Henry Wirz
'Henry Wirz' (November
1822 –
November 10,
1865) was the only
Confederate soldier executed in the aftermath of the
American Civil War for
war crimes.
[With, arguably, the exception of Champ Ferguson.] He was born in
Zurich,
Switzerland and immigrated to the United States in the late
1840s. Wirz worked throughout
New England as a self-taught
water-cure specialist. He moved to
Kentucky for a short while before settling in
Louisiana.
Civil War
When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Wirz enlisted in the
Confederate States Army as a private in the 4th Louisiana Infantry. He served on detached duty as a prison guard in Alabama before being transferred to help guard Federal prisoners incarcerated at
Richmond, Virginia.
In February 1864, the Confederate government established a large military prison,
Camp Sumter, near the small railroad depot of
Andersonville, Georgia, to house Union
prisoners of war. Though wooden barracks were originally planned, the Confederates incarcerated the prisoners in a vast, rectangular, open-air stockade originally encompassing sixteen and a half
acres. Wirz commanded the stockade's interior. The prison was characterized by a lack of trained and adequately equipped prison guards; a gross lack of food, tools and medical supplies; severe overcrowding; poor sanitary conditions; and a lack of potable water. When it was most overcrowded, in August 1864, the camp held approximately thirty-two thousand Union prisoners, making it the fifth largest city in the confederacy and the monthly mortality rate from disease and malnutrition reached three thousand. Wirz did not try to alleviate the situation, unlike many men in similar situations both North and South; on the contrary, abuses by guards ordered by Wirz, purposeful denying of parts of the already slim food supply abounded. Around forty-five thousand prisoners were incarcerated during the camp's fourteen-month existence, of whom thirteen thousand — twenty-eight percent — died.
[1]
Trial and execution
The execution of Henry Wirz before the US Capitol as the trap door is sprung.
After the end of hostilities, Wirz was arrested by a contingent of federal cavalry and taken by rail to
Washington, D.C., where the
federal government intended to place him on trial for conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war.
In July 1865, the trial convened in the
Capitol building and lasted two months, dominating the front pages of newspapers across the United States. The court heard the testimony of former inmates, ex-Confederate officers and even nearby residents of
Andersonville. Finally, in early November, the commission announced that it had found Wirz guilty of conspiracy as charged and of eleven of thirteen counts of murder. He was sentenced to death.
In a letter to
President Andrew Johnson, Wirz asked for mercy, but the letter went unanswered. Mounting the
scaffold on the morning of
November 10,
1865, Wirz asserted that he was being hanged for following orders. His execution was at the
Old Arsenal Penitentiary - the same spot where the
Lincoln conspirators met their own fate just a few months before - within clear sight of the newly-built dome of the U.S. Capitol. Wirz was eventually buried in the
Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was survived by his wife and one daughter.
Legacy
Wirz's trial was legally significant for two reasons. Firstly, Wirz was one of only two men tried and executed for war crimes during the Civil War.
[ More significantly, however, Wirz's trial was the first war crimes trial in modern history and served as a direct historical precedent for the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal after World War II.]
Popular culture
★ Wirz's trial was depicted in the 1970 television film ''The Andersonville Trial'', directed by George C. Scott, featuring Richard Basehart as Wirz and William Shatner as chief government prosecutor Lieutenant Colonel N.P. Chipman. The film centered upon the question of whether Wirz should have been condemned for following orders, in a parallel with the then-current controversy over the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War.
Footnotes
References
★ Frank Harper, ''Andersonville: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz'', MA Thesis, University of Northern Colorado, 1986.
★ Ovid Futch, ''History of Andersonville Prison'', Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1968.
See also
★ Andersonville Prison
★ Champ Ferguson
External links
★ Henry Wirz biography
★ Crime Library: Captain Henry Wirz
★ Trial of Captain Henry Wirz
★
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