The 'House of Savoy' () is a
dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a state which, in
1861, became the
Kingdom of Italy. Thus, the house was the
Italian reigning house until
1946. They once had claims on the modern
canton of Vaud in
Switzerland, but their access to it was cut by
Geneva during the
Protestant Reformation, after which it was conquered by
Bern. Though originally a poor duchy, later heirs to the throne were diplomatically skilled, and gained control over strategic mountain passes in the
Alps. This caused the great powers such as
France,
England, and
Spain to take the dukes' opinions into account.
The
monarchy ended with the
1946 referendum by which Italians chose the
republic as the form of state (see also
birth of the Italian Republic). Under the
Constitution of the Italian Republic, male descendants of the House of Savoy were forbidden from entering Italy. This provision was removed in
2002.
The house descended from
Humbert I, Count of Sabaudia (or "Maurienne")/ Umberto I "Biancamano"), (
1003–
1047 or
1048), and includes the Counts of Savoy, the Dukes of Savoy, the
Kings of Sardinia, and the
Kings of Italy. Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" (
Italian "Savoia").
The
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in
Turin and the neighbourhood are protected as a
World Heritage Site.
List of rulers
Counts of Savoy
Main articles: County of Savoy
''Main Branch''
★
Humbert I "Biancamano" ("White hand") :
1003-
1047 or
1048
★
Amedeus I :
1048-
1051 or
1056
★
Otto :
1051 or
1056 -
1060
★
Peter I :
1060-
1078
★
Amedeus II :
1060-
1080
★
Umbert II :
1080-
1103
★
Amedeus III :
1103-
1148
★
Umbert III :
1148-
1189
★
Thomas I :
1189-
1233
★
Amedeus IV :
1233-
1253
★
Boniface :
1253-
1263
★
Peter II :
1263-
1268
★
Philip I :
1268-
1285
★
Amedeus V :
1285-
1323
★
Edward I :
1323 -
1329
★
Aimone :
1329-
1343
★
Amedeus VI :
1343-
1383
★
Amedeus VII :
1383-
1391
★
Amedeus VIII : as Count of Savoy
1391-
1416
Dukes of Savoy
Main articles: Duchy of Savoy
★
Amedeus VIII : as Duke of Savoy
1416-
1440
★
Louis :
1440-
1465
★
Amedeus IX :
1465-
1472
★
Philibert I :
1472-
1482
★
Charles I :
1482-
1490
★
Charles (II) John Amedeus :
1490-
1496
★
Philip II :
1496-
1497
★
Philibert II :
1497-
1504
★
Charles III :
1504-
1553
★
Emmanuel Philibert :
1553-
1580
★
Charles Emmanuel I :
1580-
1630
★
Victor Amedeus I:
1630-
1637
★
Francis Hyacinth :
1637-
1638
★
Charles Emmanuel II :
1638-
1675
★
Victor Amedeus II :
1675 -
1720,
1730-
1732, as 1st king of Sardinia
1720-
1730
Kings of Sardinia
Kingdom of Sardinia map
★
Victor Amedeus II :
1720-
1730
★
Charles Emmanuel III :
1730-
1773
★
Victor Amedeus III :
1773-
1796
★
Charles Emmanuel IV :
1796-
1802
★
Victor Emmanuel I :
1802-
1821
★
Charles Felix :
1821-
1831
''
Savoy-Carignano Branch''
★
Charles Albert :
1831-
1849
★
Victor Emmanuel II :
1849-
1861
.svg.png)
House of Savoy Coat of Arms on 1861 flag of Italy
Kings of Italy
Main articles: Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
★
Victor Emmanuel II :
1861-
1878
★
Humbert I :
1878-
1900
★
Victor Emmanuel III :
1900-
1946
★
Humbert II :
1946
Rulers of other countries
★ King
Amadeus I of
Spain (son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy) :
1871-
1873
★ (ostensibly) King
Tomislav II of the
Independent State of Croatia (grandson of Amadeus I of Spain) :
1941-
1943
Heads of the House of Savoy since 1946:
★
Humbert II :
1946-
1983
As of
July 7,
2006, the leadership of the House of Savoy is now contested by two cousins:
★ Crown Prince
Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, who claimed the title of
King of Italy:
December 15,
1969-present
[1]
★ Duke
Amedeo of Aosta, who now claims the title of the Duke of Savoy:
July 7,
2006-present
''See also:''
Lists of incumbents,
List of Presidents of the Italian Republic
Name, motto, titles
Name of the dynasty: 'Reale Casa di Savoia'
Motto: 'FERT'
:The Motto is believed an
acronym of
★ ''"Foedere Et Religione Tenemur"'' (We will be kept together by the [constitutional] pact and by religion)
:but others suggest:
★ ''"Fortitudo Eius Rhodum Tenuit"'' (His strength preserved Rhodes). This refers to Duke Amadeo V "the Great" (1249-1323), who fought against the Saracens at the siege of Rhodes in 1310.
★ ''"Fortitudo Ejus Rempublicam Tenet"'' (His bravery preserves the Republic)
★ ''"Fides Est Regni Tutela"'' (Faith is the protection of the kingdom)
★ The proposed origin from ''"Femina Erit Ruina Tua"'' (Woman will be your ruin) is obviously only a
satire.
★ Another famous spurious satire is ''"Frappez, Entrez, Rompez Tout!"'', roughly translated from the French as "Knock, get in, then break everything!" It is supposedly a French witticism mocking the freebooting foreign policies of Duke Vittorio Amadeo II.
Titles of the Crown of Sardinia
VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di
Sardegna,
Cipro,
Gerusalemme e
Armenia; Duca di Savoia,
Monferrato,
Chablais,
Aosta, e
Genevese; Principe di
Piemonte ed
Oneglia; Marchese d'Italia
Saluzzo,
Susa,
Ivrea,
Ceva,
Maro,
Oristano,
Sezana; Conte di
Moriana,
Geneva,
Nizza,
Tenda,
Asti,
Alessandria,
Goceano; Barone di
Vaud e di
Faucigny; Signore di
Vercelli,
Pinerolo,
Tarantasia,
Lumellino,
Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Imperio in Italia.
The English translation is:
Victor Amadeus III,
by the Grace of God, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia, Duke of Savoy, Montferrat, Chablais, Aosta and Genoa, Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia, Marquess in Italy, of Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana, Count of Maurienne, Geneva, Nice, Tende, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano, Baron of Vaud and Faucigny, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia, Prince and perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy.
Titles of the Crown of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II,
by the Grace of God and the Will of the Nation,
King of Italy,
King of Sardinia,
Cyprus,
Jerusalem,
Armenia, Duke of Savoy,
count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the
Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; prince of
Piedmont,
Carignan,
Oneglia,
Poirino,
Trino; Prince and
Perpetual vicar of the
Holy Roman Empire; prince of
Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, prince
bailliff of the Duchy of
Aosta,
Prince of
Chieri,
Dronero,
Crescentino, Riva di
Chieri e Banna,
Busca, Bene, Brà ,
Duke of Genoa,
Monferrat,
Aosta,
Duke of Chablais,
Genevois,
Duke of Piacenza,
Marquis of
Saluzzo (Saluces),
Ivrea,
Susa, del Maro,
Oristano,
Cesana,
Savona, Tarantasia,
Borgomanero e
Cureggio,
Caselle,
Rivoli,
Pianezza,
Govone,
Salussola, Racconigi con Tegerone, Migliabruna e Motturone,
Cavallermaggiore,
Marene,
Modane e Lanslebourg,
Livorno Ferraris, Santhià Agliè,
Centallo e
Demonte,
Desana,
Ghemme,
Vigone, Count of
Barge,
Villafranca, Ginevra,
Nizza,
Tenda,
Romont,
Asti,
Alessandria, del Goceano,
Novara,
Tortona,
Bobbio,
Soissons,
Sant'Antioco,
Pollenzo,
Roccabruna,
Tricerro,
Bairo,
Ozegna, delle Apertole,
Baron of
Vaud e del Faucigni,
Lord of
Vercelli,
Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle
Sesia, del marchesato di
Ceva, Overlord of
Monaco,
Roccabruna and 11/12th of
Menton, Noble
patrician of
Venice, patrician of
Ferrara.
These titles were used during the unified Kingdom of Italy which lasted from
1860-
1946[1].
Dynastic orders
The House of Savoy has held two
dynastic orders since 1434, which were brought into the Kingdom of Italy as national orders. Although the Kingdom of Italy ceased to exist in 1946, King Umberto II did not abdicate his role as ''
fons honorum'' over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. The following are the dynastic orders of the Royal House of Savoy. Today,
HRH Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples is hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of these orders.
★
''Ordine Supremo della SS. Annunziata'' (The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation)
★
''Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro'' (The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus)
Recently, all three of
Victor Emmanuel's sisters (HRH
Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma, HRH
Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, and HRH
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy) resigned from both of these dynastic orders, alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide.
[2]
In addition to these, the House of Savoy claims sovereignty over the
Civil Order of Savoy, and the
Order of Merit of Savoy, which are merit orders of the Royal House.
See also
★
Eugene of Savoy
★
Duke of Aosta
★
List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility
★
Counts of Villafranca
Further reading
★ Cox, Eugene L. ''The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe''. Princeton University Press, 1974.
External links
#
Official website of the Royal House of Savoy
#
Brief history of the House with a picture of coat-of-arm
#
Genealogy of recent members of the House
#
House of Savoy fansite
#
The_Heads_of_House_of_Savoy
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