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The terms 'international waters' or 'trans-boundary waters' apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands [1].
Oceans and seas, waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the 'High Seas' or 'Mare liberum'.
Ships sailing the high seas are generally under flag state jurisdiction. In the cases of piracy or slave trade, any nation can exercise jurisdiction.

Contents

International waterways

Links and References

International Waters Agreements

Global Agreements

Regional Agreements

Waterbody-Specific Agreements

International Waters Institutions

Freshwater Institutions

Marine Institutions

International Waters Resources on the Web

See also

International waterways

Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas.

★ The Copenhagen Convention of 1857 opened access to the Baltic by abolishing the Sound Dues and making the Danish Straits an international waterway free to all military and commercial shipping.

★ Several conventions have opened the Bosporus and Dardanelles to shipping. The latest, the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits maintains the straits' status as an international waterway.

Links and References

International Waters Agreements

Global Agreements

★ International Freshwater Treaties Database (freshwater only).

★ The Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources.

★ 1972 London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter ([2])

★ 1973 London