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EspañolHISTORICAL CAPITALS OF CHINA
The Chinese phrase 'Four Great Ancient Capitals of China' () traditionally refers to Beijing, Nanjing, Luoyang, and Chang'an (Xi'an).
After the 1920s as more discoveries were made, other historical capitals were added to the list. The phrase 'Seven Ancient Capitals of China' introduced later on, also include Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (became the sixth ancient capital in the 1930s), and Anyang (after archaeologists' proposal in 1988, it became the seventh ancient capital); in 2004 the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth thanks to archaeological finds there.
Numerous cities have been the 'capital of China' during the course of history.
★ Anyang was the capital during the Yin period of the Shang Dynasty: called Yin (殷 Yīn).
★ Beijing (formerly Romanized as ''Peking'', from Chinese Postal Map Romanization (CPMR); briefly known as ''Peiping'' in Wade-Giles (WG) or ''Beiping'' in pinyin (py)) was and has been the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (薊 Jì).
::Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京 Yānjīng "capital of Yan").
::Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Jin Shi Zong until 1220s (1217?): called Zhongdu (中都 Zhōngdū "central capital").
::Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Khanbaliq (Mongolian: great residence of the Khan); translated to Chinese as Dàdū (大都 "great capital"). This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo.
::Ming Dynasty since Yongle Emperor of China (1402/1424-1644): called Jīngshī (京師 "capital").
::Qing Dynasty since the fall of Ming in 1644 to the end of the Empire in 1912.
::The Beiyang Government of the Republic of China.
::The current capital of the People's Republic of China.
★ Chengdu (WG: Ch'eng-tu) was the capital of the Shu Kingdom during the period of the Three Kingdoms. It was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Chongqing (CPMR: ''Chungking'') was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II (Second Chinese-Japanese War), and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493.
★ Guangzhou (formerly Romanized ''Canton'' from CPMR)
::Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Hangzhou (also ''Hangchou'' or ''Hangchow'') was the capital of:
::The Wuyue Kingdom (904-978), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
::China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān).
★ Hao was the capital during Western Zhou Dynasty, located near present day Xi'an.
★ Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Later Liang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Jin Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Han Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Zhou Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng).
★ Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Eastern Zhou Dynasty
::Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220
::Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms.
::Western Jin Dynasty
::Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong.
::Later Tang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
★ Nanjing (formerly Romanized ''Nanking'' (CPMR) or ''Nanching'' in WG) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are:
:::Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms.
:::Eastern Jin Dynasty
:::Liu Song Dynasty
:::Southern Qi Dynasty
:::Liang Dynasty
:::Chen Dynasty
::Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing.
::Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京，literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864.
::Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
::Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government.
★ Taipei has been the capital of the Republic of China (on Taiwan) since 1949.
★ Wuhan was the capital of a leftist Kuomintang government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kaishek during the 1920s.
★ Xanadu (Shangdu) (上都) was the summer capital of Kublai Khan's empire.
★ Xi'an (WG: ''Hsi'an''; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Hao.
::State of Qin in Spring and Autumn Period and Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the Qin capital which is called Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng).
::Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9
::Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23
::Eastern Han Dynasty
::Western Jin Dynasty
::State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420).
::State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, from the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
::State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, from the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
::Western Wei Dynasty
::Northern Zhou Dynasty
::Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618
::Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907
★ Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.
The choosing of the capital of China has always been a matter of politics over logistics. Historians have questioned why Beijing should have ever been chosen as a capital at all, even to the present day. Throughout most of China's history, the far northeastern corner geography has posed serious water and food supplies problem. In addition to long, harsh winters with limited agricultural possibilities, the main food source has always been southern China. It continues to be a problem even with water supply coming from the Yangtze River far away requiring major constructions[1]. The preferred capital was always Nanjing, due to closer distance to the main food source. Especially after the collapse of the Ming dynasty. Had Beijing not been the capital near the north, the Manchu would not have attacked the capital so easily, taking over in the Qing dynasty, which coincidentally is also the last1.
1. Haw, Stephen G. [2007] (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge. ISBN 978041539906-7
List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China
After the 1920s as more discoveries were made, other historical capitals were added to the list. The phrase 'Seven Ancient Capitals of China' introduced later on, also include Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (became the sixth ancient capital in the 1930s), and Anyang (after archaeologists' proposal in 1988, it became the seventh ancient capital); in 2004 the China Ancient Capital Society officially added Zhengzhou as an eighth thanks to archaeological finds there.
| Contents |
| List of historical capitals of China |
| Chronology |
| Controversy |
| References |
| See also |
List of historical capitals of China
Historical capitals in use prior to the 20th century.
Historical capitals in use from the 20th century onwards.
Numerous cities have been the 'capital of China' during the course of history.
★ Anyang was the capital during the Yin period of the Shang Dynasty: called Yin (殷 Yīn).
★ Beijing (formerly Romanized as ''Peking'', from Chinese Postal Map Romanization (CPMR); briefly known as ''Peiping'' in Wade-Giles (WG) or ''Beiping'' in pinyin (py)) was and has been the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::State of Yan (Yen in WG) in Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BC): called Ji (薊 Jì).
::Liao Dynasty (907-1125), as a secondary capital: called Yanjing (燕京 Yānjīng "capital of Yan").
::Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) from Jin Shi Zong until 1220s (1217?): called Zhongdu (中都 Zhōngdū "central capital").
::Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Khanbaliq (Mongolian: great residence of the Khan); translated to Chinese as Dàdū (大都 "great capital"). This was reported as "Cambuluc" by Marco Polo.
::Ming Dynasty since Yongle Emperor of China (1402/1424-1644): called Jīngshī (京師 "capital").
::Qing Dynasty since the fall of Ming in 1644 to the end of the Empire in 1912.
::The Beiyang Government of the Republic of China.
::The current capital of the People's Republic of China.
★ Chengdu (WG: Ch'eng-tu) was the capital of the Shu Kingdom during the period of the Three Kingdoms. It was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Chongqing (CPMR: ''Chungking'') was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II (Second Chinese-Japanese War), and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493.
★ Guangzhou (formerly Romanized ''Canton'' from CPMR)
::Republic of China: it was seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
★ Hangzhou (also ''Hangchou'' or ''Hangchow'') was the capital of:
::The Wuyue Kingdom (904-978), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
::China during the Southern Song Dynasty: called Lin'an (臨安 Lín'ān).
★ Hao was the capital during Western Zhou Dynasty, located near present day Xi'an.
★ Kaifeng was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Later Liang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Jin Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Han Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Later Zhou Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
::Northern Song Dynasty: called Dongjing (東京 Dōngjīng).
★ Luoyang was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Eastern Zhou Dynasty
::Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 to 220
::Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms.
::Western Jin Dynasty
::Northern Wei Dynasty since 493, moved its capital from Datong.
::Later Tang Dynasty during the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
★ Nanjing (formerly Romanized ''Nanking'' (CPMR) or ''Nanching'' in WG) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::all of the Six Dynasties: called Jianye (建業 Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康 Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties are:
:::Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms.
:::Eastern Jin Dynasty
:::Liu Song Dynasty
:::Southern Qi Dynasty
:::Liang Dynasty
:::Chen Dynasty
::Ming Dynasty before Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing.
::Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and Prosperity) during the Taiping Rebellion. Known as Tianjing (天京，literally 'Heavenly Capital') between 1853 and its fall in 1864.
::Republic of China after the Northern Expedition until the Japanese invasion in 1937 of WWII, and after the war until Chiang Kai-Shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
::Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese collaborationist government.
★ Taipei has been the capital of the Republic of China (on Taiwan) since 1949.
★ Wuhan was the capital of a leftist Kuomintang government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kaishek during the 1920s.
★ Xanadu (Shangdu) (上都) was the summer capital of Kublai Khan's empire.
★ Xi'an (WG: ''Hsi'an''; called Chang'an in ancient times) was the capital of various Chinese governments including (sorted chronologically):
::Western Zhou Dynasty, also see Hao.
::State of Qin in Spring and Autumn Period and Qin Dynasty 221 BC-207 BC: Xi'an is located near the Qin capital which is called Xianyang (咸陽 Xiányáng).
::Western Han Dynasty from 206 BC to AD 9
::Xin Dynasty from 8 to 23
::Eastern Han Dynasty
::Western Jin Dynasty
::State of Former Zhao, a state in the Sixteen Kingdoms period during the chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420).
::State of Former Qin from 351 to 394, from the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
::State of Later Qin from 384 to 417, from the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
::Western Wei Dynasty
::Northern Zhou Dynasty
::Sui Dynasty from 581 to 618
::Tang Dynasty from 618 to 907
★ Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.
Chronology
Controversy
The choosing of the capital of China has always been a matter of politics over logistics. Historians have questioned why Beijing should have ever been chosen as a capital at all, even to the present day. Throughout most of China's history, the far northeastern corner geography has posed serious water and food supplies problem. In addition to long, harsh winters with limited agricultural possibilities, the main food source has always been southern China. It continues to be a problem even with water supply coming from the Yangtze River far away requiring major constructions[1]. The preferred capital was always Nanjing, due to closer distance to the main food source. Especially after the collapse of the Ming dynasty. Had Beijing not been the capital near the north, the Manchu would not have attacked the capital so easily, taking over in the Qing dynasty, which coincidentally is also the last1.
References
1. Haw, Stephen G. [2007] (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge. ISBN 978041539906-7
See also
List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China
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