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'Hygiene' refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. The scientific term "hygiene" refers to the maintenance of health and healthy living. The term appears in phrases such as personal hygiene, domestic hygiene, dental hygiene, and occupational hygiene and is frequently used in connection with public health.
The term "hygiene" is derived from Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation. Hygiene is also a science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health. Also called hygienics.
Elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts such as the Manusmriti and the Vishnu Purana.[1] Bathing is one of the five Nitya karmas (daily duties) in Hinduism, not performing which leads to sin according to some scriptures.
Regular bathing was a hallmark of Roman civilization. Elaborate baths were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where individuals could be depilated and oiled. Water was constantly changed by an aqueduct-fed flow. Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water.
Contrary to popular belief, bathing and sanitation were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the Roman Empire. As a matter of fact, soapmaking first became an established trade during the so-called "Dark Ages." The Romans used scented oils (mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. Also, contrary to myth, chamber pots were not disposed of out the window and into streets in the European Middle Ages -- this was instead a Roman practice. Bathing in fact did not fall out of fashion in Europe until shortly after the Renaissance, replaced instead with the heavy use of sweat-bathing and perfume, as it was thought in Europe that water could carry disease into the body through the skin. Modern sanitation as we know it was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than Westerners did in the 19th century.[2]
★ washing of the body and hair frequently.
★ frequent washing of hands and/or face.
★ Oral hygiene—Daily brushing and flossing teeth in avoidance of bad breath, which can also be dispelled by eating chewing gum serials, or rinsing mouth with antibacterial mouthwashes, such as Listerine.
★ Cleaning of the clothes and living area.
★ General avoidance of bodily fluids such as feces, urine and vomit.
★ Not touching animals before eating, or washing hands thoroughly between touching and eating.
★ Holding a tissue over the mouth or using the upper arm/elbow region when coughing or sneezing, rather than a bare hand. Alternatively, washing hands afterwards.
★ Suppression of habits such as nose-picking, touching the face, etc.
★ Not licking fingers before picking up sheets of paper.
★ Not biting nails.
★ Wear clean underwear and clothing daily.
★ Washing hands after using toilet.
★ Not borrowing towels, hair brush and other personal things.
★ Maintain good food and cooking hygiene to prevent food poisoning
★ Cleaning of food preparation areas and equipment for example using designated cutting boards for preparing raw meats and vegetables.
★ Thorough cooking of meats
★ Institutional dish sanitizing by washing with soap and clean water.
★ Washing of hands after touching uncooked food when preparing meals.
★ Not using the same utensils to prepare different foods.
★ Non-sharing of cutlery when eating.
★ Not licking fingers or hands while or after eating.
★ Proper storage of food so as to prevent contamination by vermin.
★ Refrigeration of foods (and avoidance of specific foods in environments where refrigeration is or was not feasible).
★ Labeling food to indicate when it was produced (or, as food manufacturers prefer, to indicate its best before date).
★ Disposal of uneaten food and packaging.
★ Use of bandaging and dressing of injuries.
★ Use of protective clothing such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves.
★ Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures.
★ Safe disposal of medical waste.
★ Sterilization of instruments used by hairdressers.
★ Sterilization by autoclave of instruments used in body piercing and tattoo marking
Main articles: Personal grooming
The related term personal grooming/grooming means to enhance one's physical appearance or appeal for others, by removing obvious imperfections in one's appearance or improving one's hygiene.
Grooming in humans typically includes bathroom activities such as primping: washing and cleansing the hair, combing it to extract tangles and snarls, and styling. It can also include cosmetic care of the body, such as shaving and other forms of depilation.
1. http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/fact.htm
2. http://www.godecookery.com/mtales/mtales08.htm
★ Alliance for Prudent Use of Antibiotics on hand washing
★ Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings
★ Washing your hands video
★ Handwashingfacts.com
Personal cleanliness Regards in health.
| Contents |
| Etymology |
| History |
| Europe |
| Hygienic practices |
| Personal hygiene |
| Food safety |
| Medicine |
| Personal services |
| Grooming |
| See also |
| References |
Etymology
The term "hygiene" is derived from Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation. Hygiene is also a science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health. Also called hygienics.
History
Elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts such as the Manusmriti and the Vishnu Purana.[1] Bathing is one of the five Nitya karmas (daily duties) in Hinduism, not performing which leads to sin according to some scriptures.
Regular bathing was a hallmark of Roman civilization. Elaborate baths were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where individuals could be depilated and oiled. Water was constantly changed by an aqueduct-fed flow. Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water.
Europe
Contrary to popular belief, bathing and sanitation were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the Roman Empire. As a matter of fact, soapmaking first became an established trade during the so-called "Dark Ages." The Romans used scented oils (mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. Also, contrary to myth, chamber pots were not disposed of out the window and into streets in the European Middle Ages -- this was instead a Roman practice. Bathing in fact did not fall out of fashion in Europe until shortly after the Renaissance, replaced instead with the heavy use of sweat-bathing and perfume, as it was thought in Europe that water could carry disease into the body through the skin. Modern sanitation as we know it was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than Westerners did in the 19th century.[2]
Hygienic practices
Personal hygiene
★ washing of the body and hair frequently.
★ frequent washing of hands and/or face.
★ Oral hygiene—Daily brushing and flossing teeth in avoidance of bad breath, which can also be dispelled by eating chewing gum serials, or rinsing mouth with antibacterial mouthwashes, such as Listerine.
★ Cleaning of the clothes and living area.
★ General avoidance of bodily fluids such as feces, urine and vomit.
★ Not touching animals before eating, or washing hands thoroughly between touching and eating.
★ Holding a tissue over the mouth or using the upper arm/elbow region when coughing or sneezing, rather than a bare hand. Alternatively, washing hands afterwards.
★ Suppression of habits such as nose-picking, touching the face, etc.
★ Not licking fingers before picking up sheets of paper.
★ Not biting nails.
★ Wear clean underwear and clothing daily.
★ Washing hands after using toilet.
★ Not borrowing towels, hair brush and other personal things.
Food safety
★ Maintain good food and cooking hygiene to prevent food poisoning
★ Cleaning of food preparation areas and equipment for example using designated cutting boards for preparing raw meats and vegetables.
★ Thorough cooking of meats
★ Institutional dish sanitizing by washing with soap and clean water.
★ Washing of hands after touching uncooked food when preparing meals.
★ Not using the same utensils to prepare different foods.
★ Non-sharing of cutlery when eating.
★ Not licking fingers or hands while or after eating.
★ Proper storage of food so as to prevent contamination by vermin.
★ Refrigeration of foods (and avoidance of specific foods in environments where refrigeration is or was not feasible).
★ Labeling food to indicate when it was produced (or, as food manufacturers prefer, to indicate its best before date).
★ Disposal of uneaten food and packaging.
Medicine
★ Use of bandaging and dressing of injuries.
★ Use of protective clothing such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves.
★ Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures.
★ Safe disposal of medical waste.
Personal services
★ Sterilization of instruments used by hairdressers.
★ Sterilization by autoclave of instruments used in body piercing and tattoo marking
Grooming
Main articles: Personal grooming
The related term personal grooming/grooming means to enhance one's physical appearance or appeal for others, by removing obvious imperfections in one's appearance or improving one's hygiene.
Grooming in humans typically includes bathroom activities such as primping: washing and cleansing the hair, combing it to extract tangles and snarls, and styling. It can also include cosmetic care of the body, such as shaving and other forms of depilation.
See also
★ Carl Rogers Darnall ★ Clean Living Movements ★ Cleanliness ★ Dental Hygiene ★ Feminine hygiene ★ Hand Hygiene ★ Hygiene hypothesis ★ Hygiene program | ★ Islamic hygienical jurisprudence ★ Natural hygiene, the science of health ★ occupational hygiene, the practice of controlling workplace exposure to harmful agents. ★ Sleep hygiene ★ Social hygiene movement |
References
1. http://www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org/fact.htm
2. http://www.godecookery.com/mtales/mtales08.htm
★ Alliance for Prudent Use of Antibiotics on hand washing
★ Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings
★ Washing your hands video
★ Handwashingfacts.com
Personal cleanliness Regards in health.
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