IRON MAN

:''For the film, see Iron Man (film). For other uses of the term, see Iron Man (disambiguation).''
'Iron Man' ('Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark') is a fictional comic-book superhero in the Marvel Comics universe. Created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber, Don Heck and Jack Kirby, he first appeared in ''Tales of Suspense'' #39 (March 1963).

Contents

Publication history

Fictional character biography

Origins

Changing fortunes

Armor Wars

The Crossing and Heroes Reborn

The new millennium

Civil War

World War Hulk

Post-World War Hulk

Powers and abilities

Armor

Skills

Enemies

Other versions

In other media

Toys

Television

Animated films

Film

Video games

Popular culture

Other

Bibliography

List of Iron Man titles

See also

Footnotes

References

External links

Publication history

Iron Man's premiere was a collaboration among editor and story-plotter Lee, scripter Lieber, story-artist Heck, who would illustrate most of the early Iron Man tales, and Kirby, who provided the cover pencils and designed the first Iron Man armor.^[1] Heck created the look of characters including protagonist Tony Stark and his secretary, Pepper Potts.^[2] Lee based Stark's personality on Howard Hughes, explaining, "Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-millionaire, a ladies man and finally a nutcase."^[3]
Iron Man starred in generally 13-page but occasionally 18-page adventures, with the rest of ''Tales of Suspense'' devoted to anthology science fiction and supernatural stories. After debuting with bulky grey armor, Iron Man was redesigned with similar but golden armor in his second story (issue #40, April 1963), with the first iteration of his familiar, sleek red-and-golden armor appearing in issue #48 (Dec. 1963), drawn by Steve Ditko (though whether he or Kirby, singly or in collaboration, designed it, is uncertain).
Beginning with issue #59 (Nov. 1964), Iron Man began sharing the now "split book" ''Tales of Suspense'' with Captain America. After the final issue, #99 (March 1968), the book became ''Captain America''; Iron Man appeared in the one-shot ''Iron Man and Sub-Mariner'' #1 (April 1968), and then debuted in his own title with ''The Invincible Iron Man'' #1 (May 1968).
Iron Man was originally an anti-communist hero. Throughout the character’s comic book series, technological advancement and national defense were constant themes, but later issues developed Stark into a more complex and vulnerable character as they depicted his battle with alcoholism and other personal difficulties.
Writers often portray Iron Man as a symbol of humanity's creativity as well as its frailties. He is often placed in contrast with his close friends Captain America and Thor, the former as a contrast between interventionist and cooperative attitudes, and the latter contrasting science and the supernatural. Throughout most of his career, Iron Man has been a member of the superhero team the Avengers, and has been featured in several incarnations of his own various comic-book series.

Fictional character biography

Origins

Anthony Stark was born in Long Island, New York. He enters the undergraduate electrical engineering program at MIT while only 15 years old and graduates at the top of his class. At the age of 21, he inherits his father's company, Stark Industries, after his parents are killed in a car accident. One of the first things Stark does is to buy out the company that made the faulty brakes on his parents' car and corrects the mechanical problem.
While on a visit to Vietnam (later updated to the Gulf War) to see how his new mini-transistors could assist the American war effort, Stark is caught in a booby trap. Captured by a Vietnamese warlord named Wong Chu, and dying from a piece of shrapnel lodged in his heart from the booby trap, Stark is pressed into building weapons for Wong Chu, along with a fellow prisoner, the famed physicist Yin Sen (later called Ho Yinsen). However, Stark and Yin Sen use the workshop to secretly design and construct a suit of powered armor — an iron exoskeleton that gives Stark tremendous strength as well as other abilities — that will not only keep Stark's heart beating, but also allow him to escape. Yin Sen sacrifices himself to buy Stark time to charge the bulky suit of armor, and as Iron Man, Stark kills Wong Chu and his men. On the way back, Iron Man encounters a wounded American Air Force helicopter pilot, Jim Rhodes. Introducing himself as Stark's bodyguard, Iron Man and Rhodes manage to defend themselves against the pursuing North Vietnamese before making it back to American lines. On his return to the U.S., Stark continues to improve the armor, establishing a dual identity as the adventurer and superhero Iron Man. He also greatly expands his father's company, Stark Industries, eventually renaming it Stark International.
The cover for Iron Man is that he is Stark's bodyguard and corporate mascot. To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company, Communist opponents such as the Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo and the Titanium Man as well as independent villains like the Mandarin. Both the Widow and the Dynamo eventually defect to the United States, and even erstwhile villain Hawkeye, originally a pawn of the Widow, reforms and join the Avengers. No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man as he cultivates an image as a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of Stark's supporting cast at this point are his personal chauffeur Harold "Happy" Hogan and secretary Virginia "Pepper" Potts, to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity.
The comic took an anti-Communist stance in its early years, which was softened as opposition rose to the Vietnam War. This change evolved in a series of stories with Stark profoundly reconsidering his political opinions and the morality of manufacturing weapons for the military. Stark, however, has remained essentially conservative both in character and politics, despite his playboy image. He also often shows himself to be occasionally arrogant and willing to justify the means with the ends. This leads to personal conflicts with the people around him, both in his civilian and superhero identities.
Stark has a vast personal fortune, and is also known as a philanthropist. He donates the use of his boyhood manor as Avengers Mansion, and funds the Avengers' operations through the Maria Stark Foundation, a non-profit organization named after his late mother. The Foundation is not linked to any of Stark's businesses, and has continued to operate even when those businesses have failed. Stark also provides technology to other superheroes, including designing various replacement shields for Captain America, the quinjets used by the Avengers, the image inducers used by the X-Men and Spider-Man's second armored costume.
Eventually, Stark's heart condition is discovered by the public and cured with an artificial heart transplant. However, Stark is also developing a serious dependency on alcohol. The first time it becomes a problem is when Stark discovers that the national security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. has been buying a controlling interest in his company in order to ensure Stark's continued weapons development for them. At the same time, Stark's business rival Justin Hammer hires several supervillains to attack Stark. At one point, the Iron Man armor is even taken over and used to murder a diplomat. Although Iron Man is not immediately under suspicion, Stark is forced to hand the armor over to the authorities. Eventually Stark and Rhodes, now his personal pilot and confidant, track down and defeat those responsible, although Hammer would return to bedevil Stark again. With the support of his then-girlfriend, Bethany Cabe, his friends and employees, Stark pulls through these crises and, for the moment, overcomes his dependency on alcohol.

Changing fortunes

Some time later, a ruthless rival, Obadiah Stane, manipulates him emotionally into a serious relapse into alcoholism. As a result, Stark loses control of Stark International, becomes a homeless vagrant and gives up his armored identity to Rhodes, who becomes the new Iron Man for a lengthy period of time. Eventually, Stark recovers and starts a new company, Circuits Maximus. While Stark concentrates on new technological designs, Rhodes continues to act as Iron Man but steadily grows more aggressive and paranoid. Rhodes's problems are initially thought to be the result of his using armors whose cerebral interfaces are calibrated for Stark's brain, but are later revealed to be purely psychological in nature. Rhodes goes on a rampage, and Stark has to don a prototype suit to stop him. When Circuits Maximus comes under assault from Stane, Stark uses the completed next-generation armor to confront Stane in personal combat. Stark's skill proves superior over Stane's unskilled use of his own variant suit (known as the Iron Monger) and Stark regains his company when Stane commits suicide rather than be captured.

Armor Wars

In an attempt to stop other people from misusing his designs, Stark goes about disabling other armored heroes and villains who are using suits based on the Iron Man technology, the designs of which were stolen by his enemy Spymaster. However, these "Armor Wars" have tragic consequences, when he inadvertently causes the death of the Soviet Titanium Man. He also severely hurts his reputation as Iron Man by disabling the armor of the SHIELD operatives known as the Mandroids, disabling the armor of the Guardsmen (the Guardsmen were the guards of the supervillain detention center known as the Vault, and Iron Man's actions lead to a small prison breakout), and defeating the government operative known as Stingray in battle. The situation is worsened when Stark realizes that Stingray's armor does not incorporate any of his designs.

This also leads to a falling out between Stark and Steve Rogers (who at the time has given up his Captain America identity). Rogers, while agreeing with Stark's motives, disapproves of his heavy-handed methods, considering them reckless and dangerous. The United States government declares Iron Man a danger when he goes after their Stark-derived Guardsmen suits and Iron Man is hunted down. Stark eventually fakes Iron Man's demise and claims that a new person is in the armor. Stark also patches up his friendship with Steve Rogers.
However, Stark's health continues to deteriorate, and it is discovered that the armor's cybernetic interface is causing irreversible damage to his nervous system. His condition is aggravated by a failed attempt on his life by a mentally unbalanced former lover which injures his spine, paralyzing him. Stark has a nerve chip implanted into his spine to regain his mobility, but this makes his body vulnerable to outside control, even though his mind is unaffected. With Rhodes's help, and using the cybernetically controlled Iron Man armor to move his remotely controlled body, he eventually defeats the villain responsible.
However, Stark's nervous system continues its slide towards failure, and he constructs a "skin" made up of artificial nerve circuitry to assist it. Stark also begins to pilot a remote-controlled Iron Man armor, but when faced with the Masters of Silence, the telepresence suit proves inadequate. Stark then designs a more heavily armed version of the suit to wear, the "Variable Threat Response Battle Suit", which becomes known as the War Machine armor.
Ultimately, the damage to his nervous system is too extensive. Faking his death, Stark places himself in suspended animation to heal as Rhodes takes over the running of Stark Enterprises and the mantle of Iron Man using the War Machine armor. Stark ultimately makes a full recovery by using the chip to reprogram himself and reassumes the Iron Man identity. When Rhodes learns that Stark has manipulated his friends by faking his own death, he becomes enraged and the two friends part ways, Rhodes continuing as War Machine in a solo career.
A schism within the Avengers following the events of the Kree-Shi'ar War () and the later Bloodties storyline leads to a difference of opinion regarding the future of the Avengers' west coast branch. Iron Man leaves the team and forms a new superhero group, Force Works, funded by Tony Stark and composed of ex-Avengers. However, tensions within that team soon lead to his resignation from it, and Iron Man attempts a reconciliation with the Avengers.

The Crossing and Heroes Reborn

The story arc "The Crossing" reveals Iron Man as a traitor among the Avengers' ranks, due to his having been manipulated for years and used as a sleeper agent by the time-traveling dictator Kang the Conqueror. Stark, in Kang's thrall, kills Marilla, the nanny of Crystal and Quicksilver's daughter Luna, as well as Rita DeMara, the female Yellowjacket, then an ally of the Avengers. (The miniseries ''Avengers Forever'' later retcons these events as having been due to the machinations of a disguised Immortus, not Kang, and that the mental control had gone back only a few months).
Needing help to defeat both Stark and the ostensible Kang, the team travels back in time to recruit a teenaged Tony Stark from an alternate timeline to assist them. The young Stark steals an Iron Man suit in order to aid the Avengers against his older self. The sight of his younger self shocks the older Stark enough for him to regain momentary control of his actions, and he sacrifices his life to stop Kang. The young Stark later builds his own suit to become the new Iron Man, and, remaining in the present day, gains legal control of "his" company.
During the battle with the creature called Onslaught, the teenaged Stark dies, along with many other superheroes. However, Franklin Richards preserves these "dead" heroes in the "Heroes Reborn" pocket universe, in which Tony Stark is once again an adult hero; Franklin recreates the heroes in the pocket universe in the forms he is most familiar with rather than what they are at the present. The reborn adult Stark, upon returning to the normal Marvel Universe, merges with the original Stark, who had died during "The Crossing," but was resurrected by Franklin Richards. This new Tony Stark possesses the memories of both the original and teenage Tony Starks, and thus considers himself to be essentially both of them. With the aid of the law firm Nelson & Murdock, he successfully regains his fortune and- what with Stark Enterprises having been sold to the Fujikawa Corporation following Stark's death- sets up a new company, Stark Solutions. He also returns from the pocket universe with a restored and healthy heart. After the Avengers reform, Stark demands a hearing be convened to look into his actions just prior to the Onslaught incident. Cleared of wrongdoing, he rejoins the Avengers.

The new millennium

At one point, Stark's armor itself becomes sentient, despite fail-safes to prevent its increasingly sophisticated computer systems from doing so. Stark's safeguards are corrupted accidentally when he uses the armor to download the mind of the android Jocasta to save her, resulting in her becoming his holographic personal physician/psychologist due to Stark programming her with various medical and surgical techniques. Jocasta is the creation of the rogue android Ultron, and unknown even to her, embedded in all of Ultron's creations is the Ultron Imperative, a command that would compel them to rebuild Ultron whenever he is destroyed. The Ultron Imperative acts like a Trojan horse, infecting the armor's on-board systems. Combined with an electrical attack by the villain Whiplash that sends Stark into cardiac arrest, it causes the armor's computer to become self-aware. Initially, Stark welcomes this "living" armor, as it has improved tactical abilities, but soon the armor's behavior begins to grow more aggressive, and it even commits murder. Eventually, the armor reaches the point where it wants to join with Stark and eventually replace him, like Ultron wishes to do with his creator Henry Pym.
Stark finds he cannot defeat the armor, but in the final confrontation on a desert island, Stark suffers another heart attack. To save its creator's life, the armor gives up part of its components to give Stark a new, artificial heart, sacrificing its own existence. The new heart solves Stark's health problems, but it does not have an internal power supply, so Stark becomes once again dependent on periodic recharging.
The sentient armor incident so disturbs Stark that he goes back to using an early model version of his armor for a while, lacking the sophistication of the sentient version and thus unlikely to result in a repeat of the same problem. He also dabbles with using liquid metal circuitry known as S.K.I.N. that will form itself into a protective shell around his body, but eventually returns to more conventional hard metal armors.
During this time, Stark engages in a romance with Rumiko Fujikawa, (first appearance in ''Iron Man'' vol. 3, #4), a wealthy heiress and daughter of the man who had taken over his company during the "Heroes Reborn" period. An intelligent and resourceful woman, she nonetheless begins the relationship in part to rebel against her stern father, who disapproves of Stark. Her relationship with Stark endures many highs and lows, including an infidelity with Stark's rival, Tiberius Stone, in part because the fun-loving Rumiko believes that Stark is too serious and dull. Their relationship ends with Rumiko's death at the hands of an Iron Man impostor in Vol. 3, #87.

In ''Iron Man'' vol. 3, #55 (July 2002), Stark publicly reveals his dual identity as Iron Man, not realizing that by doing so, he has invalidated the agreements protecting his armor from government duplication (since those contracts state that the Iron Man armor would be used by an 'employee' of Tony Stark, not by Stark himself). When he discovers that the United States military is again using his technology, Stark, rather than confront them as before, accepts a Presidential appointment as Secretary of Defense. (His predecessor, Dell Rusk, was the Red Skull in disguise). In this way, he hopes to monitor and direct how his designs are used.
Stark continues to act as Iron Man while carrying out his government duties, until being forced to resign after a seemingly drunken tirade against the Latverian Ambassador at the United Nations. The tirade is actually induced by the Scarlet Witch, who has gone insane (see ''Avengers Disassembled''). This incident is part of a series of events culminating in the deaths of three Avengers, the destruction of Avengers Mansion, and the disbanding of the Avengers themselves. In the aftermath, Stark claims publicly he will stand down as Iron Man, although adding, there will "always be an Iron Man".
The "new" Iron Man remains Stark, but the catastrophic events that preceded this, combined with Stark's assertion, convinces the public that Iron Man and Stark are now different people. Stark leaves the wreckage of Avengers Mansion as it is, and unveils Stark Tower, a state-of-the-art office building that becomes headquarters for the New Avengers team, of which he is a member.
In the "Extremis" story arc by writer Warren Ellis (''Iron Man'' Vol. 4, #1-6), Stark is working on a way to improve the armor's response speed when he is called upon to track Mallen, a terrorist who has ingested the powerful "Extremis" techno-organic virus. This "virus" (actually a neurological information package which alters part of the brain, rather than a tangible virus) turns Mallen into an almost indestructible living weapon, and he subsequently goes on a deadly rampage. After being beaten nearly to death trying to stop him, Stark himself ingests a modified version of Extremis in an effort to save his own life, merging with and directly integrating the armor into his biological systems (see below). In ''Mighty Avengers'' #1 Ultron has made use of the Extremis in Tony's body by using it to take over and redesign Tony as a female Ultron.
The miniseries ''Iron Man: The Inevitable'' openly addresses the fact that since the new millennium began, Iron Man has not clashed with any of his classic "supervillain" enemies, and reintroduces the Ghost, the Living Laser and Spymaster. Presenting the change in status quo — the focus of Iron Man stories shifting from superheroism to political and industrial tales — as Iron Man having elevated himself to a new place in his life where he is "beyond" apprehending supervillains, the miniseries sees a resentful Spymaster conspire to drag Iron Man back to that plebeian level.

Civil War

:''Main article: Civil War''

''New Avengers: Illuminati'' #1 (June 2006) reveals that years before, in the wake of the Kree-Skrull War, Stark initiates a meeting in Wakanda with Professor X, Mister Fantastic, Black Bolt, Doctor Strange, and Namor to form a clandestine, unnamed group to devise strategy and policy regarding overarching menaces (the "Illuminati"). Stark's original goal is to create a governing body for all superheroes in the world to answer to. However, the different beliefs and philosophies, besides the fact that many heroes choose to conceal their real identities, makes Stark's plan impractical. Despite this, the group agrees to share vital information.
Learning of the government's plans to instigate a Super-human Registration Act that would force costumed, superpowered individuals to reveal their identities to the government and sign on as licensed agents, Iron Man at first seeks to defeat the proposal, even going to such lengths as to hire the Titanium Man to attack the hearing on the act as he testifies in order to manipulate opinion in his favor. However, at some point, Tony Stark's opinion of the Act changes, seeing it as a new means to achieve the goal that he had sought in forming the "Illuminati", and to tie the knots of friendship between ordinary humans and superheroes. He attempts to convince the other members of the clandestine group to support the new Act, stating that their input could prevent the Act from becoming too restrictive of superhuman activities, but all except Mister Fantastic reject the idea of registration.
In ''Civil War'', a battle in Stamford, Connecticut between the New Warriors and several supervillains kills several hundred bystanders, including 60 children, and most of the participants. This disaster turns public opinion against superhumans and fast-tracks the Act into law. Stark comes out publicly in support of the Act, but the new law splits the hero community in two. Stark becomes the leader and public face of the pro-registration side. In his first major public action as a supporter of registration, he again unmasks as Iron Man (''Civil War: Front Line'' #1), and convinces Spider-Man to ally with him and do the same. Spider-Man, after growing unease with the overzealous righteousness of Stark's cause, later defects to the Anti-Registration forces after learning about a prison in the Negative Zone that has been designed to hold Anti-Registration heroes. These heroes and Iron Man's forces eventually meet in a climactic battle that ends when Captain America, dismayed with the collateral damage and realizing his actions weren't bringing the end to the act any closer, stands down.
In ''Civil War'' #7, Stark is appointed the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D.^[4] and his book has the subtitle "Director of S.H.I.E.L.D." to reflect this. He has, as of ''Mighty Avengers #1'', had built for him a version of the helicarrier, designed to look more like the Iron Man Armor with the familiar red and gold design. He also revives the Avengers.
Shortly after the events of ''Civil War'' Captain America is killed on the steps of the courthouse for his trial. Despite his fervent belief in the registration act, Tony Stark looks down on the body of Captain America stating that most of what he had done in the name of the law "wasn't worth it" stating later at Captain America's funeral that "it wasn't supposed to be this way".

World War Hulk

Before the Civil War, Iron Man and several other members of the secret group known as the Illuminati deemed the Hulk a threat to the Earth due to the destruction which accompanies his rampages. The Illuminati lured the Hulk into a space vessel and launched him into space in order to provide him a location where his power would not destroy innocent lives. ''World War Hulk'' follows his return, and revenge upon Iron Man and the Illuminati.
Iron Man is the first hero on Earth to confront the Hulk upon his return. Using a modified Hulkbuster armor, he engages the Hulk in combat in Manhattan (which Stark had SHIELD evacuate). Iron Man attempts to use specially designed nanobots to deactivate the Hulk's powers, but is unsuccessful due to the nanobots being sabotaged beforehand by . Both his new Hulkbuster armor and Stark Tower are destroyed in the ensuing battle. As of ''World War Hulk'' #3, he is being held in Madison Square Garden arena. He manages to contact Dugan via Extremis and manages to tell Dugan of a last resort plan preventing the Hulk from attacking the rest of the world to send the whole of Manhattan into the Negative Zone that would kill himself, the Hulk, the Warbound, and all heroes and agents within. He trusts Dugan to know if and when to execute the plan.

Post-World War Hulk

As of issue Volume 4 Issue 21, Tony Stark is no longer a prisoner of the Hulk. Stark Tower has been completely rebuilt, and Tony Stark is now continuing his duties as Iron Man and Head Director of SHIELD. Tony is currently investigating the possibility of the Mandarin being alive, and the mysterious circumstances surrounding Maya Hansen's death.
Because of Spider-man switching sides during the height of Civil War, he Aunt May got shot as a consequence. When all hope seems lost for Peter to generate enough money to keep May at the Hospital. Peter heads back to the rebuilt Stark Tower. Where he confronts Tony in order for him to receive money to pay for his Aunt May's operation at the hospital. Placing the blame of May's shooting on himself and Tony, because it was Tony who convinced him that Unmasking was the right way to go. Tony at first refuses Peter's request, stating that it would undermine everything that he worked for during the Civil War. Later on however, in a moment of guilt over what he put Peter and his family through, he instructed Jarvis to deliver a two million dollar check to the hospital that May was staying in.

Powers and abilities

Armor

Iron Man possesses powered armor that gives him superhuman strength and durability, flight, and an array of weapons. The armor is invented and, with occasional short-term exceptions, worn by Tony Stark, an American industrialist billionaire and military contractor known not only for his lifestyle, but also for his incredible ingenuity and inventive genius. Other people who have assumed the Iron Man identity include close associates Harold "Happy" Hogan, Eddie March, James Rhodes and (briefly) Michael O'Brien.
Iron Man's appearance and abilities are continually in flux as Stark modifies and upgrades his equipment, most notably his powered armor. The Iron Man armor was originally grey, but Stark found that this appearance frightened the public, so he spray-painted it gold (''Tales of Suspense'' #40). This bulky armor was changed in ''Tales of Suspense'' #48 into a more-form fitting design, sporting a red and gold color scheme that it has mostly retained since. One notable exception is the "Silver Centurion" armor, with a red and silver color scheme, created for use against Obadiah Stane's Iron Monger suit and retained until the end of the first Armor Wars.
Iron Man's powers and abilities derive from the advanced powered armor that he wears. The armor has evolved from a bulky iron suit to a molecularly aligned matrix of crystallized iron enhanced by magnetic fields over layers of other metals like titanium, creating a shell that is pliable, yet capable of great resilience and protection. The suit grants him superhuman strength and flight capabilities, and is powered by a combination of solar converters, electrical batteries and an on-board generator that uses beta particle absorption as a fuel source. The suit is also able to convert nearby energy sources, such as heat or kinetic energy into electricity, or even drain electrical energy directly into the batteries for recharge. Tony also adds jet skates that are now so powerful Iron Man could skate forward towing an entire train behind him. Miniature panes can protect Iron Man's eyes when needed. In addition, the suit can be completely sealed for operations in vacuum or underwater, providing its own life support, and is shielded against radiation.
The onboard systems of the armor are controlled by Tony Stark's brain patterns, read from a cybernetic interface in his helmet. Sophisticated computers with an artificially intelligent operating system of Stark's own design provide tactical information as well as constant feedback on the suit's status, using internal and external sensors. As noted above, Stark has tried to put safeguards in to make sure that the systems do not actually achieve sentience, although these were once circumvented.

The weapons systems of the suit have evolved over the years, but Iron Man's standard offensive weapons have always been the repulsor rays that are fired from the palms of his gauntlets. Other weapons built into various incarnations of the armor include the unibeam projector in its chest; pulse bolts that pick up kinetic energy along the way, so that they hit harder the further they have to travel; an electromagnetic pulse generator and an energy shield. Other capabilities include generation of ultra-freon, creating and manipulating of magnetic fields, sonic blasts and a holographic generator to create decoys.

In addition to the general-purpose model he wears, Stark has developed several specialized suits for space travel, deep-sea diving, stealth and other situations. Stark has modified suits like the "Hulkbuster" heavy armor, composed of add-ons to his so-called modular armor, designed to enhance its strength and durability to allow it to take on the Incredible Hulk. A later model designed for use against Thor is modeled on the Destroyer and uses a mystical power source. Stark also develops an electronics pack during the Armor Wars that, when attached to armors that use Stark technology, will burn out those components and render the suit useless. This pack is ineffective on later models, however.
After being critically injured during a battle with the Extremis-enhanced Mallen, Stark injects his nervous system with a modified techno-organic virus (the extremis process) that not only saves his life, but also fuses Stark's armor to his body. This allows him to store the inner layers of the Iron Man armor in the hollows of his bones as well as control it through direct brain impulses. Stark can control the layer of the armor underneath his skin and make it emerge from numerous exit points around his limbs as a gold-colored neural interface undersheath. While in this form, Stark can control the armor cyberpathically and suit up at any time, even if the armor is 100 miles away. Furthermore, the Extremis process has increased his body's recuperative and healing abilities. He is also able to remotely connect to external communications systems such as satellites, cellular phones, and computers throughout the world. Because the armor's operating system is now directly connected to Stark's nervous system, its response time has been significantly improved. Stark also has a 'phera-sense' which he gained by using information he garnered from the analysis of Spider-Man's neurophysiology by the 'Spider-Armor' Stark gave him and uses this to not only create his own 'spider-sense' but can also neutralize Spider-Man's and create 'false positives' in Spider-Man's spider-sense.

Skills

Apart from the powers granted him by the suit, Stark is an inventive genius, constantly creating new technology and looking for ways to improve it. This extends to his ingenuity dealing with difficult foes and deathtraps, where he is capable of using his suit in unorthodox and effective ways. He is well-respected in the business world, able to command people's attentions when he speaks on economic matters. He is known for the loyalty he commands from and returns to those who work for him, as well as impeccable business ethics. He also strives to be environmentally responsible in his businesses, and in two cases, immediately fired employees who made profitable but illegal sales to Doctor Doom and A.I.M.
Stark prides himself on being a futurist.
When Stark was unable to use his armor for a period of time, he asked Captain America for combat training and has become physically formidable on his own.

Enemies

Main articles: List of Iron Man enemies

Other versions

Main articles: Alternate versions of Iron Man

In other media

Toys

The first Iron Man action figure was produced in 1975 by the Mego Corporation. This eight inch tall figure featured a cloth costume and plastic accessories. The version of the armor represented features the infamous "nose" helmet, making it unique among all Iron Man toys.
Toy Biz has produced Iron Man figures based on the 1994 Iron Man cartoon, all with vac-metallized, detachable armor parts. A fifth assortment, which never became openly available, appears on the collectibles market.^[5]
Since 2002, Toy Biz has produced Iron Man figures in the company's Marvel Legends line. Iron Man Legends figures include his Classic Armor (Gold variant) and Stealth Armor in Series One, the Silver Centurion Armor in Series Seven, the Modern Armor in Series Eight, War Machine (with James Rhodes) in Series Nine, the Hulkbuster Armor in Series 11, the Origin Armor in Series 14 (Gold variant), and the Thorbuster Armor in Series 15. Modular Armor (with War-Machine variant) also appeared.
When Hasbro took over the Marvel Legends line in 2007, the company released the Ultimate Iron Man armor as part of the Annihilus build a figure series. His armor also comes with different color. Some of the action figures' armor could be removed.
The Marvel Minimates action-figure line features four Iron Man armors.
Iron Man is featured as one of the available characters to choose from in the Marvel Heroes version of the 1980s board game Guess Who?

Television

Iron Man has appeared in many animated television series, including starring roles in two series and guest appearances in others.
His first starring role came in the 1966 series ''The Marvel Superheroes'' where he was one of the five featured superheroes and was voiced by John Vernon. This version was pretty faithful to the comics, as the bulk of the series was literally comic panels brought to life, via limited animation. In 1994, Iron Man got his own starring series, simply titled ''Iron Man'', with Robert Hays voicing Iron Man. This show was part of the ''Marvel Action Hour'', which packaged several animated versions of Marvel series, including the 1994 ''Fantastic Four'', with two half-hour episodes from different series. Iron Man's origin was changed for this series. Instead of a shrapnel near his heart, Stark has multiple slivers near his spine, threatening paralysis. Also, Stark and Yinsen are held captive not by Wong Chu but by the Mandarin, who had been altered by his rings to have green skin and greater physical strength. The Mandarin leads a group of villains, consisting of Dreadknight, Hypnotia, Blizzard, Blacklash, Grey Gargoyle, Whirlwind, M.O.D.O.K. and Justin Hammer against Iron Man and a team based on Force Works.
His guest appearances started in 1981, when Iron Man appeared in ''Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends'' voiced by William H. Marshall. In the 1990s, he made guest appearances across multiple Marvel animated universe shows, including '' and ''The Incredible Hulk'', where he was voiced by Robert Hays again, and '', where this time he was voiced by Francis Diakowsky. Most recently, he appears in the '' episode "Shell Games" voiced by David Kaye. After several attacks from Iron Man suits, the Fantastic Four track down Tony Stark who they think is behind the attacks. It turns out Doom was behind the attacks, and now the Four have to face both Iron Doom and Iron Man under Doom's control.
A new ''Iron Man'' cartoon is currently being developed. It is expected to start to air before the ''Iron Man'' film debuts in 2008^[6].

Animated films

Iron Man has been featured in ''Ultimate Avengers'' (2006), an animated direct-to-video adaptation of the ''Ultimates'' produced by Marvel Entertainment and Lion's Gate Films. Although based on Ultimate Iron Man, the animated version's identity is not a matter of public record, and, as in main Marvel Universe continuity, he is inflicted with a heart condition rather than a brain tumor. Marvel/Lion's Gate released ''Ultimate Avengers 2'' on August 8, 2006, and ''The Invincible Iron Man'' on January 23, 2007. The character in these videos is voiced by Marc Worden.

Film

Main articles: Iron Man (film)

New Line Cinema indicated it was producing an Iron Man film, originally scheduled for release November 2005, then rescheduled to 2006 and then to 2007. The studio's rights eventually expired and reverted to Marvel. Nick Cassavetes would have directed the film.
Marvel Studios announced in April 2006 that it is producing the ''Iron Man'' movie with director Jon Favreau and a script by Arthur Marcum and Matt Holloway with a planned release date of May 2, 2008. The film will be distributed by Paramount Pictures.^[7] On July 22, 2006 at the San Diego Comic-Con, Favreau confirmed "The suit will be more like a weapons platform than a flying suit – more of a War Machine-feel to it."^[8] On September 28, 2006, the website Ain't It Cool News reported Iron Man would be played by Robert Downey Jr.^[9]

Video games

★ Iron Man is featured in several video games. He is one of four selectable heroes in ''Captain America & The Avengers'' (1991), as well as Capcom's ''Marvel Super Heroes - War of the Gems'' and subsequent ''Marvel vs. Capcom'' series.

★ He also appears in ''Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal'' for the PC, PlayStation, the Game Boy, Saturn and Game Gear.

★ ''The Invincible Iron Man'' came out on the Game Boy Advance in late 2002.

★ Iron Man is unlockable after beating ''Tony Hawk's Underground'' which came out in 2003.

★ Iron Man, Tony Stark and Stark Enterprises make an appearance in the 2005 ''Punisher video game''. An inside joke alludes to Stark's alcoholism: After viewing the destruction left by the Punisher, Stark sighs and says, "I need a drink."

★ He is an unlockable character in '' voiced by John Cygan. He is seen alongside Banshee as a prisoner guarded by Stryfe and joins the X-Men and Brotherhood of Mutants in the fight against Apocalypse once he's rescued.

★ Iron Man is one of the main characters in ''.

★ An old woman wrongly believed that Spider-Man was chasing Iron Man in ''Ultimate Spider-Man''. Spider-Man was actually chasing the Beetle. Stark himself does not appear in the game, and only his codename gets mentioned.

★ John Cygan reprises his role of Iron Man who is a playable character in ''. His costumes include his New Avenger armor, his Classic armor, the War Machine armor, and his Ultimate armor. Iron Man is one of the main characters in game; Stark Tower is one of the bases of the team in the game. He has special dialogue with Deathbird and Nick Fury. A simulation disk has Iron Man fighting Ultimo on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier.

★ In 2008, ''Sega Corporation'' will publish a video game featuring Iron Man alongside the release of the movie.

Popular culture

The rapper Ghostface Killah, a member of Wu-Tang Clan, titled his 1996 debut solo album ''Ironman'', and has since continued to use lyrics related to the Iron Man comics and samples from the animated TV shows on his records. He has also adopted the nickname Tony Starks ''(cq)'' as one of his numerous alter-egos.
One episode of ''Seinfeld'' featured a debate between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza about whether or not Iron Man wore underwear, to which George responded "and I still say he's naked under there!" In ''Iron Man'' vol. 3, #1, Tony Stark mentally runs through a list of people he has to contact and thinks, "I really have to drop him (Jerry) a note about that underwear thing".
Paul McCartney's song "Magneto and Titanium Man" was inspired by the X-Men's arch-nemesis and the original version of the Iron Man villain. Another Iron Man villain, the Crimson Dynamo, is mentioned in the lyrics to this song.
The British band Razorlight mentions Tony Stark in the verse of its song, "Hang By, Hang By".
In the 2005 film ''The 40-Year-Old Virgin'', Andy, played by Steve Carell has a toy collection that includes an Iron Man action figure. When he refuses to let go of his collectibles, his girlfriend Trish, played by Catherine Keener, mocks him, "I can be Iron Man, I can be Thor...." Also, earlier in the film Andy can be seen reading an issue of Marvel Team-Up. This particular issue features an Iron Man from an alternate universe fighting The Hulk.
Forbes.com has listed Tony Stark as #8 on its list of fifteen wealthiest fictional characters, with a net worth of US $3 billion.^[10]
Iron Man is the name of a popular song by Black Sabbath. It was later retconned into the source of Iron Man's name, as it was a young Tony Stark's favorite song.
The character of Nathan Stark on the television show ''Eureka'' is inspired by Tony Stark.^[11]

Other

Iron Man appears regularly in ''Twisted ToyFare Theater'', a photographic comic strip made using toys and Adobe Photoshop that appears monthly in the magazine ToyFare. He is depicted as constantly intoxicated and usually has a beer in hand. His drinking usually gets him in trouble. In one issue, he bet on a wrestling match between two versions of Spider-Man and lost Stark Industries to Boss Hogg. In another, he resolves to quit drinking after being given an ultimatum to sober up or be kicked out of the Avengers, until the Incredible Hulk brings over a bunch of ''Party of Five'' episodes. After Iron Man drinks until he passes out with his head in the refrigerator, the Hulk takes his suit to impersonate him at the Avengers meeting, but ends up at The Hall of Justice instead. Due to licensing issues with DC Comics, this was later changed to the X-Mansion when the comic was reprinted in a collected volume.

Bibliography

List of Iron Man titles

★ ''Tales of Suspense'' #39-99 (March 1963 - March 1968)

★ ''Iron Man and the Sub-Mariner'' (1968)

★ ''Iron Man'' Vol. 1, #1-332 (May 1968 - Sept. 1996)

★ ''Iron Man Annual'' #1-15 (1970-1994)

★ ''Iron Man Annual '98-2001''

★ ''Giant-Size Iron Man'' (1975)

★ ''Iron Man: Crash'' (1988)

★ ''Iron Manual'' (1993)

★ ''Iron Man 2020'' (Aug. 1994)

★ ''Age of Innocence: The Rebirth of Iron Man'' (Feb. 1996)

★ ''Iron Man'' Vol. 2, #1-13 (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997)

★ ''Iron Man'' Vol. 3, #1-89 (Feb. 1998 - Oct. 2004)

★ ''Iron Man: The Iron Age'' #1-2 (Aug.- Sept. 1998)

★ ''Iron Man: Bad Blood'' #1-4 (Sept.- Dec. 2000)

★ ''Iron Man'' Vol. 4, #1 -  (Nov. 2004 - Present)

★ ''Ultimate Iron Man: #1-5'' (Mar. 2005 - Dec. 2005)

★ ''Iron Man: The Inevitable'' #1-6 (Feb. 2006 - July 2006)

★ ''Iron Man: Hypervelocity'' #1-6 (March 2007 - Aug. 2007)

★ ''Marvel Adventures:Iron Man'' #1- (May 2007- Present)

See also

★ Futurism

★ Transhumanism

★ Iron Man (film)

Footnotes

1. POVonline Evanier, Mark
2. Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics, , Les, Daniels, Harry N. Abrams, 1999, "He designed the costume", Heck said of Kirby, "because he was doing the cover. The covers were always done first. But I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark and his secretary Pepper Potts".
3. "Bullpen Bulletins" (Dec. 1997 Marvel comics): "Stan's Soapbox" (column), by Stan Lee
4. The Initiative - Marvel.com news
5. Myers, E. G., and Geyer, J. (2001). "Iron Man Figure Archive: Series Five"
6. http://www.superherohype.com/news/ironmannews.php?id=4539
7. Marvel Studios outlines slew of superhero titles: First is Favreau-helmed 'Iron Man' Borys Kit
8. Mandarin is villain in IRON MAN KARL SCHNEIDER
9. AICN EXCLUSIVE!! IRON MAN Has Found Its Tony Stark!!
10. Forbes.com: "The Forbes Fictional 15" (Nov. 20, 2006)
11. Sci-fi made sexy on 'Eureka' Melissa Hank

References

★ Iron Man: The Animated Series (1994-5) @ Marvel Animation Age

★ Iron Man Figure Archive @ toymania.com

★ The Iron Man Armory

★ Advanced Iron - The Longest Running Iron Man Fanzine

External links

★ Anthony Stark at Marvel Universe.

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