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'Jan Mayen Island', a part of the Kingdom of Norway, is a 55 km (34 miles) long (southwest-northeast) and 373 km² (144 sq mi) in area arctic volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, partly covered by glaciers. It has two parts: larger Nord-Jan and smaller Sør-Jan, linked by an isthmus 2.5 km wide (1.6 mi). It lies 600 km (about 400 miles) north of Iceland, 500 km (about 300 miles) east of Greenland and 1,000 km (about 600 miles) west of the Norwegian mainland at . The island is mountainous, the highest summit being Beerenberg volcano in the north (2,277 m - 7,472 ft). The isthmus is the location of the two largest lakes of the island, Sørlaguna (South Lagoon), and Nordlaguna (North Lagoon). A third lake is called Ullerenglaguna (Ullereng Lagoon).

Contents

Economy

Society

History

Bibliography

External links

Economy

Jan Mayen Island has no exploitable natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the island. It has one unpaved airstrip about 1,585 meters (5,200 ft) long, and its 124.1 kilometers (74.1 mi) of coast include no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages. Commercial whaling took place between 1614 and 1640 by the Dutch but ended when the Dutch team of seven died of scurvy and the Greenland right whale nearly became extinct. A dispute between Norway and Denmark regarding the fishing exclusion zone between Jan Mayen and Greenland was settled in 1988 granting Denmark with the greater area of sovereignty.
Jan Mayen is an integrated geographical body of Norway. Since 1995, it has been administered by the county governor (''fylkesmann'') of Nordland; however, some authority has been delegated to a station commander of the Norwegian Logistics Organisation-CIS, a branch of the armed forces.

Society

The only inhabitants on the island are personnel working for the Royal Norwegian Defence Force or the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. There are fourteen people who spend the winter on the island, but the population may double during the summer, when heavy maintenance is performed. Personnel serve either six months or one year, and are exchanged twice a year in April and October. The main purpose of the military personnel is to operate a Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base. The support crew, including mechanics, cooks and a nurse are among the military personnel. Both the LORAN transmitter and the meteorological station are located a few kilometers away from the settlement Olonkinbyen (English: The Olonkin City), where all personnel live.
Transport to the island is provided by C-130 Hercules military transport planes operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force, that land at Jan Mayensfield, which only has a gravel runway. The planes fly in from Bodø Main Air Station eight times a year. Since the airport doesn't have any instrument landing possibilities, visibility is required, and it is not uncommon for the planes to have to return to Bodø, two hours away, without landing. For heavy goods, freight ships come during the summer, but there are no harbours and the ships must anchor up.
The island is inhabited by personnel operating a Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base with a staff of fourteen and a weather services station with a staff of four. The staff members of both stations live in Olonkinbyen, as the living quarters by the Loran-C base are called. The airport is situated near the town.
The island has no indigenous population, but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is allocated but not used) and data code JN. Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX.

History

The first certain discovery of the island is from 1614. There are earlier claims and possible discoveries, even as early as the early sixth century. Some historians believe that an Irish monk, Brendan, who was known as a good sailor, was close to Jan Mayen in the early sixth century. He came back from one of his voyages and reported that he had been close to a black island, which was on fire, and that there was a terrible noise in the area. He thought that he might have found the entrance to hell.
The land named ''Svalbarð'' by the vikings might have been Jan Mayen (instead of Spitsbergen, which was renamed Svalbard by the Norwegians in modern times).
Jan Mayen is named after the Dutchman Jan Jacobs May van Schellinkhout who visited the island in 1614. His first mate did some mapping of the coast and named the island.
According to Thomas Edge, an early 17th century whaling captain who was often inaccurate, Hudson discovered the island in 1607 or 1608 and named it Hudson's Touches and Thomas Marmaduke, a Hull whaling captain, saw the island in 1612 and named it Trinity Island. There is no cartographical or written proof for either of these "discoveries." Jean Vrolicq, a French Basque whaler who was active in the Spitsbergen fishery at least as early as 1618, renamed the island "Île de Richelieu."
It is generally recognized that the first official discoverer of the island is the Englishmen John Clarke, who named it "Isabella." Here he hunted what were then known as Greenland right whales (bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus), of which he killed eleven.
In 1882-83 an Austro-Hungarian expedition stayed one year at Jan Mayen performed extensive mapping of the area, their maps being used until the 1950s. Between 1900 and 1920, there were also a number of Norwegian trappers, spending the winters on Jan Mayen, white and blue foxes in addition to some polar bears. But the exploitation soon made the profits decline, and the hunting ended.
The first meteorological station was opened in 1921 by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, who annexed the island in 1922 for Norway. By law of February 27 1930 the island was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. During World War II Jan Mayen was not occupied by Germans as continental Norway was in 1940, but still the meteorologists chose to burn down the station. In 1941, they returned with soldiers to rebuild the station. In 1943, the Americans established a radio locating station named Atlantic City to try to locate German radio bases on Greenland.
After the war the meteorological station was located at Atlantic City, but moved in 1949 to a new location. Radio Jan Mayen also served as an important radio station for ship traffic in the Arctic Ocean. In 1959, NATO decided to build the Loran-C network in the Atlantic Ocean, and one of the transmitters had to be on Jan Mayen. By 1961, the new military installations, including a new air field was operational.
For some time scientists doubted if there could be any activity in the volcano Beerenberg, but in 1970 the volcano erupted, and added another three square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) of land mass to the island during the three to four weeks it lasted. It had more eruptions in 1973 and in 1985, the last until this date. During an eruption the sea temperature around the island may increase from just over zero Celsius (32ºF) to about 30 degrees Celsius (86°F).
Historic stations and huts on the island are Hoyberg, Vera, Olsbu, Puppebu (cabin), Gamlemetten or Gamlestasjonen (the old weather station), Jan Mayen Radio, Helenehytta, Margarethhytta, and Ulla (a cabin at the foot of the Beerenberg).

Bibliography

★ Umbreit, Andreas (2005) ''Spitsbergen : Svalbard - Franz Josef Land - Jan Mayen'', 3rd ed., Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 1-84162-092-0

External links

★ Satellite Radar image of Jan Mayen

★ Photographs and information on Jan Mayen

★ Jan Mayen crew

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★ Information and history on Jan Mayen/Beerenberg