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'Ironing' or smoothing is the work of using a heated tool to remove wrinkles from washed clothes. The common tools for this purpose are called "irons", though modern designs are no longer made of iron.
Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibres of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibres are straightened by the weight of the iron, and they hold their new shape as they cool. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics (developed in or after the mid-twentieth century) are advertised as needing little or no ironing.
Ironing may also be used as a germ/parasite killing hygienic operation.

Contents

History

Modern ironing equipment

Manual home irons

Automatic ironing robots and major home appliances

Commercial ironing equipment

Usage notes

Safe ironing temperatures

Ergonomy

See also

External links

History

Metal pans filled with charcoal were used for smoothing fabrics in China in the 1st century BC. From the 17th century, ''sadirons'' or ''sad irons'' (from an old word meaning ''solid'') began to be used. They were thick slabs of cast iron, delta-shaped and with a handle, heated in a fire. These were also called flat irons. A later design consisted of an iron box which could be filled with hot coals, which had to be periodically aerated by attaching a bellows. This type, often called a charcoal iron, was on sale in the USA until at least 1902, and is used in some Asian and African countries today. In Kerala in India, burning coconut shells were used instead of charcoal, as they have a similar heating capacity. This method is still in use as a backup device since power outage is frequent. Other box irons had heated metal inserts instead of hot coals. Another solution was a cluster of solid irons that were heated from the single source: as the iron currently in use cools down, it can be quickly replaced by another one that is hot.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were many irons in use which were heated by a fuel such as kerosene, alcohol, whale oil, natural gas, carbide gas (acetylene) as with carbide lamps, or even gasoline. Some houses were equipped with a system of pipes for distributing natural gas or carbide gas to different rooms in order to operate appliances such as irons, in addition to lights. Despite the risk of fire, liquid-fuel irons were sold in U.S. rural areas up through World War II. On 16 February 1858 W. Vandenburg, and J. Harvey, patented an ironing board that made pressing sleeves and pant legs easier ().
In the industrialized world, these designs have been superseded by the electric iron, which uses resistive heating from an electric current. The hot plate, called the ''sole plate'', is no longer made of iron but of aluminium or stainless steel. The heating element is controlled by a thermostat which switches the current on and off to maintain the selected temperature. The invention of the resistively heated electric iron is credited to Henry W. Seeley of New York in 1882. In the same year an iron heated by a carbon arc was introduced in France, but was too dangerous to be successful. The early electric irons had no easy way to control their temperature, and the first thermostatically controlled electric iron appeared in the 1920s. Later, steam was used to iron clothing. Credit to the invention of the steam iron goes to Thomas Sears.
The world's largest collection of irons, encompassing 1300 historical examples of irons from Germany and the rest of the world, is housed in Gochsheim Castle, near Karlsruhe, Germany.

Modern ironing equipment

Home irons are normally classified into automatic and non-automatic irons. An entirely different device, a steam press, is used by commercial laundry and dry-cleaning services.

Manual home irons

Modern irons available for sale to consumers have some or all of the following features (more expensive models have more features, as one would expect):

★ Ejection of steam through the clothing during the ironing process;

★ A water reservoir inside the iron (used for the steam generation);

★ An indicator showing the amount of water left in the reservoir;

★ A thermostat ensuring maintenance of a constant temperature;

★ Convenient method for setting the iron down, usually on its end / vertically, so as to not allow contact between the hot part and either table or clothes;

★ A temperature control dial showing a range of possible temperatures (typically marked with types of cloth instead of absolute degree measurements, for example, "wool", "cotton", "linen", etc.);

★ Constant steam feature - constantly sends steam through the hot part of the iron into the clothes;

★ Cord control - the point at which the cord attaches to the iron has a spring to hold the cord out of the way while ironing and likewise when setting down the iron (prevents fires, is more convenient, etc.).

★ Steam burst feature - sends a burst of steam through the clothes when the user presses a button;

★ (advanced feature) Dial controlling the amount of steam to emit as a constant stream;

★ (advanced feature) Anti-burn control - if the iron is left flat (hot part touching clothes) for too long, the iron shuts off to prevent fires;

★ (advanced feature) Energy saving control - if the iron is left undisturbed for several (10 or 15) minutes, the iron shuts off to save energy and prevent fires.

★ Cordless irons - the iron is placed on a stand for a short period to warm up, using thermal mass to stay hot for a short period. These are useful for light loads only. (Unlike other cordless appliances, cordless irons are not powered from rechargeable batteries, because it would be difficult for batteries to provide enough power to heat the iron.)

★ (advanced feature) 3 way auto shut off

★ (advanced feature) self-cleaning

★ (advanced feature) Anti-drip system

★ Electrical cord with Teflon (PTFE) insulation.

Automatic ironing robots and major home appliances

★ Automatic ironing robots, like the Siemens AG Dressman (see link below), have recently appeared on the market.

★ Automatic ironing (major) home appliances: Driron.

Commercial ironing equipment

Commercial dry-cleaning and full-service laundry providers use a large appliance called a steam press to do most of the work of ironing clothes. Alternately, a rotary iron may be used.

Usage notes

★ Irons are commonly available as consumer goods.

★ Some commercial-grade irons have a boiler unit separate from the handheld iron.

★ Most ironing is done on an 'ironing board', a small, portable, foldable table with a heat resistant top.

★ Some commercial-grade ironing boards incorporate a heating element and a pedal-operated vacuum to pull air through the board and dry the garment.

★ Permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton.

★ Commercial laundries typically use steam presses to iron clothes instead of irons;

★ Clothes such as shirts, trousers, and skirts are typically ironed, while underwear, socks, sheets, sweaters, and materials where wrinkling is not a factor are not, although this depends on the culture and circumstances.

★ Irons cause many fires and injuries each year due to their being very heavy, very hot, and often used on ironing boards that can fall over onto small children.

★ Irons used to be much more dangerous due to the electrical cords fraying; modern insulation is much safer and better able to cope with being heated.

Safe ironing temperatures

★ Acetate: 143 °C (290 °F)

★ Acrylic: 135 °C (275 °F)

★ Triacetate: 200 °C (390 °F)

★ Cotton: 204 °C (400 °F)

★ Linen: 230 °C (445 °F)

★ Lycra/Spandex: 135 °C (275 °F)

★ Nylon 6.6: 135 °C (275 °F)

★ Polyester: 148 °C (300 °F)

★ Silk: 148 °C (300 °F)

★ Viscose: 190 °C (375 °F)

★ Wool: 148 °C (300 °F)

Ergonomy

Continuous 'manual' ironing can be a cause of repetitive strain injury to the user's wrist. For alternatives, see Robots and major home appliances.

See also

★ Breast ironing

★ Extreme ironing

★ Hair iron

★ Home appliance

★ Home robot

★ Laundry

★ Wardrobe (furniture)

External links

★ Siemens Dressman review.

★ White River Valley Museum article about charcoal and other antique irons

★ History of Ironing