan were harsh, it is reported that Qing China's leading statesman
Li Hongzhang sought infamously to assuage
Empress Dowager Cixi with: "birds do not sing and flowers are not fragrant on the island of Taiwan. The men and women are inofficious and are not passionate either."
[4] The loss of Taiwan would become a rallying point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that followed. Arriving in Taiwan, the new Japanese colonial government gave inhabitants two years to choose whether to accept their new status as Japanese subjects, or leave Taiwan.
[ Chapter 7 ]
Early years (1895-1915)
GotÅ Shimpei, Chief of Home Affairs, 1896-1918
The "early years" of Japanese administration on Taiwan typically refers to the period between the Japanese forces' first landing in May
1895 and the Tapani incident of 1915, which marked the high point of armed resistance. During this period, popular resistance to Japanese rule was high, and the world questioned whether a non-Western nation such as Japan could effectively govern a colony of its own. An
1897 session of the
Japanese Diet debated whether to sell Taiwan to
France. During these years, the post of Governor-General of Taiwan was held by a military general, as the emphasis was on suppression of the insurgency.
In
1898, the
Meiji government of Japan appointed Count
Kodama GentarÅ as the fourth Governor-General, with the talented civilian politician
GotÅ Shimpei as his Chief of Home Affairs, establishing the
carrot and stick approach towards governance that would continue for several years.
This marked the beginning of a colonial government (formally known as the Office of the Governor-General, or OGG) dominated by Japanese, but subject to Japanese law.
The Japanese approaches to colonial Taiwan could be roughly divided into two views. The first, supported by GotÅ, held that from a biological perspective, the natives could not be completely assimilated. Thus, Japan would have to follow the British approach, and Taiwan would never be governed exactly the same way as the
Home Islands, but would be governed under a whole new set of laws. The opposing viewpoint was held by future
Prime Minister Hara Takashi, who believed that the Taiwanese and Koreans were similar enough to the Japanese to be fully absorbed into Japanese society, and was thus in favor of using the same legal and governmental approaches on the colonies as those used in the Home Islands.
Colonial policy towards Taiwan mostly followed the approach championed by GotÅ during his tenure as Chief of Home Affairs between
1896 and
1918. During this period, the colonial government was authorized to pass special laws and edicts, while wielding complete executive, legislative, and military power. With this absolute power, the colonial government moved to maintain social stability, while suppressing dissent.
DÅka: "Integration" (1915-1937)
A 1912 map of Japan, including Taiwan.
The second period of Japanese rule is generally classified as being between the end of the
1915 Tapani Incident, and the
Marco Polo Bridge Incident of
1937, which began Japan's involvement in what would become
World War II. World events during this period, such as
World War I, would drastically alter the perception of
colonialism in the Western world, and give rise to growing waves of
nationalism amongst colonial natives, as well as the ideas of
self determination. As a result, colonial governments throughout the world began to make greater concessions to natives, and colonial governance was gradually liberalized.
The political climate in Japan was also undergoing changes during this time. In the mid-
1910s the Japanese government had gradually democratized in what is known as the
TaishÅ period, where power was concentrated in the elected
Diet. In
1919,
Den KenjirÅ was appointed to be the first civilian Governor-General of Taiwan. Prior to his departure for Taiwan, he conferred with Prime Minister
Hara Takashi, where both men agreed to pursue a policy of "DÅka" (åŒåŒ–, Tónghùa in
Hanyu Pinyin, literally "assimilation"), where Taiwan would be viewed as an extension of the Home Islands, and the Taiwanese would be educated to understand their role and responsibilities as Japanese subjects. The new policy was formally announced in
October 1919.
This policy was continued by the Colonial Government for the next 20 years. In the process, local governance was instituted, as well as an elected advisory committee which included locals (though strictly in an advisory capacity), and the establishment of a public school system.
Caning was forbidden as a criminal punishment, and the use of the
Japanese language was rewarded. This contrasted sharply with the mostly hands off approach taken by previous administrations towards local affairs, where the only government concerns were "
railways,
vaccinations, and
running water".
KÅminka: "Subjects of the Emperor" (1937-1945)
The final period of Japanese rule in Taiwan began with the eruption of the
Second Sino-Japanese War in
1937 and ended along with the
Second World War in
1945. With the rise of
militarism in Japan in the mid to late
1930s, the office of Governor-General was again held by military officers, and Japan sought to utilize resources and material from Taiwan for use in the war effort. To this end, the cooperation of the Taiwanese would be essential, and the Taiwanese would have to be fully assimilated as members of Japanese society. As a result, earlier social movements were banned and the Colonial Government devoted its full efforts to the "KÅminka movement" (皇民化é‹å‹•, ''kÅminka undÅ''), aimed at fully Japanizing Taiwanese society.
Between
1936 and
1940, the KÅminka movement sought to build "Japanese spirit" (大和é‚, ''Yamato damashÄ«'') and Japanese identity amongst the populace, while the later years from
1941 to
1945 focused on encouraging Taiwanese to participate in the war effort.
As part of the movement, the Colonial Government began to strongly encourage locals to speak the
Japanese language, wear
Japanese clothing, live in Japanese-style houses, and convert to
Shintoism. In
1940, laws were also passed advocating the adoption of Japanese names. With the expansion of the
Pacific War, the government also began encouraging Taiwanese to volunteer for the
Imperial Japanese Army and
Navy in
1942, and finally ordered a full scale draft in
1945. In the meantime, laws were made to grant Taiwanese membership in the Japanese Diet, which theoretically would qualify a Taiwanese to become the premier of Japan eventually.
As a result of the war, Taiwan suffered many losses including Taiwanese youths killed while serving in the Japanese armed forces, as well as severe economic repercussions from Allied bombing raids. By the end of the war in
1945, industrial and agricultural output had dropped far below prewar levels, with agricultural output 49% of
1937 levels and industrial output down by 33%. Coal production dropped from 200,000 metric tons to 15,000 metric tons, and electricity production fell from 320 kilowatts to 30 kilowatts.
[5]
The Office of the Governor-General
As the highest colonial authority in Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule, the Office of the Governor-General (OGG) of Taiwan was headed by a
Governor-General of Taiwan appointed by
Tokyo. Power was highly centralized with the Governor-General wielding surpreme executive, legislative, and judicial power, effectively making the government a dictatorship.
Development
In its earliest incarnation, the OGG was comprised of three bureaus: Home Affairs, Army, and Navy. The Home Affairs Bureau was further comprised of four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance, and Education. The Army and Navy bureaus were merged to form a single Military Affairs Bureau in
1896. Following reforms in
1898,
1901, and
1919 the Home Affairs Bureau gained three more offices: General Affairs, Judicial, and Communications. This configuration would continue until the end of colonial rule.
Governors-General
''See also:
Governor-General of Taiwan.''
Akashi MotojirÅ, 7th Governor-General of Taiwan.
Throughout the period of Japanese rule, the OGG remained the de facto central authority in Taiwan. Formulation and development of governmental policy was primarily the role of the central or local bureaucracy.
In the 50 years of Japanese rule from
1895 to
1945, Tokyo dispatched nineteen Governors-General to Taiwan. On average, a Governor-General served about 2.5 years. The entire colonial period can be further divided into three periods based on the background of the Governor-General: the Early Military period, the Civilian period, and the Later Military period.
Governors-General from the Early Military period included
Kabayama Sukenori,
Katsura TarÅ,
Nogi Maresuke,
Kodama GentarÅ,
Sakuma Samata,
Ando Sadami, and
Akashi Motojiro. Two of the pre-
1919 Governors-General, Nogi Maresuke and Kodama GentarÅ, would become famous in the
Russo-Japanese War. AndÅ Sadami and Akashi MotojirÅ are generally acknowledged to have done the most for Taiwanese interests during their tenures, with Akashi MotojirÅ actually requesting in his will that he be buried in Taiwan,
which he indeed was.
The Civilian period occurred at roughly the same time as the
Taisho democracy in Japan, Governors-General from this period were mostly nominated by the
Japanese Diet and included
Den KenjirÅ,
Uchida Kakichi,
Izawa Takio,
Kamiyama Mitsunoshin,
Kawamura Takeji,
Ishizuka EizÅ,
ÅŒta Masahiro,
Minami Hiroshi, and
Nakagawa KenzÅ. During their tenures, the OGG devoted most of its resources to economic and social development rather than military suppression.
The Governors-General of the Later Military period focused primarily on supporting the Japanese war effort and included
Kobayashi Seizo,
Hasegawa Kiyoshi, and
Ando Rikichi.
The Chief of Home Affairs
Formally known as the Director of the Home Affairs Bureau, the Chief of Home Affairs (總務長官) was the primary executor of colonial policy in Taiwan, and the second most powerful individual in the OGG.
Administrative divisions
''See also:
Political divisions of Taiwan (1895-1945).''
Government building of Tainan Prefecture.
Besides the Governor-General and the Chief of Home Affairs, the OGG was comprised of a strictly hierarchical bureaucracy including departments of law enforcement, agriculture, finance, education, mining, external affairs, and judicial affairs. Other governmental bodies included courts, corrections, orphanages, police academies, transportation, port authority, monopoly bureau, schools of all levels, an agricultural and forestry research station, and the
Taihoku Imperial University (
National Taiwan University today).
Administratively, Taiwan was divided into prefectures for local governance. In
1926, the
prefectures were:
| Name in RÅmaji | Name in Kanji | Modern district | Area (Square km) |
|---|
| Taihoku | 臺北州 | Taipei City, Taipei County, Yilan County, Keelung City | 428.7 |
| Shinchiku | 新竹州 | Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, Taoyuan County, Miaoli County | 4570.0 |
| TaichÅ« | 臺ä¸å·ž | Taichung City, Taichung County, Chuanghua County, Nantou County | 7382.9 |
| Tainan | 臺å—å·ž | Tainan City, Tainan County, Chiayi City, Chiayi County, Yunlin County | 4292.4 |
| Takao | 高雄州 | Kaohsiung City, Kaohisung County, Pintung County | 5421.5 |
| TaitÅ | 臺æ±å»³ | Taitung County | 5721.9 |
| KarenkŠ| 花蓮港廳 | Hualien County | 3515.3 |
| HÅko | 澎湖廳 | Penghu County | 4628.6 |
Armed resistance
Most armed resistance against Japanese rule occurred during the first 20 years of colonial rule. This period of resistance is usually divided into three stages: the defense of the
Republic of Formosa; guerilla warfare following the collapse of the Republic; and a final stage between the
Beipu Uprising of
1907, and the
Tapani Incident of
1915. Afterwards, armed resistance was mostly replaced by peaceful forms of cultural and political activism, with the notable exception of the
Wushe Incident.
The Republic of Formosa
''See also:
Republic of Formosa.''
The flag of the Republic of Formosa, 1895.
The decision by the Qing Chinese government to cede Taiwan to Japan with the
Treaty of Shimonoseki caused a massive uproar in Taiwan. On
May 25 1895, a group of pro-Qing officials and local gentry declared independence from China, proclaiming a new
Republic of Formosa with the goal of keeping Taiwan under Qing rule, choosing then Qing governor
Tang Ching-sung as their reluctant president. Japanese forces
landed in
Keelung on
May 29, taking the city on
June 3. President Tang and his Vice-President
Chiu Feng-jia fled the island for mainland China the following day. In late June, remaining supporters of the new Republic gathered in
Tainan, selecting
Liu Yung-fu as the second president. After skirmishes between Japanese and Republic forces, the Japanese took
Tainan in late October. Shortly afterwards, President Liu fled Taiwan for mainland China bringing the 184 day history of the Republic to a close.
Guerrillas
Following the collapse of the Republic of Formosa, Japanese Governor-General
Kabayama Sukenori reported to Tokyo that "the island is secured", and proceeded to begin the task of administration. However, in December a series of anti-Japanese uprisings occurred in northern Taiwan, and would continue to occur at a rate of roughly one per month. By 1902, however, most anti-Japanese activity amongst the ethnic Chinese population had died down. Along the way, 14,000 Taiwanese, or 0.5% of the population had been killed.
[ History of Taiwan ] Taiwan would remain relatively calm until the Beipu Uprising in
1907. The reason for the five years of calm is generally attributed to the OGG's dual policy of active suppression and public works. Under this carrot and stick approach, most locals chose to watch and wait.
Tapani Incident
Insurgents captured during the Tapani Incident, 1915.
The third and final stage of armed resistance began with the Beipu Uprising in
1907. Between this and the
1915 Tapani Incident, there were thirteen smaller armed uprisings. In many cases, conspirators were discovered and arrested before planned uprisings could even take place. Of the thirteen uprisings, eleven occurred after the
1911 Revolution in China, to which four were directly linked. Conspirators in four of the uprisings demanded reunification with China, while conspirators in six planned to install themselves as independent rulers of Taiwan, and conspirators in one could not decide which goal to pursue. The objectives of the conspirators in the remaining two are unclear. It has been speculated the increase in uprisings demanding independence rather than reunification was the result of the collapse of the
Qing Dynasty government in China, depriving locals of the figure or government with which they were originally accustomed to identifying.
[ å°ç£ï¼šè‹¦æ‚¶çš„æ·å², , Yu-deh (王育德), Wang, å‰è¡›, , ISBN 957-801-203-9 ]
Wushe Incident
''See also:
Wushe Incident.''
Perhaps the most famous of all of the anti-Japanese uprisings is the
Wushe Incident, which occurred in the mostly aboriginal region of Musha (霧社, Pinyin:Wushe) in Taichū Prefecture (located in modern day
Nantou County). On
October 27,
1930, following escalation of an incident in which a Japanese police officer insulted a tribesman, over 300
Atayal aborigines under Chief Mono Rudao attacked Japanese residents in the area. In the ensuing violence, 134 Japanese nationals and two ethnic Han Taiwanese were killed, and 215 Japanese nationals injured. Many of the victims were attending an athletic festival at Musyaji Elementary School. In response, the OGG ordered a military crackdown. In the two months that followed, most of the insurgents were either killed or committed suicide, along with their family members or fellow tribesmen. Several members of the government resigned over the incident, which proved to be the most violent of the uprisings during Japanese rule.
Economic and educational development
Poster for the 1935 Taiwan Exposition.
One of the most notable features of Japanese rule in Taiwan was the "top-down" nature of social change. While local activism certainly played a role, most of the social, economic, and cultural changes during this period were driven by
technocrats in the colonial government. With the OGG as the primary driving force, as well as new immigrants from the Japanese
Home Islands, Taiwanese society was sharply divided between the rulers and the ruled.
Under the constant control of the colonial government, aside from a few small incidents during the earlier years of Japanese rule, Taiwanese society was mostly very stable. While the tactics of repression used by the OGG were often very heavy handed, locals who cooperated with the economic and educational policies of the Governor-General saw a significant improvement in their standard of living. As a result, the population and living standards of Taiwan during the 50 years of Japanese rule displayed significant growth.
Economic
Taiwan's economy during Japanese rule was for the most part, a standard colonial economy. Namely, the human and natural resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan, a policy which began under Governor-General Kodama and reached its peak in
1943, in the middle of
World War II. From
1900 -
1920, Taiwan's economy was dominated by the
sugar industry, while from
1920 -
1930,
rice was the primary export. During these two periods, the primary economic policy of the OGG was "industry for Japan, agriculture for Taiwan". After
1930, due to war needs the OGG began to pursue a policy of industrialization.
Under the 7th governor, Akashi Motojiro, a vast swamp in central Taiwan was transformed into a huge dam in order to build a hydraulic power plant for industrialization. The dam and its surrounding area, widely known as
Sun Moon Lake (Nichigetsutan) today, has become a must-see for foreign tourists visiting Taiwan.
Although the main focus of each of these periods differed, the primary goal throughout the entire time was increasing Taiwan's productivity to satisfy demand within Japan, a goal which was successfully achieved. As part of this process, new ideas, concepts, and values were introduced to the Taiwanese; also, several public works projects, such as railways, public education, and telecommunications, were implemented. As the economy grew, society stabilized, politics was gradually liberalized, and popular support for the colonial government began to increase. Taiwan thus served as a showcase for Japan's propaganda on the colonial efforts throughout Asia, as displayed during the
1935 Taiwan Exposition.
Fiscal
Bank of Taiwan established in 1897 headquartered in Taipei, then known as Taihoku.
Shortly after the cession of Taiwan to Japanese rule in
September 1895, an
Osaka bank opened a small office in
Keelung. By June of the following year the Governor-General had granted permission for the bank to establish the first Western-style banking system in Taiwan.
In
March 1897, the
Japanese Diet passed the "Taiwan Bank Act", establishing the
Bank of Taiwan, which began operations in
1899. In addition to normal banking duties, the Bank would also be responsible for minting the
currency used in Taiwan throughout Japanese rule.
To maintain fiscal stability, the OGG proceeded to charter several other banks,
credit unions, and other financial organizations which helped to keep
inflation in check.
Compulsory education
As part of the colonial government's overall goal of keeping the anti-Japanese movement in check,
public education became an important mechanism for facilitating both control and intercultural dialogue. While
secondary education institutions were restricted mostly to Japanese nationals, the impact of compulsory
primary education on Taiwanese was immense.
On
July 14,
1895, Isawa Shuuji was appointed as the first Education Minister, and proposed that the OGG implement a policy of compulsory primary education for children (a policy that had not even been implemented in Japan at the time). The OGG established the first Western-style primary school in Taipei (the modern day Shilin Elementary School) as an experiment. Satisfied with the results, the government ordered the establishment of fourteen language schools in
1896, which were later upgraded to become public schools. During this period, schools were segregated by ethnicity. ''KÅgakkÅ'' (å…¬å¸æ ¡, Public Schools) were established for Taiwanese children, while ''shÅgakkÅ'' (å°å¸æ ¡, Elementary Schools) were restricted to the children of Japanese nationals. Schools for aborigines were also established in aboriginal areas. Criteria were established for teacher selection, and several teacher training schools such as
Taihoku Normal School were founded. Secondary and
post-secondary educational institutions, such as
Taihoku Imperial University were also established, but access was restricted primarily to Japanese nationals. The emphasis for locals was placed on
vocational education, to help increase productivity.
The education system was finally desegregated in March 1941, when all schools (except for a few aboriginal schools) were reclassified as ''
kokumin gakkÅ'' (國民å¸æ ¡, National Schools), open to all students regardless of ethnicity. Education was compulsory for children between the ages of eight and fourteen. Subjects taught included Morals (修身, ''shÅ«shin''), Composition (作文, ''sakubun''), Reading (讀書, ''dokusho''), Writing (ç¿’å—, ''shÅ«ji''), Mathematics (ç®—è¡“, ''sansÅ«''), Singing (å”±æŒ, ''shÅka''), and Physical Education (é«”æ“, ''taisÅ'').
By
1944, there were 944 primary schools in Taiwan with total enrollment rates of 71.3% for Taiwanese children, 86.4% for aboriginal children, and 99.6% for Japanese children in Taiwan. As a result, primary school enrollment rates in Taiwan were among the highest in Asia, second only to Japan itself.
Population
As part of the emphasis placed on governmental control, the OGG performed detailed
censuses of Taiwan every five years starting in
1905. Statistics showed a population growth rate of 0.988 to 2.835% per year throughout Japanese rule. In 1905, the population of Taiwan was roughly 3.03 million; by
1940 the population had grown to 5.87 million, and by the end of
World War II in
1946 it numbered 6.09 million.
Transportation developments
Modern day
Taichung Station, originally constructed in 1917 as TaichÅ« Eki(臺ä¸é©›).
The Office of the Governor-General also placed a strong emphasis on modernization of Taiwan's transportation systems, especially
railways, and to a lesser extent,
highways. As a result, reliable transit links were established between the northern and southern ends of the island, supporting the increasing population.
Railways
''See also:
Rail transport in Taiwan.''
The Railway Ministry (predecessor of the modern
Taiwan Railway Administration) was established on
November 8,
1899, beginning a period of rapid expansion of the island's rail network. Perhaps the greatest achievement of this era was the completion of the
Western Line, linking the major cities along the western corridor in
1908, reducing the travel time between northern and southern Taiwan from several days to a single day.
The Railway Ministry building
Also constructed during this time were the Tansui Line (æ·¡æ°´ç·š, today the
Danshui Line of the
Taipei Rapid Transit System), Giran Line (宜è˜ç·š,
Yilan Line), HeitÅ Line (å±æ±ç·š,
Pingtung Line), and TÅkÅ Line (æ±æ¸¯ç·š,
Donggang Line). Several private rail lines were also incorporated into the state owned system. Industrial lines such as the
Alishan Forest Railway were also built. Plans were also drawn up for the
North-Link Line,
South-Link Line, as well as a line running through the mountains of central Taiwan, but were never realized due to technical difficulties as well as the outbreak of
World War II. Private railways such as the
Taiwan Sugar Railways (built to support the
sugarcane industry), were also built.
Like many other government offices, the Railway Ministry was headed by
technocrats. Many of the railways constructed during Japanese rule continue to be used today.
Highways
Compared to the rapid development of the rail system, the highway system saw much less attention. However, faced with increasing competition from motorcars, the Railway Ministry began purchasing and confiscating roads running parallel to railways.
Bus service was available in urban areas, but since the cities in Taiwan were quite small at the time, they remained secondary to rail service. Most bus routes of the time centered on local
railway stations.
Social policy
The Old Puji Temple(普濟寺) in Beitou, Taipei. Constructed during Japanese rule.
While the idea of "special governance" promoted by GotÅ dominated most policy decisions made by the colonial authorities, the ultimate goal remained modernization. Under these ideals, the colonial government, along with community groups, would gradually push to modernize Taiwanese society. The main thrust of these efforts targeted what were known as the "Three Bad Habits".
"The Three Bad Habits"
The "Three Bad Habits" (三大陋習) considered by the Office of the Governor-General to be archaic and unhealthy were the use of
opium,
foot binding, and the wearing of
queues.
[6][7] Much like mainland China in the late
19th Century, opium addiction was a serious social problem in Taiwan, with some statistics suggesting that over half of the ethnic Chinese population of Taiwan were users of the drug. The intentional disfigurement of female feet through binding, and the queue hairstyle worn by the male population were also common to Chinese and Taiwanese society at the time.
Opium
Shortly after acquiring Taiwan in
1895, then
Prime Minister ItÅ Hirobumi ordered that opium should be banned in Taiwan as soon as possible. However, due to the pervasiveness of opium addiction in Taiwanese society at the time, and the social and economic problems caused by complete prohibition, the initial hard line policy was relaxed in a few years. On
January 21,
1897, the OGG issued the Taiwan Opium Edict mandating a government monopoly of the opium trade, and restricting the sale of opium to those with government issued permits, with the ultimate goal of total abolition. The number of opium addicts in Taiwan quickly dropped from millions to 169,064 in 1900 (6.3% of the total population at the time), and 45,832 (1.3% of the population) by
1921. However, the numbers were still higher than those in nations where opium was completely prohibited. It was generally believed that one important factor behind the OGG's reluctance to completely ban opium was the potential profit to be made through a state run
narcotics monopoly.
In
1921, the
Taiwanese People's Party accused colonial authorities before the
League of Nations of being complacent in the addiction of over 40,000 people, while making a profit off opium sales. To avoid controversy, the OGG issued the New Taiwan Opium Edict on
December 28, and related details of the new policy on
January 8 of the following year. Under the new laws, the number of opium permits issued was decreased, a
rehab clinic was opened in Taipei, and a concerted anti-drug campaign launched.
[8]
Foot binding
Foot binding was a practice fashionable in
Ming and
Qing Dynasty China. Young girls'
feet, usually at age six but often earlier, were wrapped in tight bandages so they could not grow normally, would break and become deformed as they reached adulthood. The feet would remain small and dysfunctional, prone to
infection,
paralysis, and muscular
atrophy. While such feet were considered by some to be beautiful, others considered the practice to be archaic and barbaric. In concert with community leaders, the OGG launched an anti-foot binding campaign in
1901. The practice was formally banned in
1915, with violators subject to heavy punishment. Foot binding in Taiwan died out quickly afterwards.
Queue
The OGG took comparatively less action on
queues. While social campaigns against wearing queues were launched, no edicts or laws were issued on the subject. With the fall of the
Qing Dynasty in
1911, the popularity of queues also decreased.
Urban planning
The OGG initially focused on pressing needs such as
sanitation and military fortifications. Plans for
urban development began to be issued in
1899, calling for a five year development plan for most medium and large sized cities. The first phase of urban redevelopment focused on the construction and improvement of roads. In Taihoku (Taipei), the old
city walls were demolished, and the new SeimonchŠ(西門町) (modern
Ximending) area was developed for new Japanese immigrants.
The second phase of urban development began in
1901, focusing on the areas around the South and East Gates of Taihoku (Taipei) and the areas around the railway station in Taichū (Taichung). Primary targets for improvement included roads and
drainage systems, in preparation for the arrival of more Japanese immigrants.
Another phase began in
August 1905 and also included Tainan. By
1917, urban redevelopment programs were in progress in over seventy cities and towns throughout Taiwan. Many of the urban plans laid out during these programs continue to be used in Taiwan today.
Public health
In the early years of Japanese rule, the OGG ordered the construction of public
clinics throughout Taiwan and brought in doctors from Japan to halt the spread of
infectious disease. The drive was successful in eliminating diseases such as
malaria,
plague, and
tuberculosis from the island. The
public health system throughout the years of Japanese rule was dominated primarily by small local clinics rather than large central
hospitals, a situation which would remain constant in Taiwan until the
1980s.
The OGG also expended a great deal of effort in developing an effective
sanitation system for Taiwan. British experts were hired to design storm drains and
sewage systems. The expansion of streets and sidewalks, as well as building codes calling for windows allowing for air flow, mandatory neighborhood cleanups, and
quarantine of the ill also helped to improve public health.
Public health education also became important in schools as well as in law enforcement. The
Taihoku Imperial University also established a Tropical Medicine Research Center, and formal training for
nurses.
Aborigines
''See also:
Taiwanese aborigines.''
According to the
1905 census, the
aboriginal population included 450,000+ plains aborigines (1.53% of the total Taiwan population), almost completely assimilated into
Han Chinese society, and 300,000+ mountain aborigines (1.2% of the total population). Japanese aboriginal policy focused primarily on the unassimilated latter group, known in Japanese as ''Takasago-zoku'' (é«˜ç ‚æ—).
The aborigines were subject to modified versions of
criminal and
civil law. As with the rest of the Taiwanese population, the ultimate goal of the OGG was to assimilate the aborigines into Japanese society through a dual policy of suppression and education. Japanese education of the aborigines bloomed during WWII, who proved to be the most daring soldiers the empire had ever produced. Their legendary bravery is celebrated by Japanese veterans even today. A lot of them would say they owe their survival to the "Takasago Hei."
Religion
Throughout most of Japanese colonial rule, the OGG chose to promote the existing
Buddhist religion over
Shintoism in Taiwan. It was believe that used properly, religion could accelerate the assimilation of the Taiwanese into Japanese society.
Under these circumstances, existing
Buddhist temples in Taiwan were expanded and modified to accommodate Japanese elements of the religion, such as worship of
Ksitigarbha (popular in Japan but not Taiwan at the time). The Japanese also constructed several new Buddhist temples throughout Taiwan, many of which also ended up combining aspects of
Daoism and
Confucianism, a mix which still persists in Taiwan today.
In
1937 with the beginning of the KÅminka movement, the government began the promotion of
Shintoism and the limited restriction of other religions.
Culture
After
1915,
armed resistance against the Japanese occupation nearly ceased. Instead, spontaneous
social movements became popular. The Taiwanese people organized various modern political, cultural and social clubs, adopting political consciousness with clear intentions to unite people with sympathetic sensibilities. This motivated them to strive for the common targets set up by the social movements. These movements also encouraged improvements in social culture.
Besides Taiwanese literature, which connected with the social movements of the time, the aspect of Western culture which Taiwan most successfully adopted was the
arts. Many famous works of art came out during this time.
Popular culture led by
movies,
popular music and puppet theater prevailed for the first time in Taiwan during this period.
Literature
Lai He, father of the new literature in Taiwan
In
1919, Taiwanese students in
Tokyo restructured Enlightenment Society and established the
New People Society. This was the prelude for various political and social movements. Many new publications, such as "Taiwanese Literature & Art" (
1934) and "New Taiwanese Literature" (
1935), were started shortly thereafter. These led to the onset of the vernacular movement in Taiwan as they broke away from the classical forms of ancient poetry. Many scholars acknowledge possible connections of this movement with the
May Fourth Movement in
China.
These literature movements did not disappear when they were repressed by the Japanese governor. In the early
1930s, a famous debate on Taiwanese rural language unfolded formally. This event had numerous lasting effects on Taiwanese literature, language and racial consciousness.
In
1930, Taiwanese-Japanese resident
Huang Shihui started the debate on rural literature in
Tokyo. He advocated that Taiwanese literature should be about Taiwan, have impact on a wide audience, and use
Taiwanese language. In
1931, a resident in Taipei named
Guo Qiusen prominently supported Huang's viewpoint. Guo started the Taiwanese Rural Language Debate, which advocated literature published in Taiwanese. This was immediately supported by
Lai He, considered the father of Taiwanese literature. After this, dispute as to whether the literature of Taiwan should use Taiwanese or Mandarin Chinese, and whether or not the subject matter should concern Taiwan, became the focus of the New Taiwan Literature Movement. However, because of the upcoming war and the pervasive Japanese cultural education, these debates could not develop any further. They finally lost traction under the Japanization policy set by the government.
[''National recognition of Taiwanese political movements in the past hundred years'', by Lee Xiaofeng in 1995. ''Excitement! Taiwan's history: Taiwanese's self-recognition'', by Zhang Deshui in 1992. ''Discussion on Taiwanese nativism: An investigation in cultural history.'', by Chen Zhaoying]
In the two years after
1934, progressive Taiwanese writers gathered up and established the
Association of Taiwanese Literature and Art and
New Taiwanese Literature. This literature and art movement was political in its implications. After the
Marco Polo Bridge Incident in
1937, the government of Taiwan immediately instituted "National Spirit General Moblization", which formally commenced the Japanization policy. Taiwanese writers could then only rely on organizations dominated by Japanese writers, e.g. the "Taiwanese Poet Association", established in
1939, and the "Association of Taiwanese Literature & Art", expanded in
1940.
Taiwanese literature focused mainly on the Taiwanese spirit and the essence of Taiwanese culture. Ordinary as it seems, it was actually a revolution made possibly by political and social movements. People in literature and the arts began to think about issues of Taiwanese culture, and attempted to establish a culture that truly belonged to Taiwan.
Western art
Outside of Chiayi Street/ Chen Chengbo/ 1926/ Painting on canvas/ 64x53cm/ Selected as part of the 7th Imperial Japanese Exhibition
During the
Qing Dynasty, the concept of Western art did not exist in Taiwan. Painting was not a highly respected occupation, and even Chinese landscape painting was undeveloped. When the Japanese occupied Taiwan in
1895, they brought in a new educational system which introduced Western and Japanese art education. This not only set the basis for the future development of art appreciation in Taiwan, it also produced various famous artists. Painter and instructor
Ishikawa Kinichiro contributed immensely in planning the training of new art teachers. He personally instructed students and encouraged them to travel to
Japan to learn the more sophisticated techniques of art.
In
1926, a Taiwanese student in Japan named
Chen Chengbo published a work titled ''Outside of Chiayi Street'' (see left). His work was selected for display in the seventh
Imperial Japanese Exihibition. This was the first Western style work by a Taiwanese artist to be included in a Japanese exhibition. Many other works were subsequently featured in the Imperial Japanese Exhibitions and other exhibitions. These successes made it easier for the arts to become widespread in Taiwan. Ironically, the Japanese-appreciated Chen was executed by the Chinese after WWII without trial for being a "bandit."
What really established the arts in Taiwan was the introduction of official Japanese exhibitions in Taiwan. In
1927, the governor of Taiwan, along with artists Ishikawa Kinichiro,
Shiotsuki Toho and
Kinoshita Shizukishi established the
Taiwanese Art Exhibition.
[9] This exhibition was held sixteen times from
1938 to
1945. It cultivated the first generation of Taiwanese western artists. The regional Taiwanese art style developed by the exhibition still affected various fields, e.g. art, art design and engineering design, even after the war.
Cinema
''Sayon's Bell'', a Japanese movie produced in Taiwan during this period.
From
1901 to
1937,
Taiwanese cinema was influenced immensely by
Japanese cinema. Because of Taiwan's status as a Japanese colony, the traditions of Japanese movies were generally accepted by Taiwanese producers. The first Taiwan-made film was a documentary produced in February
1907 by
Takamatsu Toyojiro, with a group of photographers that travelled through various areas in Taiwan. Their production was called "Description of Taiwan", and it covered through subjects such as city construction, electricity, agriculture, industry, mining, railways, education, landscapes, traditions, and conquest of aborigines. The first movie drama produced by Taiwanese was called "Whose Fault?" in
1925, produced by the Association of Taiwanese Cinema Research. Other types of films including educational pieces, newsreels and propaganda also helped form the mainstream of local Taiwanese movie productions until the defeat of Japan in
1945. ''
Sayon's Bell'', which depicted an aboriginal maid helping Japanese, was a symbolic production that represents these types of films.
In
1908, Takamatsu Toyojiro settled in Taiwan and began to construct theaters in the main cities. Takamatsu also signed with several Japanese and foreign movie companies, and set up institutionalized movie publication. In
1924, theaters in Taiwan imported advanced
intertitle technique from Japan, and the cinema in Taiwan grew more prominent. On October
1935, a celebration of the fortieth year anniversary of Japanese occupation in Taiwan was held. The year after, Taipei and
Fukuoka were connected by airway. These two events pushed the Taiwanese cinema into its golden age.
Popular Music
Popular music in Taiwan was established in the
1930s. Although published
records and
popular songs already existed in Taiwan before 1930s, the quality and popularity of most of them was very poor. This was mainly because popular songs at the time differed slightly from traditional music like
folk songs and
Taiwanese opera. However, because of the rapid development of
cinema and
broadcasting during the 1930s, new
popular songs that stepped away from traditional influences began to appear and become widespread in a short period of time.
The first real popular song in Taiwan collocated with the
Chinese movie, ''
Peach Blossom Weeps Tears of Blood'' (Tao hua qi xie ji). Produced by
Lianhua Productions, ''Peach Blossoms Weep Tears of Blood'', starring
Ruan Lingyu, screened in Taiwan theaters in
1932. Hoping to attract more Taiwanese viewers, the producers requested composers
Zhan Tianma and
Wang Yunfeng to compose a song with the same title. The song that came out was a major hit and achieved success in record sales. From this period on, Taiwanese popular music with the assistance of cinema began to rise.
Puppet theatre
Main articles: Glove puppetry
Many
Min Nan speaking immigrants entered Taiwan during the 1750s, and with them they brought puppet theatre. The stories were based mainly on classical books and stage drama, and it was very refined. Artistry focused on the complexity of the puppet movements. Musical accompaniment was generally
Nanguan and
Beiguan music. According to the ''Records of Taiwan Province'', Nanguan was the earliest form of puppet theatre in Taiwan. Although this kind of puppet theatre fell out of the mainstream, it can still be found in a few troupes around
Taipei today.
Important cultural entertainment during the Japanese occupation: Puppet theatre
During the
1920s,
wuxia puppet theatre (i.e. based on martial arts) gradually developed. The stories were the main difference between traditional and wuxia puppet theatre. Based on new, popular wuxia novels, performance was focused on the display of unique martial arts with the puppets. The representative figures during this era were
Huang Haidai of Wuzhouyuan and
Zhong Renxiang of Xinyige. This puppet genre began its development in
Yunlin's
Huwei town and
Xiluo town, and was popularized in southern central Taiwan. Huang Haidai's puppet theatre was narrated in Min Nan, and included poems, history,
couplets and guessing combinations of words. Its performance blended in Beiguan, Nanguan, Luantan, Zhengyin, Gezai and Chaodiao music.
After the 1930s, the Japanization policy affected puppet theatre. The customary Chinese Beiguan was forbidden, and was replaced by Western music. The costumes and the puppets were a mixture of Japanese and Chinese style. The plays often included Japanese stories like
Mitokomon and others, with the puppets dressed in Japanese clothing. Performances were presented in
Japanese. This new barrier of language and culture reduced public acceptance, but introduced techniques which subsequently influenced the future
Golden Light puppet theatre, including music and stage settings.
During this era, the world of puppet theatre in southern Taiwan had the 'Five Great Pillars' and 'Four Great Celebrities'. "Five Great Pillars" referred to Huang Haidai, Zhong Renxiang, Huang Tianquan, Hu Jinzhu and Lu Chongyi; "Four Great Celebrities" referred to Huang Tianchuan , Lu Chongyi, Li Tuyuan and Zheng Chuanming.
Baseball
Baseball was brought to Taiwan by Japan. There were baseball teams in elementary schools as well as public schools. The development of the game in Taiwan culminated in
Kagi Nourin Gakkou (agricultural & forestry high school), also known as "Kano", ranking No.2 in Japan's Koushien Daisai. (National High School Baseball Games). The Japanese also built baseball venues in Taiwan, such as the
Tainan Stadium. Visible legacy today includes such players as Yankees'
Chien-Ming Wang, Dodgers'
Hong-Chih Kuo and
Chien-Ming Chiang of
Yomiuri Giants in Japan.
Retrocession
:''See also:
Surrender of Japan,
Political status of Taiwan.''
With the end of
World War II, Taiwan was placed under the administrative control of the
Republic of China by the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (
UNRRA) after 50 years of colonial rule by
Japan.
Chen Yi, the ROC Chief Executive of Taiwan, arrived on
October 24,
1945 and received the last Japanese Governor-General,
AndÅ Rikichi, who signed the document of surrender on the
next day, which was proclaimed by Chen as "Retrocession Day". This turned out to be legally controversial since Japan did not renounce its sovereignty over Taiwan until 1952, which further complicated the
political status of Taiwan. As a result use of the term "Retrocession of Taiwan" (å°ç£å…‰å¾©, ''TáiwÄn guÄngfù'') is less common in modern Taiwan.
Background
At the
Cairo Conference of
1943, the
Allies adopted a nonbinding statement declaring that Taiwan should be returned to Chinese sovereignty at the end of the war. In
April 1944, the ROC government at the wartime capital of
Chungking established the Taiwan Research Committee (å°ç£èª¿æŸ¥å§”員會, ''TáiwÄn dià ochá wÄ›iyuánhuì'') with
Chen Yi as chairman. Shortly afterwards, the committee reported its findings on the economy, politics, society, and military affairs of Taiwan to Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek.
Following the war, opinion in the ROC government was split as to the administration of Taiwan. One faction supported treating Taiwan in the same way as other Chinese territories occupied by the Japanese during
World War II, creating a
Taiwan Province. The other faction supported setting up a
Special Administrative Region in Taiwan with special military and police powers. In the end, Chiang Kai-shek chose to take Chen Yi's suggestion of creating a special 2000 man "Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province" (å°ç£çœè¡Œæ”¿é•·å®˜å…¬ç½², ''TáiwÄn-shÄ›ng xÃngzhèng zhÇŽngguÄn gÅngshÇ”'') to handle the transfer.
Japan formally
surrendered to the Allies on
August 14,
1945. On
August 29, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen Yi as Chief Executive of Taiwan Province, and announced the creation of the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and
Taiwan Garrison Command on
September 1, with Chen Yi also as the commander of the latter body. After several days of preparation, an advance party moved into Taipei on
October 5, with more personnel from
Shanghai and Chungking arriving between October 5 and
October 24.
Surrender ceremony
The formal surrender occurred on the morning of
October 25,
1945 in Taipei City Hall (modern Zhongshan Hall). The Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan formally surrendered to Chen Yi representing the Commander in Chief of the
Chinese Theatre. On the same day, the Office of the Chief Executive began functioning from the building which now houses the
ROC Executive Yuan.
''Continued on
History of the Republic of China: Republic of China on Taiwan, 1945/1949-Present.''
See also
★
History of Taiwan
★
Know Taiwan
★
Korea under Japanese rule
References & notes
Footnotes
1.
2. Abe and the Comfort Women
3. Zhao, Jiaying 1993 A Diplomatic History of China, ISBN7-81032-577-9
4. "男無情,女無義,é³¥ä¸èªž,花ä¸é¦™" (''nán wú qÃng, nÇš wú yì, niÇŽo bú yÇ”, huÄ bú xiÄng''). (This expression has also been attributed to the Qianlong Emperor.)
5. æ·å²èˆ‡ç™¼å±• (History and Development)
6. 近代å°ç£çš„ç¤¾æœƒè®Šé· (Recent Changes in Taiwanese Society), , Wen-shing (å³æ–‡æ˜Ÿ), Wu, , ,
7. å°ç£å²å°äº‹å…¸ (A Brief Timeline of Major Incidents in Taiwanese History), , Mi-cha (å³å¯†å¯Ÿ), Wu, é æµå‡ºç‰ˆ, ,
8. Government figures show 2,000 opium permits issued in 1945.
9. This exhibition was held ten times from 1927 to 1936. It did not occur in 1937, due to the Second Sino-Japanese War. After 1938, the exhibition was held by the government of Taiwan, and was renamed "Taiwan Government Art Exhibition".
Other references
#
The island of Formosa, past and present. History, people, resources, and commercial prospects., , James Wheeler, Davidson, Macmillan & Co., ,
#
Taiwan : a unique colonial record, , Hideo, Naito, Kokusai Nippon Kyokai, ,
#
Taiwan: A New History, , Murray A., Rubinstein, Sharpe Reference, , ISBN 0-7656-1494-4
#
Formosa's First Nations and the Japanese: from Colonial Rule to Postcolonial Resistance
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