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'Henrietta Swan Leavitt' (July 4 1868 – December 12 1921) was an American astronomer, and the deaf^[1] daughter of a Congregational church minister.^[2] She was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts to an old Massachusetts Puritan family who had settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the early part of the seventeenth century. (The family name was originally spelled Levett.) She graduated from Radcliffe College (then called the Society for the Collegiate Instruction for Women) with an A.B. degree in 1892.
Leavitt began work in 1893 at Harvard College Observatory as one of the women "computers" brought in by Edward Charles Pickering to measure and catalog the brightness of stars in the observatory's photographic plate collection. She noted thousands of variable stars in images of the Magellanic Clouds. In 1908 she published her results in the ''Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College,'' noting that a few of the variables showed a pattern: brighter ones appeared to have longer periods. After further study, she confirmed in 1912 that the variable stars of greater intrinsic luminosity—actually Cepheid variables—did indeed have longer periods, and the relationship was quite close and predictable.
This relationship provided an important yardstick for measuring distances in the Universe, if it could be calibrated. One year after Leavitt reported her results, Ejnar Hertzsprung determined the distance of several Cepheids in the Milky Way, and with this calibration the distance to any Cepheid could be determined. When Cepheids were detected in other galaxies such as the Andromeda Galaxy, the distance to those galaxies could also be determined. These distances settled the debate on whether the galaxies were external to the Milky Way or part of it.
Leavitt worked sporadically during her time at Harvard, often sidelined by health problems and family obligations. But by 1921, when Harlow Shapley took over as director of the observatory, she was head of stellar photometry. She succumbed to cancer by the end of that year.

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Awards and honors

Notes

References

Awards and honors

★ The asteroid 5383 Leavitt and the Leavitt crater on the Moon are named in her honour.

★ Four years after her death, the Swedish mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler considered nominating her for the Nobel prize in physics, and wrote Shapley requesting more information on her work on Cepheid variables; and offering to send her his monograph on Sofia Kovalevskaya. Shapley replied, suggesting that the true credit belonged to his ''interpretation'' of her findings. She was never nominated; the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously. ^[3]

Notes

1. Henrietta Swan Leavitt, A deaf, female scientist—over 100 years ago!
2. Before computers, there were these humans...
3. Johnson, pp.118-9

References

★ Miss Leavitt's Stars: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Discovered How to Measure the Universe, Johnson, George, , , New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005, ISBN 0-393-05128-5

★ Lorenzen, Michael (1997). "Henrietta Swan Leavitt." In ''Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary''. Edited by Barbara and Benjamin Shearer. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 233-37. ISBN 0-313-29303-1.