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The '''Herpesviridae''' are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals. Sherris Medical Microbiology, Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors), , , McGraw Hill, 2004, ISBN 0838585299 The family name is derived from the Greek word ''herpein'' ("to creep"), referring to the , re-occurring infections typical of this group of viruses. ''Herpesviridae'' can cause latent or lytic infections.

Contents

Human herpesviridae

Viral structure

Animal herpesviridae

Taxonomy

References

External links

Human herpesviridae

There are eight distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans. Herpesviruses. ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.), Whitley RJ, , , Univ of Texas Medical Branch, 1996, ISBN 0-9631172-1-1

'Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification'
Type	Synonym	Subfamily	Pathophysiology
HHV-1	Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)	α (Alpha)	Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial)
HHV-2	Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2)	α	Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital)
HHV-3	Varicella zoster virus (VZV)	α	Chickenpox and shingles
HHV-4	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus	γ (Gamma)	Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HHV-5	Cytomegalovirus (CMV)	β (Beta)	Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome, Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics., Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, Van Esbroeck M, Colebunders R, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J, , , J Travel Med, 2006 retinitis, etc.
HHV-6, -7	Roseolovirus	β	''Sixth disease'' (roseola infantum or ''exanthem subitum'')
HHV-8	Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus	γ	Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease
References:

''Monkey B virus'' (Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, ''Herpesvirus simiae'') is a simplexvirus endemic in macaque monkeys. Human zoonotic infection typically results in fatal encephalomyelitis or severe neurologic impairment in untreated individuals. B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease, Huff J, Barry P, , , Emerg Infect Dis, 2003

Viral structure

The human herpesviruses all share some common properties. One shared property is virus structure - all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This particle is known as the virion.
Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, viral DNA limited replication and transcription of viral genes. During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe ''lytic'' viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed ''latency associated transcript'' (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of organic diseases. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free. Following activation, transcription of viral genes switches from LAT to multiple ''lytic'' genes that lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells.

Animal herpesviridae

★ Subfamily ''Alphaherpesvirinae''

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★ Genus ''Simplexvirus''

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★ ''Bovine herpesvirus 2'' causes bovine mammillitis and pseudo-lumpyskin disease.

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★ ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1'', also known as ''Herpes B virus'', causes a Herpes simplex-like disease in Macaques.

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★ ''Ateline herpesvirus 1'', Spider monkey herpesvirus.

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★ Genus ''Varicellovirus''

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★ ''Bovine herpesvirus 1'' causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, vaginitis, balanoposthitis, and abortion in cattle.

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★ ''Bovine herpesvirus 5'' causes encephalitis in cattle.

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★ ''Caprine herpesvirus 1'' causes conjunctivitis and respiratory disease in goats.

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★ ''Porcine herpesvirus 1'' causes pseudorabies.

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★ ''Equine herpesvirus 1'' causes abortion in horses.

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★ ''Equine herpesvirus 3'' causes coital exanthema in horses.

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★ ''Equine herpesvirus 4'' causes rhinopneumonitis in horses.

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★ ''Canine herpesvirus 1'' causes a severe hemorrhagic disease in puppies.

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★ ''Feline herpesvirus 1'' causes feline viral rhinotracheitis and keratitis in cats.

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★ ''Duck herpesvirus 1'' causes duck plague.

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★ Genus ''Mardivirus''

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★ ''Gallid herpesvirus 2'' causes Marek's disease.

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★ ''Gallid herpesvirus 3'' (GaHV-3 or MDV-2)

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★ ''Herpesvirus of turkeys'' (HVT)

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★ Genus ''Iltovirus''

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★ ''Gallid herpesvirus 1'' causes infectious laryngotracheitis in birds.

★ Subfamily ''Betaherpesvirinae''

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★ ''Porcine herpesvirus 2'' causes inclusion body rhinitis in swine.

★ Subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''

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★ Genus ''Rhadinovirus''

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★ ''Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1'' causes bovine malignant catarrhal fever.

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★ ''Bovine herpesvirus 4''

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★ ''Equine herpesvirus 2'' causes equine cytomegalovirus infection.

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★ ''Equine herpesvirus 5'' Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.), Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O., , , Academic Press, Inc, 1993, ISBN 0-12-253056-X

Taxonomy

The following genera are included here:

★ Subfamily ''Alphaherpesvirinae''

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★ Genus ''Simplexvirus''; type species: ''Human herpesvirus 1'' or Herpes simplex; diseases: cold sores, genital herpes, encephalitis

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★ Genus ''Varicellovirus''; type species: ''Human herpesvirus 3'' or Varicella-zoster virus; diseases: chickenpox, shingles

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★ Genus ''Mardivirus''; type species: ''Gallid herpesvirus 2''

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★ Genus ''Iltovirus''; type species: ''Gallid herpesvirus 1''

★ Subfamily ''Betaherpesvirinae''

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★ Genus ''Cytomegalovirus''; type species: ''Human herpesvirus 5''; diseases: mononucleosis

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★ Genus ''Muromegalovirus''; type species: ''Murid herpesvirus 1''

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★ Genus ''Roseolovirus''; type species: ''Human herpesvirus 6''; diseases: erythema subitum, roseola infantum

★ Subfamily ''Gammaherpesvirinae''

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★ Genus ''Lymphocryptovirus''; type species: ''Human herpesvirus 4'' or Epstein-Barr virus; diseases: mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease

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★ Genus ''Rhadinovirus''; type species: ''Human Herpesvirus 8'', ''Saimiriine herpesvirus 2''

★ Unassigned

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★ Genus ''Cercopithecine''; type species: ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1''

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★ Genus ''Ictalurivirus''; type species: ''Ictalurid herpesvirus 1''

References

External links

★ International Herpes Management Forum

★ http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/bvirus.pdf PDF Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus

★ http://www.gsu.edu/bvirus National B Virus Resource Center