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:''This article is about Indore city. For other uses see Indore (disambiguation)''
'Indore' (Hindi:इन्दौर / , a large city in the Malwa region of Central India is the commercial capital of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is situated on the Malwa Plateau, just south of the Satpura Range. Indore is the administrative headquarters of the Indore District and the Indore Division, and formerly served as the capital of the former princely state of Indore and the summer capital of the erstwhile state of Madhya Bharat. It is currently the largest city in Madhya Pradesh.
The name ''Indore'' originated from the ''Indreshwar'' temple constructed in 1741
by local landowners. [1]
The ancestors of the founders of Indore were hereditary Zamindars and indigenous landholders (Jehangirdars) of Malwa. In Mughal times, the founders of these families received titles such as Rao and Chaudhari, which established their claim to the land. In the 18'th century, control of Malwa passed to the Peshwa clan, and the Chaudharis came to be known as "Mandloi"s (derived from Mandals) because of the language they used and eventually the Holkars conferred the family with the title of ''Rao Raja''. (pp. 68-70)Major General Sir John Malcolm's Central India Part I).
The family retained its possessions of royalty, which included having an elephant, ''Nishan'', ''Danka'' and ''Gadi'' even after the advent of Holkars and also retained the right of performing the first puja of Dushera (''Shami Pujan'') before the Holkar rulers.
Under Mughal rule, the family enjoyed great influence and was accorded confirmatory sanads by the Emperors Aurangzeb, Alamgir and Farukhshayar, confirming their 'Jagir' rights. Rao Nandlal Chaudhary Zamindar, upon visiting the court of Delhi, received a special place in the emperor’s court along with two jewel studded swords (now at display in the Royal British Museum under the family's name) and confirmatory sanads. Raja Savai Jai singh of Jaipur a personal friend of his gifted him with a special "Gold Langar" which guaranteed a special place to him in all the Durbars of India. The family’s respectability and influence over Malwa was instrumental in the ascent of the Peshwas and Holkars to rulership of this region.
Rao Nandlal Chaudhary, the founder of Indore, was the Chief Zamindar (landlord), and had an army of 2000 soldiers. In 1713, Nizam was appointed as the controller of the Deccan plateau area, which renewed the struggle between the Marathas and the Mughals. From time to time the Maratha invaders kept harassing the people of Malwa and thus Rao Nandlal arranged to pay 25000 rupees to them in return for guaranteeing the safety and security of his people, upon which the invaders returned back to the Deccan. (Memoirs of Malwa: Major General Sir John Malcolm: year 1912)
While visiting the temple of Indreshwar near the banks of river Saraswati, Rao Nandlal found the location to be safe and strategically located, being surrounded by rivers on all sides. He started moving his people in, constructed the fort of Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala to protect them from harassment by Marathas and Mughals. The city was named Indrapur (after Lord Indreshwar), and eventually came to be known as Indore.
Baji Rao Peshwa finally received the Viceroyalty of Malwa in 1743 A.D. and was bound by a treaty forbidding him from ever infringing upon the rights of Zamindars. Malhar Rao Holkar was one of the four signatories who guaranteed the proper fulfillment of the conditions. (Major General Sir John Malcolm’s, Memoirs of Central India Vol. I pp.94-95)Upon victory The Peshwas appointed Malhar Rao Holkar as a “Subhedar”, which marked the beginning of Holkars' reign in Malwa.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
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Thus, Indore came to be ruled by the Maratha Maharajas of the Holkar dynasty. The dynasty's founder, Malhar Rao Holkar, (1694-1766), was granted control of Malwa Maratha armies in 1724, and in 1733, was installed as the Maratha governor of the region. By the end of his reign, the Holkar state was ''de facto'' independent. He was succeeded by his daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar who ruled from 1767 to 1795. She ruled from a palace-fort at Maheshwar, south of Indore on the Narmada River. Ahilyabai Holkar was an architectural patron who donated money for the construction of Hindu temples across India. In 1818, the Holkars were defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Holkar kingdom became a part of the British Raj. As a result of this defeat in the Battle of Mahidpur, the treaty of Mandsaur was signed, through which the Cantonment town of Mhow was handed over to the British. The treaty also decreed that the capital of the Holkar state would shift from Maheshwar to Indore.
After India's independence in 1947, Indore, along with a number of neighboring princely states, became part of the Indian state of Madhya Bharat. Indore was designated the summer capital of this newly created state. On November 1, 1956, Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh and Bhopal chosen the capital.
Indore is located in the western region of Madhya Pradesh, and is close to the centre of India. Indore has an average elevation of 553 metres.
The surrounding areas are part of the black cotton soil region of India.
The Malwa region has large seasonal temperature variations. During the winter season (November - February), the night-time lows are around 10°C. At the peak of winter, the temperature can drop to as low as 2°C to 3°C. The lowest temperature ever recorded is 1.5°C.
During the summer,(April - June), the days are hot (35 to 40°C) with the peak-summer-day-temperature (in May) sometimes touching 45°C. Unlike other places in central India however, the summer nights in Indore are cool and pleasant. Due to Indore's location on the southern edge of the Malwa Plateau, a cool breeze (also referred to as Shab-e-Malwa) in the evenings makes them quite pleasant.
Indore gets moderate rainfall of 30 to 35 inches (760 to 890 mm) during July-September due to the southwest monsoon.
The city is well connected via rail, road and air transport services. Indore has for a long time been a rail and road transportation hub.
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport connects Indore directly to Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Jaipur, Raipur, Nagpur and Bhopal in India. Major airlines operating flights to Indore include Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Sahara, Kingfisher Airlines and Deccan Aviation. Indore still lacks direct connectivity to major cities in India like Chennai, Chandigarh. Plans are underway to upgrade the airport to an international airport by the end of 2007.
[10]. The airport provides free wireless internet connectivity using Wi-Fi.
The Indore railway network is part of the Ratlam Division of the Western Railways. The tracks leading into the city are not electrified.
Indore is one of the few places in India with both meter gauge and broad gauge railways tracks operational. Regular train services connect Indore to most parts of the country. There are direct trains to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata (Howrah), Chennai, Trivandrum, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jammu, Jaipur, Lucknow, Bhopal, Nagpur, Patna and other major towns. The Indore junction is the main station in the city. Four other small stations, Rajendra Nagar, Lokmanya Nagar, Saifee Nagar and Lakshmibai Nagar provide short distance services to nearby towns and villages.
Indore lies on the longest functional meter gauge line in India between Jaipur and Purna.
Indore is well connected to other parts of Madhya Pradesh and India through national and state highways. The Agra-Bombay national highway (NH3) and NH86 to Ahmedabad to the West and Betul to the East pass through Indore. The city is connected to the Khandwa town by the Khandwa Toll Road, towards the south of the city. In the North-West, the city is connected to the holy city of Ujjain via the Ujjain Road. There are bus services to and from all major and minor cities near Indore. The prominent ones being Bhopal, Barwani, Khandwa, Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar, Ratlam, Khargoan, Jhabua and Agar.
Indore lacked convenient public transportation for long. It was only in December 2005, that the municipal corporation launched the Indore City Bus service, an extensive service with 24 routes servicing most areas in city. The service has received very favourable press, [11] and has been called the first modern bus system in India. The company runs 53 low floor buses, equipped with GPS devices, electronic sign boards and computerised vending machines. The Indore City Bus corporation made a profit of 1 crore rupees within nine months of the inception of its operation and is seen as an excellent model by several other mid size Indian cities.[11]
The other means of local public transport are the mini-buses (called ''Nagar sevas'' by the locals) and the ''Tempos'', which are often overcrowded and uncomfortable. Auto-rickshaws are a staple as in all other Indian cities, to get around when other transportation is not available. The ''tempos'' and auto-rickshaws are notorious for pollution, but the local government has plans to replace the ''tempos'' with vans that run on Liquified Petroleum Gas [2].
The Indore municipal corporation also launched in 2005, the Indore city van, a seven-seater Maruti Omni.
Indore is the most populous city in Madhya Pradesh with population of about 1,597,441 according to the 2001 census. [3] Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Indore has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 65%. In Indore, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city is undergoing a fast rise in population owing to its growing stature as a commercial city. The average annual growth rate of population is around 3% as per the statistics of census 2001. Hindi ,Marathi, English, Rajasthani, Malwi, Punjabi, Sindhi are some of the many languages spoken in Indore.
Indore is one of the fastest growing Tier II cities in India. It already is the commercial capital of central India. Its a favoured test market for industries owing to the diversity of its population. Plans are underway for a Software Park . Several shopping malls have been constructed since 2004 and have contributed to changing the staid feel of the city.
Indore is biggest contributor of revenues to the Madhya Pradesh government. The boom in the Indian Software Services Industry has further helped in creating new jobs and improving the prosperity of the city. Companies like CSC(NYSE CSC), Impetus Infotech India pvt ltd, InfoBeans, Suvi, Web Dunia and hundreds of smaller and mid-size companies have come up in the field of software. A Special Economic Zone is planned, to boost software exports. Some big Indian companies, like TCS, are expected to start there operations once the SEZ is in place. Indore has been a hub for the automobile, steel and alloy Industry. The nearby industrial hub Pithampur houses many leading industries such as Hindustan Motors(presently known as Avtec Ltd ), Eicher Motors, Bajaj, Metalman Group, Nicholas Piramal, Bridgestone, Larsen & Toubro and Gajra Gears, Kirloskar Brothers Limited.
The electronics complex in the city also houses offices of some of the top IT companies in the country. The development of a mini auto cluster in Pithampur is being promoted by the Government of India. The government has declared a budget of Rs. 5000 crores for building the Asia's largest testing track for ground breaking research and development.
Indore has also been a hub for agribusiness with several major companies involved in Soybean processing having factories around the city.
Indore is also a center for garment industry. Long back, Textile mills (Hukumchand Mill, Swadeshi Mill, et al) were for a long time the pride of the city. Although, these mills have been shut down - a few have even been dismantled - Indore still has a regional stronghold in wholesale garment business. Indore was always a major center for retailing industry. Indore also boasts of being the best shopping destination in central India. The construction of several new shopping malls like the Treasure Island, Mangal City, Orbit-the real mall, Mega Mall and Cine Mall have helped it manage this reputation. There are traditional markets near Jawahar marg, Rajwada, Siyaganj and Ranipura, where there are wholesellers of almost all sorts of goods.
The M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation has set up Software Technology Parks in major cities of the state to encourage commercial development in the area. The Optel Software Technology Park at Indore is part of this project. The Park has been able to take advantage of its being located in the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh. Key advantages include its central location, and a socio-industrial infrastructure that is comparable to that available in other metros, but at a lower cost.
Indore is a major educational center of Madhya Pradesh and has many well-known institutions. Indore University,now Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidyala DAVV is ranked amongst the top universities in Central India. The city boasts one of India's best business schools - the Indian Institute of Management. There are also a number of good engineering colleges, like Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science, SVITS, MITM, Institute of Engineering and Technology which are imparting quality education to the students in the field of technology and engineering . The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College is well known, both nationally and abroad.
International Institute Of Professional Studies IIPS(''DAVV,Takshshila Campus,Khandwa road'') is another gem in the necklace of esteemed colleges of Indore.The institute offers courses that are provided only by very select colleges in the country.Courses like integrated MCA(6yrs),MTech(5 1/2 yrs) among many others.'IIPS' boasts of an extensive network of worthy alumni in various arenas and industries. In addition, the Holkar Science College has been regarded as one of the most prestigious colleges of science in the country for much of the last century.
The city does not fall behind in primary and secondary education. Perhaps the best known school is the Daly College. Founded in 1882 for royal families, it is rated amongst the top schools of the country. Other good schools include Delhi Public School, Choithram School,The Emerald Heights International school(affiliated to Cambridge University (UK) ), Indore Public School, St. Raphael's Girls School, St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar, Indore, South Indian Cultural Association School (SICA school), Guru Harkrishan Public School, and Indore Keraleeya Samajam Public School,New Digamber Public SchoolNdps
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology, formerly Center of Advance Technology, is one of India's foremost scientific research institutions. It is primarily devoted to atomic research.
Indore has developed as a big hub for preparing students for higher education. There are a number of coaching centers that prepare students for entering into various Indian and international educational institutions.
Local media in Indore is very strong and flourishing. Indore has been seat of journalism in the state for a long time. There are a number of newspapers, magazines and local TV stations. Naidunia is one of the oldest and established newspaper publication, with a history of 59 years. The other popular newspapers published from Indore are Dainik Bhaskar, Raj Express, NewsToday, Nav Bharat, Indore Samachar, Swadesh, Chautha Sansar, Chronicle and Free Press Journal. Some of the newspapers published in evening are Agni Baan, Prabhat Kiran and Dainik Dopahar.
There are about 19 Hindi dailies, one English daily, 25 weeklies and monthlies, 3 quarterlies and one annual paper published from the city. [13]
Devi Ahilya University (Indore University) offers a graduation course in Journalism and Mass Communication.
The Indore Press club is an affiliate of the National Press Club.
Indore has two cricket stadia, Nehru Stadium and Usha Raje Stadium. There are also some sports club for lawn tennis & table tennis. Indore has organized various international cricket matches.
Indore is also a traditional powerhouse for the game of basketball which has been growing in popularity over the last 3 to 4 decades thanks to the dedication and efforts of Dr. J.M.Sharma. Indore is also the home of India's first National Basketball Academy and a world class indoor basketball stadium. Indore has successfully organised various National Basketball Championships.
The list of noted cricketers include Col. C.K. Naidu, Cpt. Mushtaq Ali , Narender Hirwani, Amay Khurasia and Sanjay Jagdale. Other well-known sportspersons are Dr. J. M. Sharma (Basketball) and Vaibhav Shah (football/soccer).
Dhyanchand Shnakar Laxman & Saleem Sherwani Hocey Player also From Indore (Mhow tehsil)
Another upcoming sport is football (soccer). Pioneered by floodlit 5-a-side tournaments in Yeshwant Club, it is gaining popularity all over the city. Yeshwant Club is Indore's number one club house & one of the premier clubs of India. It also has Mini Golf Course, Lawn Tennis Courts, Racquet Ball courts, Badminton, Swimming, Gymnasium, Billiards Room, Library, Jogging tracks and other sports. Members of the club get together on various occasions. It also has a restaurant & a bar. Yeshwant Club is situated at Yeshwant Colony i.e., M.G. Road & Race Course Road. Indore Tennis Club is on the backside of Yeshwant Club.
Indore is prominent for its health care facilities with leading hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. The prominent hospitals of Indore include Maharaja Yashwantrao Hospital, T.Choithram Hospital, CHL Apollo,Bombay Hospital and Dr Jafrey's Indore Chest Centre. Dr Jafrey's Indore Chest Centre is nationally acclaimed medical center in Chest diseases;viz: Asthma, COPD, ILD, Respiratory Allergies, Urticaria and Tuberculosis.There are three hospitals performing Cadiothoracic and Bypass surgeries. Total Knee & Hip replacement is a common thing and available at >eight hospitals.
Over the years the city of Indore has welcomed people from all castes, creed and color. People from all corners of the country have migrated & settled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh for their livelihood, education or just for its peaceful culture. Indore today can boast of being a true cosmopolitan city with multi ethnic and multilingual people living in perfect harmony.
The people are highly social and progressive which is why all cultures from south, north, east & west have mingled in the life of Indorians reflecting the true spirit of unity in diversity.
The mixed culture can be invariably seen in the typical food habits ranging from South Indian 'Idli-Dosa' , 'Vada-Sambhar' to 'Dal-Bafla' typical Malwa Food.
Indore is famous for its culinary range. People of Indore (and for that reason, the entire Malwa) are well known gastronomes. Sweets and Namkeen (tasty salted snacks - a typical Indian preparation) of Indore are famous all over India. Sarafa and Chappan Dukan (56 shops) are the two well known gourmand hangouts of the city. A special dish of the Malwa region, including Indore, is the Daal Bafla.
Indore is known for its wide variety of "Namkeens", Gujarati and Indochinese food restaurants, and Bengali sweets.
A research on Indorians has attributed the large number of heart disease and hypertension patients to their diet. The staple food (snacks) of the city is Poha-Jalebi. People are also fond of Sabudane-ki-Khichdi. The life in Indore starts early with cups of 'Chai' (tea) with Poha & Jalebi followed by lunch which invariably includes popular 'besan' (gram flour) preparations. Later in the day one can easily find snacks like 'Khaman', 'Kachori' - 'aloo kachori', 'dal kachori','Dahi Chat', 'Tokri Caht' etc. , 'samosa' , 'petis' , 'Baked Samosa' , 'Bhel puri' ,' Pani Puri', 'mathri' etc. Numerous shops of sweets have enjoyed nice business in Indore. Late nights another market comes alive at 11:00 PM in Sarafa (in the heart of city) where one finds lots of delicacies to enjoy after a nice dinner like - 'Gajak','Bhutte ka kis', 'Gulab Jamun', 'garadu', 'Rabri', 'aalo tikiya', 'Halwa : - Gajar, Moong', icecreams, milkshakes etc. and finally tasty 'paan' to end your day.
''Nonvegitarian'': Muglai dishes are also very much famous. Gastronomous Chiken Lollipops, Chiken-Tikka, 'Murg-Malai', 'Biryani', 'Nalli Gosht', 'Paye' and often nahari gosht is very famous. Bafle- Gosht is a delicacy of Indore and Malwa Region.
''Sweets'': Moong ka Halwa, Gajar ka Halwa, Rabri Gulab Jamun, Ras Malai, Ras Gulla, Mithe Tukade; Bengali Sweets and the thick Shikanji.
''Savouries'': Sev with all its varieties, Mixtures , Dhania-Chivda, Dal Moth, Papdi, Gathiya, Khaman, Kachori-Samosa, Petis, Garadu, Aalo Tikiya, Pani-Puri, Bhel-Puri, Saboodana Khichadi, Dahi Bada, Pakoda, Bhutte ka Kis.
''Drinks'': Shikanji (Milk Preparation+Dry Fruits), Lassi, Cold Milk, Hot Boiled Milk with Malai & dry fruits+keshar, Jal-Jira, Nimboo Shikanji, Fruit Juice, Shakes, Icecream Soda, Santrola.
All national festivals, Diwali, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr, Rakhi and other local ones like Nag-Panchmi, Ahilya Utsav, Ganesh Utsav, Garba (Navratri Utsav), Dussehara, Durga Puja are celebrated with equal enthusiam. Last decade has seen a rise in celebration of events like Valentine's Day, Rose Day and New Year's Eve.
Indore also celebrates Rang Panchami quite differently. This festival is celebrated five days after Dulendi or Holi. This is also celebrated like Dulendi, but colors are mixed with water and then either sprinkled or poured on others. The local muncipal corporation arranges a special event in which they sprikle color mixed water in the main streets of old Indore. In former times they used Fire Brigade vehicles for his, perhaps now they might have bought some other vehicles for the same purpose.
Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in a unique way in Indore city. In earlier times, when textile mills flourished in Indore, the workers of these mills contributed money and labour to arrange a carnival of floats (known as "Jhanki" in local Hindi language).
Makar Sankranit - is a 'Kite Festival' where people fly kites and competitions are held to cut each other's kites in sky on 14th January each year.
Indore is traditional BJP (Bharatiya Janta Party) stronghold.
★ Member of Parliament - Sumitra Mahajan
Mayor
Uma Shashi Sharma
Total Constituencies for Assembly elections = 8
Prominent politicial leaders from Indore:
Kailash Vijayvargiya,
Collector:
Vivek Agarwal
SP:
Anshuman Yadav
★ ''Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala'' - Historical home of the founder of Indore, Rao Nandlal Chaudhary. It contains the famous personal library of philanthropist Niranjan Zamindar and has over 28,000 books and other artifacts of historical importance.
★ ''Rajwada'' - A seven storied palace built during the Holkar era.
★ ''Lal Bagh Palace'' - A beautiful palace spread across 200 acres of land . It is now a museum and one can see the artefacts of the Holkar era.
★ ''Kaanch Mandir'' - Digambar jain temple with exquisite glass work
★ ''Krishnapura Chhatri'' - By the banks of the much polluted Khan river, it is at a walking distance from Rajwada.
★ ''Devlalikar Kala Vithika'' - A well-known art gallery named after famous painter Vishnu Devlalikar
★ ''Indore Museum'' - A must-see for lovers of sculpture.
★ ''Indore Zoo'' - Has an impressive collection of animals and birds. But animal lovers may be shocked by the neglect.
★ ''Gommatgiri'' - A pilgrimage spot for Jains (West Indore).
★ ''Hrimkargiri'' - A pilgrimage spot for Jains (West Indore).
★ ''Bijasan Hill'' - Famous mata temple on the hill (West Indore).
★ ''Khajrana Ganesh temple'' - Temple of Lord Ganesh.
★ ''Ralamandal'' - A nature park in Indore, it used to be the hunting preserve of the Holkar Maharaja.
★ ''ISKCON Temple'' - Temple of Lord Krishna built by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
★ ''Mhow Cantonment'' - An old Cantonment town near Indore, founded in 1818. Has a very charming market and an old world charm. Foreigners cannot enter without permission.
★ ''Patal Pani'' - A beautiful waterfall near Mhow. Patal Pani has a small railway station - the first after Mhow as one travels on the metre gauge track towards Khandwa.
★ ''The temple of Janapao'' - On the Agra Mumbai road. 16 km from Mhow. The temple is on top of a hill in the village of Kuti. According to legend, it is the place where Jamadagni, the father of Parshurama, had his ashram. It is famous for a mela (fair) held on Kartik Purnima - the first full moon after Diwali,
★ ''Sitlamata Falls'' - In the village of Manpur which is part of Mhow Tehsil and is 25 km from Mhow. There is a temple in a cave here. It was in this cave that the English resident in Indore was kept safely by the Bhil tribals during the 1857 uprising by Indian troops.
★ ''Kajligarh'' - Nearly 20 kms towards Khandwa on Khandwa road, its a very small old ruined fort situated near to a beautiful valley & small waterfall. Its worth watching during & after the rainy season. An Ideal one day outing spot which is yet unknown to even most of the Indorites
★ The gates of Lalbagh Palace, Indore, are a replica of the gates of Buckingham Palace, London. They were cast in England and then shipped to Indore.
★ Indore has a huge Cricket Bat called "Vijay Balla" made out of concrete with names of the players of the Indian team who won the 1971 series against Gary Sobers' West Indies team.
★ 40 feet high idol at Bada Ganapati is the largest idol of Lord Ganesh in the world.
★ CAT, The Center for Advanced Technology is India's main Research center on Laser Technology.
★ The famous Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM was started first in Indore then spread to ten other cities of India including 4 metros.
★ Until early 1990s, Bollywood movies were released on the Thursdays in Indore, which elsewhere used to be released on the Fridays. This provided the first reviews about the movie before it was released in rest of India.
★ First private telephone service in India was launched in Indore by Airtel.
★ Because of similarity between the lifestyles,fashion and taste Indore is nick named as Mini Bombay.
★ Notable citizens of Indore
1. "City Development",A report to the Durbar of Indore by Patrick Geddes. Part 1.Indore:Historic Development,1918.
2. "History of the Indian States" by Sukh Sampatti Rai Bhandari. Rajya Mandal Book Publishing House. May 1927.
3. "Malwa in Transition A Century of Anarchy", The First Phase 1698-1765 by Raghubir Singh of Sitamau. Year 1936.
4. "The Indore State Gazetteer". Volume 1-printed Under the authority of the Government of His Highness the Maharaja Holkar. Superintendent Holkar Government Press, Indore 1931.
5. "Memoirs of Malwa", by Major General Sir John Malcolm. 1912.
6. "Memoirs of Central India", Volume I. by Major General Sir John Malcolm. Year 1823.
7. "Indore Holkar State Gazetteer". No.23, 1875.
8. "Malwa Sahitya". 5th Year Issue No.1. Year 1855.Indore.
9. "The Mandlik Papers and the Family". by Sardar M.V.Kibe. 1946.
10. http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070808/0808102.htm
11. http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/12869.html
12. http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/12869.html
13. Indian Journal of Science Communication (Volume 2/ Number 1/ January – June 2003) http://www.iscos.org/vol3/rp1.htm
★ Indore Municipal Corporation website
★ all about Indore , the commercial city of Madhya Pradesh
★ Current time and weather in Indore
★ Indore city bus info
★ City portal at Govt. of India info. website
★ Holkar Coins
★
'Indore' (Hindi:इन्दौर / , a large city in the Malwa region of Central India is the commercial capital of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is situated on the Malwa Plateau, just south of the Satpura Range. Indore is the administrative headquarters of the Indore District and the Indore Division, and formerly served as the capital of the former princely state of Indore and the summer capital of the erstwhile state of Madhya Bharat. It is currently the largest city in Madhya Pradesh.
Origin of name
The name ''Indore'' originated from the ''Indreshwar'' temple constructed in 1741
by local landowners. [1]
History
The ancestors of the founders of Indore were hereditary Zamindars and indigenous landholders (Jehangirdars) of Malwa. In Mughal times, the founders of these families received titles such as Rao and Chaudhari, which established their claim to the land. In the 18'th century, control of Malwa passed to the Peshwa clan, and the Chaudharis came to be known as "Mandloi"s (derived from Mandals) because of the language they used and eventually the Holkars conferred the family with the title of ''Rao Raja''. (pp. 68-70)Major General Sir John Malcolm's Central India Part I).
The family retained its possessions of royalty, which included having an elephant, ''Nishan'', ''Danka'' and ''Gadi'' even after the advent of Holkars and also retained the right of performing the first puja of Dushera (''Shami Pujan'') before the Holkar rulers.
Under Mughal rule, the family enjoyed great influence and was accorded confirmatory sanads by the Emperors Aurangzeb, Alamgir and Farukhshayar, confirming their 'Jagir' rights. Rao Nandlal Chaudhary Zamindar, upon visiting the court of Delhi, received a special place in the emperor’s court along with two jewel studded swords (now at display in the Royal British Museum under the family's name) and confirmatory sanads. Raja Savai Jai singh of Jaipur a personal friend of his gifted him with a special "Gold Langar" which guaranteed a special place to him in all the Durbars of India. The family’s respectability and influence over Malwa was instrumental in the ascent of the Peshwas and Holkars to rulership of this region.
Rao Nandlal Chaudhary, the founder of Indore, was the Chief Zamindar (landlord), and had an army of 2000 soldiers. In 1713, Nizam was appointed as the controller of the Deccan plateau area, which renewed the struggle between the Marathas and the Mughals. From time to time the Maratha invaders kept harassing the people of Malwa and thus Rao Nandlal arranged to pay 25000 rupees to them in return for guaranteeing the safety and security of his people, upon which the invaders returned back to the Deccan. (Memoirs of Malwa: Major General Sir John Malcolm: year 1912)
While visiting the temple of Indreshwar near the banks of river Saraswati, Rao Nandlal found the location to be safe and strategically located, being surrounded by rivers on all sides. He started moving his people in, constructed the fort of Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala to protect them from harassment by Marathas and Mughals. The city was named Indrapur (after Lord Indreshwar), and eventually came to be known as Indore.
Baji Rao Peshwa finally received the Viceroyalty of Malwa in 1743 A.D. and was bound by a treaty forbidding him from ever infringing upon the rights of Zamindars. Malhar Rao Holkar was one of the four signatories who guaranteed the proper fulfillment of the conditions. (Major General Sir John Malcolm’s, Memoirs of Central India Vol. I pp.94-95)Upon victory The Peshwas appointed Malhar Rao Holkar as a “Subhedar”, which marked the beginning of Holkars' reign in Malwa.[1]
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Thus, Indore came to be ruled by the Maratha Maharajas of the Holkar dynasty. The dynasty's founder, Malhar Rao Holkar, (1694-1766), was granted control of Malwa Maratha armies in 1724, and in 1733, was installed as the Maratha governor of the region. By the end of his reign, the Holkar state was ''de facto'' independent. He was succeeded by his daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar who ruled from 1767 to 1795. She ruled from a palace-fort at Maheshwar, south of Indore on the Narmada River. Ahilyabai Holkar was an architectural patron who donated money for the construction of Hindu temples across India. In 1818, the Holkars were defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Holkar kingdom became a part of the British Raj. As a result of this defeat in the Battle of Mahidpur, the treaty of Mandsaur was signed, through which the Cantonment town of Mhow was handed over to the British. The treaty also decreed that the capital of the Holkar state would shift from Maheshwar to Indore.
After India's independence in 1947, Indore, along with a number of neighboring princely states, became part of the Indian state of Madhya Bharat. Indore was designated the summer capital of this newly created state. On November 1, 1956, Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh and Bhopal chosen the capital.
Geography
Indore is located in the western region of Madhya Pradesh, and is close to the centre of India. Indore has an average elevation of 553 metres.
The surrounding areas are part of the black cotton soil region of India.
Temperature variation along the year
The Malwa region has large seasonal temperature variations. During the winter season (November - February), the night-time lows are around 10°C. At the peak of winter, the temperature can drop to as low as 2°C to 3°C. The lowest temperature ever recorded is 1.5°C.
During the summer,(April - June), the days are hot (35 to 40°C) with the peak-summer-day-temperature (in May) sometimes touching 45°C. Unlike other places in central India however, the summer nights in Indore are cool and pleasant. Due to Indore's location on the southern edge of the Malwa Plateau, a cool breeze (also referred to as Shab-e-Malwa) in the evenings makes them quite pleasant.
Indore gets moderate rainfall of 30 to 35 inches (760 to 890 mm) during July-September due to the southwest monsoon.
Transport
The city is well connected via rail, road and air transport services. Indore has for a long time been a rail and road transportation hub.
Airport
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport connects Indore directly to Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Jaipur, Raipur, Nagpur and Bhopal in India. Major airlines operating flights to Indore include Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Sahara, Kingfisher Airlines and Deccan Aviation. Indore still lacks direct connectivity to major cities in India like Chennai, Chandigarh. Plans are underway to upgrade the airport to an international airport by the end of 2007.
[10]. The airport provides free wireless internet connectivity using Wi-Fi.
Railways
The Indore railway network is part of the Ratlam Division of the Western Railways. The tracks leading into the city are not electrified.
Indore is one of the few places in India with both meter gauge and broad gauge railways tracks operational. Regular train services connect Indore to most parts of the country. There are direct trains to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata (Howrah), Chennai, Trivandrum, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jammu, Jaipur, Lucknow, Bhopal, Nagpur, Patna and other major towns. The Indore junction is the main station in the city. Four other small stations, Rajendra Nagar, Lokmanya Nagar, Saifee Nagar and Lakshmibai Nagar provide short distance services to nearby towns and villages.
Indore lies on the longest functional meter gauge line in India between Jaipur and Purna.
Roads
Indore is well connected to other parts of Madhya Pradesh and India through national and state highways. The Agra-Bombay national highway (NH3) and NH86 to Ahmedabad to the West and Betul to the East pass through Indore. The city is connected to the Khandwa town by the Khandwa Toll Road, towards the south of the city. In the North-West, the city is connected to the holy city of Ujjain via the Ujjain Road. There are bus services to and from all major and minor cities near Indore. The prominent ones being Bhopal, Barwani, Khandwa, Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar, Ratlam, Khargoan, Jhabua and Agar.
Subhash Marg
Local transport
Indore lacked convenient public transportation for long. It was only in December 2005, that the municipal corporation launched the Indore City Bus service, an extensive service with 24 routes servicing most areas in city. The service has received very favourable press, [11] and has been called the first modern bus system in India. The company runs 53 low floor buses, equipped with GPS devices, electronic sign boards and computerised vending machines. The Indore City Bus corporation made a profit of 1 crore rupees within nine months of the inception of its operation and is seen as an excellent model by several other mid size Indian cities.[11]
The other means of local public transport are the mini-buses (called ''Nagar sevas'' by the locals) and the ''Tempos'', which are often overcrowded and uncomfortable. Auto-rickshaws are a staple as in all other Indian cities, to get around when other transportation is not available. The ''tempos'' and auto-rickshaws are notorious for pollution, but the local government has plans to replace the ''tempos'' with vans that run on Liquified Petroleum Gas [2].
The Indore municipal corporation also launched in 2005, the Indore city van, a seven-seater Maruti Omni.
Demographics
Indore is the most populous city in Madhya Pradesh with population of about 1,597,441 according to the 2001 census. [3] Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Indore has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 65%. In Indore, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city is undergoing a fast rise in population owing to its growing stature as a commercial city. The average annual growth rate of population is around 3% as per the statistics of census 2001. Hindi ,Marathi, English, Rajasthani, Malwi, Punjabi, Sindhi are some of the many languages spoken in Indore.
Trade and commerce
Indore is one of the fastest growing Tier II cities in India. It already is the commercial capital of central India. Its a favoured test market for industries owing to the diversity of its population. Plans are underway for a Software Park . Several shopping malls have been constructed since 2004 and have contributed to changing the staid feel of the city.
Corporate presence
Indore is biggest contributor of revenues to the Madhya Pradesh government. The boom in the Indian Software Services Industry has further helped in creating new jobs and improving the prosperity of the city. Companies like CSC(NYSE CSC), Impetus Infotech India pvt ltd, InfoBeans, Suvi, Web Dunia and hundreds of smaller and mid-size companies have come up in the field of software. A Special Economic Zone is planned, to boost software exports. Some big Indian companies, like TCS, are expected to start there operations once the SEZ is in place. Indore has been a hub for the automobile, steel and alloy Industry. The nearby industrial hub Pithampur houses many leading industries such as Hindustan Motors(presently known as Avtec Ltd ), Eicher Motors, Bajaj, Metalman Group, Nicholas Piramal, Bridgestone, Larsen & Toubro and Gajra Gears, Kirloskar Brothers Limited.
The electronics complex in the city also houses offices of some of the top IT companies in the country. The development of a mini auto cluster in Pithampur is being promoted by the Government of India. The government has declared a budget of Rs. 5000 crores for building the Asia's largest testing track for ground breaking research and development.
Indore has also been a hub for agribusiness with several major companies involved in Soybean processing having factories around the city.
Traditional businesses
Indore is also a center for garment industry. Long back, Textile mills (Hukumchand Mill, Swadeshi Mill, et al) were for a long time the pride of the city. Although, these mills have been shut down - a few have even been dismantled - Indore still has a regional stronghold in wholesale garment business. Indore was always a major center for retailing industry. Indore also boasts of being the best shopping destination in central India. The construction of several new shopping malls like the Treasure Island, Mangal City, Orbit-the real mall, Mega Mall and Cine Mall have helped it manage this reputation. There are traditional markets near Jawahar marg, Rajwada, Siyaganj and Ranipura, where there are wholesellers of almost all sorts of goods.
Software Technology Park Indore
The M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation has set up Software Technology Parks in major cities of the state to encourage commercial development in the area. The Optel Software Technology Park at Indore is part of this project. The Park has been able to take advantage of its being located in the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh. Key advantages include its central location, and a socio-industrial infrastructure that is comparable to that available in other metros, but at a lower cost.
Education
Indore is a major educational center of Madhya Pradesh and has many well-known institutions. Indore University,now Devi Ahilya Vishwa Vidyala DAVV is ranked amongst the top universities in Central India. The city boasts one of India's best business schools - the Indian Institute of Management. There are also a number of good engineering colleges, like Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science, SVITS, MITM, Institute of Engineering and Technology which are imparting quality education to the students in the field of technology and engineering . The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College is well known, both nationally and abroad.
International Institute Of Professional Studies IIPS(''DAVV,Takshshila Campus,Khandwa road'') is another gem in the necklace of esteemed colleges of Indore.The institute offers courses that are provided only by very select colleges in the country.Courses like integrated MCA(6yrs),MTech(5 1/2 yrs) among many others.'IIPS' boasts of an extensive network of worthy alumni in various arenas and industries. In addition, the Holkar Science College has been regarded as one of the most prestigious colleges of science in the country for much of the last century.
The city does not fall behind in primary and secondary education. Perhaps the best known school is the Daly College. Founded in 1882 for royal families, it is rated amongst the top schools of the country. Other good schools include Delhi Public School, Choithram School,The Emerald Heights International school(affiliated to Cambridge University (UK) ), Indore Public School, St. Raphael's Girls School, St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar, Indore, South Indian Cultural Association School (SICA school), Guru Harkrishan Public School, and Indore Keraleeya Samajam Public School,New Digamber Public SchoolNdps
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology, formerly Center of Advance Technology, is one of India's foremost scientific research institutions. It is primarily devoted to atomic research.
Indore has developed as a big hub for preparing students for higher education. There are a number of coaching centers that prepare students for entering into various Indian and international educational institutions.
Media
Local media in Indore is very strong and flourishing. Indore has been seat of journalism in the state for a long time. There are a number of newspapers, magazines and local TV stations. Naidunia is one of the oldest and established newspaper publication, with a history of 59 years. The other popular newspapers published from Indore are Dainik Bhaskar, Raj Express, NewsToday, Nav Bharat, Indore Samachar, Swadesh, Chautha Sansar, Chronicle and Free Press Journal. Some of the newspapers published in evening are Agni Baan, Prabhat Kiran and Dainik Dopahar.
There are about 19 Hindi dailies, one English daily, 25 weeklies and monthlies, 3 quarterlies and one annual paper published from the city. [13]
Devi Ahilya University (Indore University) offers a graduation course in Journalism and Mass Communication.
The Indore Press club is an affiliate of the National Press Club.
Sports
Indore has two cricket stadia, Nehru Stadium and Usha Raje Stadium. There are also some sports club for lawn tennis & table tennis. Indore has organized various international cricket matches.
Indore is also a traditional powerhouse for the game of basketball which has been growing in popularity over the last 3 to 4 decades thanks to the dedication and efforts of Dr. J.M.Sharma. Indore is also the home of India's first National Basketball Academy and a world class indoor basketball stadium. Indore has successfully organised various National Basketball Championships.
The list of noted cricketers include Col. C.K. Naidu, Cpt. Mushtaq Ali , Narender Hirwani, Amay Khurasia and Sanjay Jagdale. Other well-known sportspersons are Dr. J. M. Sharma (Basketball) and Vaibhav Shah (football/soccer).
Dhyanchand Shnakar Laxman & Saleem Sherwani Hocey Player also From Indore (Mhow tehsil)
Another upcoming sport is football (soccer). Pioneered by floodlit 5-a-side tournaments in Yeshwant Club, it is gaining popularity all over the city. Yeshwant Club is Indore's number one club house & one of the premier clubs of India. It also has Mini Golf Course, Lawn Tennis Courts, Racquet Ball courts, Badminton, Swimming, Gymnasium, Billiards Room, Library, Jogging tracks and other sports. Members of the club get together on various occasions. It also has a restaurant & a bar. Yeshwant Club is situated at Yeshwant Colony i.e., M.G. Road & Race Course Road. Indore Tennis Club is on the backside of Yeshwant Club.
Healthcare
Indore is prominent for its health care facilities with leading hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. The prominent hospitals of Indore include Maharaja Yashwantrao Hospital, T.Choithram Hospital, CHL Apollo,Bombay Hospital and Dr Jafrey's Indore Chest Centre. Dr Jafrey's Indore Chest Centre is nationally acclaimed medical center in Chest diseases;viz: Asthma, COPD, ILD, Respiratory Allergies, Urticaria and Tuberculosis.There are three hospitals performing Cadiothoracic and Bypass surgeries. Total Knee & Hip replacement is a common thing and available at >eight hospitals.
Culture
Over the years the city of Indore has welcomed people from all castes, creed and color. People from all corners of the country have migrated & settled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh for their livelihood, education or just for its peaceful culture. Indore today can boast of being a true cosmopolitan city with multi ethnic and multilingual people living in perfect harmony.
The people are highly social and progressive which is why all cultures from south, north, east & west have mingled in the life of Indorians reflecting the true spirit of unity in diversity.
The mixed culture can be invariably seen in the typical food habits ranging from South Indian 'Idli-Dosa' , 'Vada-Sambhar' to 'Dal-Bafla' typical Malwa Food.
Food
Indore is famous for its culinary range. People of Indore (and for that reason, the entire Malwa) are well known gastronomes. Sweets and Namkeen (tasty salted snacks - a typical Indian preparation) of Indore are famous all over India. Sarafa and Chappan Dukan (56 shops) are the two well known gourmand hangouts of the city. A special dish of the Malwa region, including Indore, is the Daal Bafla.
Indore is known for its wide variety of "Namkeens", Gujarati and Indochinese food restaurants, and Bengali sweets.
A research on Indorians has attributed the large number of heart disease and hypertension patients to their diet. The staple food (snacks) of the city is Poha-Jalebi. People are also fond of Sabudane-ki-Khichdi. The life in Indore starts early with cups of 'Chai' (tea) with Poha & Jalebi followed by lunch which invariably includes popular 'besan' (gram flour) preparations. Later in the day one can easily find snacks like 'Khaman', 'Kachori' - 'aloo kachori', 'dal kachori','Dahi Chat', 'Tokri Caht' etc. , 'samosa' , 'petis' , 'Baked Samosa' , 'Bhel puri' ,' Pani Puri', 'mathri' etc. Numerous shops of sweets have enjoyed nice business in Indore. Late nights another market comes alive at 11:00 PM in Sarafa (in the heart of city) where one finds lots of delicacies to enjoy after a nice dinner like - 'Gajak','Bhutte ka kis', 'Gulab Jamun', 'garadu', 'Rabri', 'aalo tikiya', 'Halwa : - Gajar, Moong', icecreams, milkshakes etc. and finally tasty 'paan' to end your day.
''Nonvegitarian'': Muglai dishes are also very much famous. Gastronomous Chiken Lollipops, Chiken-Tikka, 'Murg-Malai', 'Biryani', 'Nalli Gosht', 'Paye' and often nahari gosht is very famous. Bafle- Gosht is a delicacy of Indore and Malwa Region.
''Sweets'': Moong ka Halwa, Gajar ka Halwa, Rabri Gulab Jamun, Ras Malai, Ras Gulla, Mithe Tukade; Bengali Sweets and the thick Shikanji.
''Savouries'': Sev with all its varieties, Mixtures , Dhania-Chivda, Dal Moth, Papdi, Gathiya, Khaman, Kachori-Samosa, Petis, Garadu, Aalo Tikiya, Pani-Puri, Bhel-Puri, Saboodana Khichadi, Dahi Bada, Pakoda, Bhutte ka Kis.
''Drinks'': Shikanji (Milk Preparation+Dry Fruits), Lassi, Cold Milk, Hot Boiled Milk with Malai & dry fruits+keshar, Jal-Jira, Nimboo Shikanji, Fruit Juice, Shakes, Icecream Soda, Santrola.
Main festivals
All national festivals, Diwali, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr, Rakhi and other local ones like Nag-Panchmi, Ahilya Utsav, Ganesh Utsav, Garba (Navratri Utsav), Dussehara, Durga Puja are celebrated with equal enthusiam. Last decade has seen a rise in celebration of events like Valentine's Day, Rose Day and New Year's Eve.
Indore also celebrates Rang Panchami quite differently. This festival is celebrated five days after Dulendi or Holi. This is also celebrated like Dulendi, but colors are mixed with water and then either sprinkled or poured on others. The local muncipal corporation arranges a special event in which they sprikle color mixed water in the main streets of old Indore. In former times they used Fire Brigade vehicles for his, perhaps now they might have bought some other vehicles for the same purpose.
Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in a unique way in Indore city. In earlier times, when textile mills flourished in Indore, the workers of these mills contributed money and labour to arrange a carnival of floats (known as "Jhanki" in local Hindi language).
Makar Sankranit - is a 'Kite Festival' where people fly kites and competitions are held to cut each other's kites in sky on 14th January each year.
Government and politics
Indore is traditional BJP (Bharatiya Janta Party) stronghold.
★ Member of Parliament - Sumitra Mahajan
Mayor
Uma Shashi Sharma
Total Constituencies for Assembly elections = 8
Prominent politicial leaders from Indore:
Kailash Vijayvargiya,
Collector:
Vivek Agarwal
SP:
Anshuman Yadav
Places of interest
★ ''Shree Sansthan Bada Rawala'' - Historical home of the founder of Indore, Rao Nandlal Chaudhary. It contains the famous personal library of philanthropist Niranjan Zamindar and has over 28,000 books and other artifacts of historical importance.
★ ''Rajwada'' - A seven storied palace built during the Holkar era.
★ ''Lal Bagh Palace'' - A beautiful palace spread across 200 acres of land . It is now a museum and one can see the artefacts of the Holkar era.
★ ''Kaanch Mandir'' - Digambar jain temple with exquisite glass work
★ ''Krishnapura Chhatri'' - By the banks of the much polluted Khan river, it is at a walking distance from Rajwada.
★ ''Devlalikar Kala Vithika'' - A well-known art gallery named after famous painter Vishnu Devlalikar
★ ''Indore Museum'' - A must-see for lovers of sculpture.
★ ''Indore Zoo'' - Has an impressive collection of animals and birds. But animal lovers may be shocked by the neglect.
★ ''Gommatgiri'' - A pilgrimage spot for Jains (West Indore).
★ ''Hrimkargiri'' - A pilgrimage spot for Jains (West Indore).
★ ''Bijasan Hill'' - Famous mata temple on the hill (West Indore).
★ ''Khajrana Ganesh temple'' - Temple of Lord Ganesh.
★ ''Ralamandal'' - A nature park in Indore, it used to be the hunting preserve of the Holkar Maharaja.
★ ''ISKCON Temple'' - Temple of Lord Krishna built by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
★ ''Mhow Cantonment'' - An old Cantonment town near Indore, founded in 1818. Has a very charming market and an old world charm. Foreigners cannot enter without permission.
★ ''Patal Pani'' - A beautiful waterfall near Mhow. Patal Pani has a small railway station - the first after Mhow as one travels on the metre gauge track towards Khandwa.
★ ''The temple of Janapao'' - On the Agra Mumbai road. 16 km from Mhow. The temple is on top of a hill in the village of Kuti. According to legend, it is the place where Jamadagni, the father of Parshurama, had his ashram. It is famous for a mela (fair) held on Kartik Purnima - the first full moon after Diwali,
★ ''Sitlamata Falls'' - In the village of Manpur which is part of Mhow Tehsil and is 25 km from Mhow. There is a temple in a cave here. It was in this cave that the English resident in Indore was kept safely by the Bhil tribals during the 1857 uprising by Indian troops.
★ ''Kajligarh'' - Nearly 20 kms towards Khandwa on Khandwa road, its a very small old ruined fort situated near to a beautiful valley & small waterfall. Its worth watching during & after the rainy season. An Ideal one day outing spot which is yet unknown to even most of the Indorites
Trivia
★ The gates of Lalbagh Palace, Indore, are a replica of the gates of Buckingham Palace, London. They were cast in England and then shipped to Indore.
★ Indore has a huge Cricket Bat called "Vijay Balla" made out of concrete with names of the players of the Indian team who won the 1971 series against Gary Sobers' West Indies team.
★ 40 feet high idol at Bada Ganapati is the largest idol of Lord Ganesh in the world.
★ CAT, The Center for Advanced Technology is India's main Research center on Laser Technology.
★ The famous Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM was started first in Indore then spread to ten other cities of India including 4 metros.
★ Until early 1990s, Bollywood movies were released on the Thursdays in Indore, which elsewhere used to be released on the Fridays. This provided the first reviews about the movie before it was released in rest of India.
★ First private telephone service in India was launched in Indore by Airtel.
★ Because of similarity between the lifestyles,fashion and taste Indore is nick named as Mini Bombay.
See also
★ Notable citizens of Indore
References
1. "City Development",A report to the Durbar of Indore by Patrick Geddes. Part 1.Indore:Historic Development,1918.
2. "History of the Indian States" by Sukh Sampatti Rai Bhandari. Rajya Mandal Book Publishing House. May 1927.
3. "Malwa in Transition A Century of Anarchy", The First Phase 1698-1765 by Raghubir Singh of Sitamau. Year 1936.
4. "The Indore State Gazetteer". Volume 1-printed Under the authority of the Government of His Highness the Maharaja Holkar. Superintendent Holkar Government Press, Indore 1931.
5. "Memoirs of Malwa", by Major General Sir John Malcolm. 1912.
6. "Memoirs of Central India", Volume I. by Major General Sir John Malcolm. Year 1823.
7. "Indore Holkar State Gazetteer". No.23, 1875.
8. "Malwa Sahitya". 5th Year Issue No.1. Year 1855.Indore.
9. "The Mandlik Papers and the Family". by Sardar M.V.Kibe. 1946.
10. http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070808/0808102.htm
11. http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/12869.html
12. http://www.indianexpress.com/sunday/story/12869.html
13. Indian Journal of Science Communication (Volume 2/ Number 1/ January – June 2003) http://www.iscos.org/vol3/rp1.htm
External links
★ Indore Municipal Corporation website
★ all about Indore , the commercial city of Madhya Pradesh
★ Current time and weather in Indore
★ Indore city bus info
★ City portal at Govt. of India info. website
★ Holkar Coins
★
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