:''For Veer Savarkar's book, see
Hindutva (book).''
'Hindutva' ("Hinduness", a word coined by
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his
1923 pamphlet entitled '' ) is used to describe movements advocating '
Hindu nationalism'.
The former ruling party in
India, the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is closely associated with a group of organizations that promote Hindutva. They collectively refer to themselves as the "
Sangh Parivar" or family of associations, and include the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,
Bajrang Dal and the
Vishwa Hindu Parishad.
This
right-wing ideology has existed since the early
20th century, forged by
freedom fighter Vinayak Damodar Savarkar popularly known as Veer Savarkar (''Veer'' means brave), but came to prominence in
Indian politics in the late
1980s, when two events attracted a large number of mainstream Hindus to the movement. The first of these events was the
Rajiv Gandhi government's use of its large Parliamentary Majority to overturn a
Supreme Court verdict that had angered many
Muslims (see the
Shah Bano case). The second was the dispute over the
16th century Mughal Babri Mosque in
Ayodhya — built by
Babur after his first major victory in India. According to Hindutva ideology, the
Babri Mosque was built atop the ruins of a temple honoring the Hindu
God-Emperor Rama. The conflict surrounding the Babri Mosque (referred to by Hindus as the
Ramjanmabhoomi) has been compared to the
Temple Mount disputes in
Israel by
Daniel Pipes [1]. The Supreme Court of India couldn't deliver a conclusive verdict on the case in the early 1990s due to a cited absence of evidence. Tempers soon flared, and Hindutva supporters razed the
mosque in late
1992, setting off a wave of religious conflict that included the
Bombay riots and the
1993 Mumbai bombings. The razing of the mosque and subsequent conflict arguably lifted the BJP and Hindutva to international prominence.
Definition
Grammatically, the term is a compound of the
Persian word "
Hindu" and the
Sanskrit suffix "-tva" which is used to form neuter abstract nouns.
[2] Hence, according to Savarkar, Hindutva is meant to denote the Hindu characteristic, or Hinduness.
In a judgment the
Indian Supreme Court ruled that "no precise meaning can be ascribed to the terms '
Hindu', 'Hindutva' and '
Hinduism'; and no meaning in the abstract can confine it to the narrow limits of religion alone, excluding the content of
Indian culture and heritage." The Supreme Court also ruled that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is not to be equated with or understood as religious Hindu fundamentalism. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu and since the Hindu is disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, he tends to believe that the highest divine powers complement each other for the well-being of the world and mankind."
[3]
Hindutva is commonly identified with the guiding ideology of the
Sangh Parivar, a family of
Hindu Nationalist organizations, and of the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in particular. While opponents and critics usually view Hindutva as a
nationalist identity based solely on the Hindu religion and ethos, these organizations portray it as a nationalist identity based on the traditions and cultural heritage of the Indian sub-continent, contending that in many respects it is a syncretic ideology, despite drawing freely from
Hindu philosophy, quoting Hindu scriptures as a staple of party rhetoric, and holding Hindu historical and religious figures up as inspirational examples.
In general, ''Hindutvavaadis'' (followers of Hindutva) believe that they represent the well-being of
Hinduism,
Sikhism,
Buddhism,
Jainism and all other
Dharmic religions prominent in India along with
Zoroastrianism and
Judaism .
Christianity and
Islam are not directly represented by Hindutva groups.
Organizations
Main articles: Sangh Parivar,
National Democratic Alliance
Most nationalists are organized into political, cultural and social organizations. The first Hindutva organisation formed was the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, founded in
1925. A prominent
Indian political party, the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is closely associated with a group of organisations that advocate Hindutva. They collectively refer to themselves as the "Sangh Parivar" or family of associations, and include the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),
Bajrang Dal and the
Vishva Hindu Parishad. Other organisations include:
★
Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh - Overseas branch of the RSS
★
Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh - Worker's Union
★
Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad - A Student's Union
★
Bharatiya Kisan Sangh - A Farmers' organisation
The major political wing is the
BJP which was in power in India's Central Government for six years from
1998 to
2004 and is now the main opposition party. It is also in power in the five states of
Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan,
Chhattisgarh, and
Uttaranchal. It is an alliance partner in the states of
Orissa,
Punjab,
Bihar and
Karnataka.
Political parties pertaining to the Hindutva ideology are not limited to the
Sangh Parivar.
Examples of political parties independent from the Sangh's influence include Praful Goradia's
Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh[4] and
Uma Bharti's Bharatiya Janshakti Party.
[5] The influence of these groups is relatively limited.
The Maharashtrian controversial political party, the
Shiv Sena, converted its ideology to the Hindutva one in recent times. It has been very influential in the Indian state of
Maharashtra. The party is not part of the Sangh Parivar but is associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party. Similar is the
Shiromani Akali Dal, which is a
Sikh religious party but maintains ties with Hindutva organizations, as they also represent Sikhism.
[6]
Central concepts
★ The
Indian subcontinent (which includes the area south of the
Himalaya and the
Hindu Kush or
Akhand Bharat is the
homeland of the
Hindus.
★ "
Hindus" are those who consider
India (Bharat) to be their fatherland (''pitribhumi'') as well as their holyland (''punyabhumi'') (definition as proposed by
Savarkar).
★ emphasizing historical oppression of
Hindus by
invading forces like the
Muslims (see
Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent) and the
Christians (see
Goa Inquisition) and the call to "reverse" the influence resulting from these intrusions.
★ denunciation of
British colonialism and
Communism alike for a perceived weakening of
Hindus.
★ The irredentist call for the establishment of a "
Hindu Rashtra" to protect Hindus and revive Hindu culture
★ denunciation of the
Indian government as too passive with regard to the
ethnic cleansing Kashmiri Hindus
[7][8] by Kashmiri muslim separatists and advocates of Hindutva wish a harder stance in
Jammu and Kashmir.
[9]
Philosophy
Hindu nationalists have the stated aim of uniting the Hindu society which is plagued by
casteism,
regionalism, passive religion. They have a positive outlook towards the
Dalit community, which they aim to bring to leadership positions in their organizations.
[10] They believe that the way Muslims and Hindus have treated each other in the past is a ''one-way compromise'' and they intend on making society more balanced and fair towards the majority Hindu population.
[11] The BJP has also invited Muslims to be a part of this new society and work with the Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs for a better India
[12]. Even more militant parties such as the
Shiv Sena have invited Muslims to join and the party leader declared after the Babri Mosque incident,
"We must look after the Muslims and treat them as part of us[13]."
Muslims and Christians are seen by some as foreign elements in the subcontinent, which rightly belongs to Hindus. The former RSS leader
M. S. Golwalkar, like his contemporary Islamist counterpart
Mawdudi, had expressed admiration for the
Nazis and their ideas about national purity.In 1939 he wrote that "Germany has shocked the world by purging the country of the semitic race of the Jews, a good lesson for us in Hindusthan to learn and profit by".
[14]
Ruthven (2007:108) claims to recognize an element of religious fundamentalism in
Swami Dayananda's "elevation of the Vedas to the sum of human knowledge, along with his myth of the Aryavartic kings", but identifies its consequences as nationalistic, since "''Hindutva'' secularizes Hinduism by sacralizing the nation". Mezentseva (1994), however, rejects any necessary connection being made between Dayananda and Hindu nationalism, demonstrating that his interpretation of 'Aryavarta' is not to be identified with the concept of the Indian nation as utilized by Hinduvta groups.
[15]
Views on other faiths
The advocates of Hindutva often use the term
pseudo-secularism to refer to laws which they believe are very favourable towards the minorities. They point to the different standards for Hindus, Muslims and Christians. They oppose what they see as a '
separate-but-equal' system; some supporters of Hindutva see it as the
Indian National Congress party's effort to woo the sizeable minority
vote bank at the expense of true equality. The subject of a
Uniform Civil Code, which would remove special religion-based provisions for different religions (Hindus, Muslims, Christians, etc) from the
Indian Constitution, is thus one of the main political planks of Hindutva. The Uniform Civil Code is opposed by Muslims, Christians and parties like the
Indian National Congress and The
Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Hindutva followers question differential laws in terms of marriage and divorce and ask why in a
secular democracy Muslims are allowed
polygamy, but Hindus or Christians are prosecuted for doing the same.
Christians are also given separate laws for
divorce, which is more difficult for them than for Hindus. The passing of the
Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 by Rajiv Gandhi government to dilute the secular judgment of Supreme Court under pressure from the conservative Muslims incensed some Hindus who became Hindutva supporters. The new act, in tune with the
Shariat, denied even utterly destitute Muslim divorcees the right to alimony from their former husbands.
[16]
Followers feel that Hindutva speaks for the Hindu majority in India. They also often feel that
secular democracy implies equal laws for all religions, and want a Uniform Civil Code passed for the same reason.
One must also differentiate between the word "secularism" as used in the Western and Indian contexts.
Secularism in the West implies "separation of church & state" whereas secularism in India means "equal respect for all religions".
Among the goals of the Hindutva organisations in
modern India is a reversing of the invasions by conquerors. They include demands to convert disputed historical monuments into
temples [17]. This statement comes from the fact that when
Pope John Paul II came to India, he called for an entire conversion of Asia in the lines of that carried out in Europe and Africa in the earlier millennia.
[18]
Hindutva groups are overwhelmingly supportive of the
Jewish State of
Israel, including
Savarkar himself, who supported Israel during its formation.
[19] RSS is the most pro-Israel group in India at present and actively praised the efforts of
Ariel Sharon when he visited India
[20][21]. R.S.S spokesperson Ram Madhav recently expressed support for Israel (when the
far left Marxists and
Islamists in India routinely attack Israel and Jews and have, in fact, accused Israel and
Zionists of "fascistic" inclinations as well
[22][23]) when he said:
Views on Indian History
The ideological beginning of this line of political thought in modern
India is the RSS. Its aim, according to its stated objectives is to instil
national pride in every Indian. Its motto is 'Sangathit Hindu, Samartha Bharat' i.e. 'United Hindus, capable India'. The RSS is the largest voluntary organisation in the world. All of its gatherings are held on open grounds, where men, women and children of all ages gather in daily meetings. There are about 50000 such daily gatherings (called ''shakha'', i.e. branch) across the length and breadth of the country. It has widespread support among Indian Hindus.
The ''
Vishwa Hindu Parishad'' (VHP) was established to network with Hindus outside India. The
Bajrang Dal [2] is the youth wing of the VHP.
The RSS worldview is that India is the "fount of human civilisation", from where its knowledge spread to the rest of the world. Since this view it challenges many contemporary historic notions such as the
Indo-Aryan migration, and the influence of Babylonic cultures and ancient Central Asian civilizations, on the development of the language, culture and religions of India etc., these claims are considered
pseudocience in peer-reviewed academia, but finds defenders such as Belgian writer
Koenraad Elst who casts the notion in an academic framework with his "
out of India" theory. While largely uncontroversial in academia
[24] "Aryan Invasion" debate in India, involving e.g.
Sita Ram Goel,
Romila Thapar and
Arun Shourie, is thus a matter of politics.
Symbolism of Historic Hindu Figures
Because there were many fighters who stood up to outside aggression, Hindu nationalists use these fighters such as
Ahilyabai Holkar, Prithviraj, and especially Shivaji Maharaj as defenders of India and Hinduism and further advocate that every Hindu should try to be like them. Some organizations such as the
Shiv Sena have been named themselves after and been modelled after the ideology of these kings.
Allegations of Fascism in Hindutva and its denial
Many sociologues have described the Hindutva movement as Fascist in classical sense, in its ideology and class support specially targeting the concept of homogenised majority and cultural hegemony.
[25]
The Hindutva movement on the other hand terms such description as coming from the
far left[26][27]. More moderate and non-prejudicial critics of Hindutva do not base their criticism on allegations of "Fascism", but raise issues with regards to their sometimes-vacillating attitudes towards non-Hindus and secularism. The epithet of "Fascism" is also used to evoke double standards against Hindus in political and academic discourse. The academia and polity have been accused of engaging in a form of
anti-Hindu Mccarthyism against Hindu political expression by levelling the accusation of "Fascism" against anyone who expresses sympathy for Hindus
[28].
Marxist critics
[29], have used the inflammatory political epithets of "Indian fascism" and "Hindu fascism" to describe the ideology of the
Sangh Parivar. For example, Marxist social scientist
Prabhat Patnaik has written that the Hindutva movement as it has emerged is "classically
fascist in class support, methods and programme"
[30]
Patniak bases this argument on the following "ingredients" of classical fascism present in Hindutva: the attempt to create a unified homogeonous majority under the concept of 'the Hindus'; a sense of grievance against past injustice; a sense of cultural superiority; an interpretation of history according to this grievance and superiorityl; a rejection of rational arguments against this interpretation; and an appeal to the majority based on
race and
masculinity.
Views on Hindutva and Fascism include those of the Christian convert to the RSS viewpoint, Anthony Elenjimittan, who based his views on RSS's symbolism of the Bhagva (the banner of lord
Shiva),
Dharma Chakra [the Wheel of Faith] and
Satyameva Jayate [Truth alone truimphs] (one must note that these symbols are normative in
Hinduism and bear no relation to
Hindutva and the lattermost is the national motto of a
secular democratic India). The claim of fascism in Hindutva is based on the RSS's "discipline, organised centralism and organic collective consciousness" and dismisses the idea of fascism and
totalitarianism being evils and
parliamentarism and
Anglo-Indian types of
democracy being holy, as "silly" and "should be got rid of from our minds"
[31]
The description of Hindutva as fascist has been condemned by pro-Hindutva authors such as
Koenraad Elst who claim that the ideology of Hindutva meets none of the characteristics of fascist ideologies. Claims that Hindutva social service organisations such as the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh are "fascist" have been disputed by academics such as Vincent Kundukulam.
[32] [33]
In addition, accusations of "fascism" in the Hindutva movement coming from the left wing parties and western academics such as Christoffe Jaffrelot (who argues that Hindutva draws on the ''cultural'' nationalism of
Bluntschli, rather than the ''racial'' nationalism of the Nazis themselves) have been criticized by former professor of political philosophy.
[34] and
Times of India commentator Jyotirmaya Sharma as a "simplistic transference has done great injustice to our knowledge of Hindu nationalist politics"
[35]
Academics Chetan Bhatt and Parita Mukta reject the identification of Hindutva with fascism, because of Hindutva's embrace of cultural rather than racial nationalism, because of its "distinctively Indian" character, and because of "the RSS’s disavowal
of the seizure of state power in preference for long-term cultural labour in
civil society". They instead describe Hindutva as a form of "revolutionary conservatism" or "ethnic absolutism".
[36].
Nobel Laureate V.S. Naipaul also rejects these allegations and views the rise of Hindutva as a welcome, broader civilizational resurgence of India.
[37]
References
1. Daniel Pipes Article
2. For use of the suffix -tva to form neuter abstract nouns see p. 145 of ''A Sanskrit Manual: Part II'' by R. Antoine (Xavier Publications: Calcutta: 1970)
3. Let India develop FOI report supports IDRF activities; questions Sabrang/FOIL
4. Jana Sangh promises to make India Hindu nation
5. Uma launches new party
6. SAD-BJP Alliance helped bridge Hindu Sikh gap Indian Express
7. See refs in Kashmiri Pandit
8. see refs in Wandhama massacre
9. [www.bbk.ac.uk/polsoc/staff/academic/rob-jenkins/wsj-india-main-article-jenkins Indian Summer looks set to become a long autumn] by Robert Jenkins
10. Organize under Dalit leadership: RSS
11. [www.bjp.org BJP Official Website] See philoshophy
12. Bharatiya Janata Party Official Website ''Hindutva: The Great Nationalistic Ideology''
13. The Rediff Election Interview/Bal Thackeray,''Rediff.com''
14. Ruthven (2007:10ff.)
15. ''A World of Vedic Truths: The Life and Teaching of Swami Dayananda'' O.V. Mezentseva, Soviet Institute of Philosophy (1994)
16. Shah Bano Case
17. About Hindu Unity
18. Pope stirs up India - Pope John Paul II calls for evangelization of Asia
19. Hindu-Zion
20. The Hindu
21. Rediff
22. Press spotlight on Sharon's India visit,''BBC''
23. [1]
24. "the great majority of linguists... seek the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans in Asia somewhere to the north of their later historical seats." In Search of the Indo-Europeans, , J. P., Mallory, Thames and Hudson, 1989, ISBN 0-500-27616-1
25. Fascism of our times Prabhat Patnaik
26. eg. Partha Banergee
27. - Rajesh Tembarai Krishnamachari, South Asia Analysis Group
28. Puzzling Dimensions and Theoretical Knots in my Graduate School Research, ''Yvette Rosser''
29. eg. Partha Banergee, Romila Thapar, Himani Bannerji, Prabhat Patnaik
30. "The Fascism of Our Times" ''Social Scientist'' VOl 21 No.3-4, 1993, p.69[3]
31. Anthony Elenjimittan, The Philosophy and Action of the RSS for the Hind Swaraj, p. 197, cited in V.C.P. Chaudhury, Secularism Versus Communalism, Patna, 1977, p. 101.
32. Christian Post
33. [4]
34. Profile, Jyotirmaya Sharma
35. Hindu Nationalist Politics,J. Sharma ''Times of India''
36. ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'' Volume 23 Number 3 May 2000 pp. 407–441 ISSN 0141-9870 print/ISSN 1466-4356 online
37. Naipaul V.S. India, a million Mutinies now, Penguin 1992
Further reading
★ Andersen, Walter K., ‘Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face’, In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. (ISBN 0-312-21134-1 or ISBN 0-312-21338-7)
★ Banerjee, Partha, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). (ISBN 81-202-0504-2) (ISBN not available)
★ Bhatt Chetan, ''Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths'', Berg Publishers (2001), ISBN 1859733484.
★
Elst, Koenraad: ''
The Saffron Swastika. The Notion of "Hindu Fascism".'' New Delhi: Voice of India, 2001, 2 Vols., ISBN 81-85990-69-7
[5],
[6]
★ Elst, Koenraad: ''Decolonizing the Hindu Mind. Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism.'' Rupa, Delhi 2001.
★ Embree, Ainslie T. , ‘The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation’, in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. (ISBN 0-226-50885-4)
★ Goel, Sita Ram: ''Perversion of India's Political Parlance.'' Voice of India, Delhi 1984.
[7]
★ Goel, Sita Ram (editor): ''Time for Stock Taking. Whither Sangh Parivar?'' 1996.
★ Gold, Daniel, 'Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truths to Hindu Nation' in: ''Fundamentalisms Observed'' The Fundamentalism Project vol. 4, eds. M. E. Marty, R. S. Appleby, University Of Chicago Press (1994), ISBN 978-0226508788, pp. 531-593.
★ Ruthven, Malise, ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, USA (2007), ISBN 978-0199212705.
★ Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar: ''
Hindutva'' Bharati Sahitya Sadan, Delhi 1989 (1923).
★ Sharma, Jyotirmay, ''Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu Nationalism'', Penguin Global (2004), ISBN 0670049905.
★ Shourie, Arun: ''A Secular Agenda.'' HarperCollins ISBN 81-7223-258-6
★ Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-20862-3
See also
★
Uniform civil code
★
Veer Savarkar
★
Indian nationalism
★
Hindu nationalism
★
Hindu nationalist parties
External links
★
Official Site for Rashtriya Swamamsevak Sangh
★
Official Site for BJP
★
Article by Koenraad Elst on allegations of "Hindu fascism",
More articles on "Hindu fascism"
★
Arun Shourie on Hindutva
★
Current Global Politics and History from a Hindutva viewpoint
★
Hindu Holocaust Museum
★
Bharatvani Institute
★
Veer Savarkar vindicated
★
Article on Hindutva by Ashok Chowgule
★
Hindu Rashtra
★
read "Hindutva" by VD Savarkar at Hindus Arise.com
★
Report of Human Rights Watch, referring to the role of Hindutva organisations in the Gujarat Riots 2002
★
The Myth of the Hindu Right
Videos
★
Film on the plight of Kashmiri Pandits.
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