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The 'Guthrie Theater' is a venue for staging plays in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the result of Sir Tyrone Guthrie's desire for a new kind of theater that would provide an atmosphere which would encourage the production of great works of literature and cultivate actors' talents away from the more commercial environment of Broadway where increasing production costs demanded profitability over artistic content. The Guthrie Theater first opened its doors on May 7, 1963 with a production of ''Hamlet'', with George Grizzard playing the lead, and directed by Tyrone Guthrie himself. The Guthrie Theater moved to a new, three-theater complex after its closing 2006 production, also of Hamlet, on May 7, 2006.

Contents

History

1963 theater building

2006 theater building

References

Further reading

External links

History

In 1959 Guthrie published a small invitation in the drama page of the ''New York Times'' soliciting communities interest and involvement in a resident theater. Out of the seven cities that responded, the Twin Cities showed not only interest but also eagerness for the project. ^[1]
Frank Whiting, the director of the University of Minnesota Theater introduced Guthrie to the arts community in the Twin Cities and helped gather support that persuaded Guthrie to locate his theater in Minneapolis. With the help of the newly founded Tyrone Guthrie Theater Foundation a fundraising effort raised over US$2 million. The new theater was completed in 1963 in time for the May 7th opening of ''Hamlet''. During its first season the Guthrie theater featured well known stage actors Jessica Tandy ^[2] and Zoe Caldwell and featured a group of younger actors including Joan van Ark. Tyrone Guthrie served as Artistic Director until 1966 and continued to direct at the theater he founded until 1969, two years before his death. In 1966 Douglas Campbell was named Artistic Director. Campbell was an actor and director who considered Guthrie as a mentor. ^[3]
Throughout the 1960s the Guthrie found critical acclaim in its productions of ''Henry V'', ''St. Joan'', ''Caucasian Chalk Circle'', ''Three Sisters'' and especially ''The House of Atreus''. In 1968 the production of ''The House of Atreus'' was taken on the road in a national tour that was a first for a resident theater. ^[4] Also starting in 1968 the Guthrie started producing a series of plays done on smaller stages in the Twin Cities area, Crawford-Livingston Theater and The Other Place. ^[5]
In 1971, Michael Langham became Artistic Director and produced highly successful classics including ''Oedipus the King'', ''Love's Labour's Lost'', ''She Stoops to Conquer'', and ''A Streetcar Named Desire''. Langham was a friend and colleague of Guthrie and continued the tradition of using a repertoire of actors. ^[6] After Langham left in 1977, the Guthrie crossed a milestone of sorts when for the first time it selected an artistic director that was not a respected collaborator or friend of the Tyrone Guthrie. That year Alvin Epstein was selected as Artistic Director and was the first American to fill that role. ^[7]
In 1980 Liviu Ciulei replaced Epstein. Ciulei was the former Artistic Director of Teatrul Bulandra in Romania and had a profound influence on the Guthrie theater. He challenged audiences with his bold theatrical interpretations and his highly contemporary and international style. ^[8] Ciulei's intense interest in theater didn't stop at the productions themselves, he was a world-class designer and architect and one of the first things he did was to redesign the theater itself. ^[9] His changes allowed more structural flexibility in the stage to allow each production a unique physical presentation. While Ciulei was not able to attain all the goals he had envisioned, he was able to maintain and advance the Guthrie's national and international reputation as a first-rate example of American Theater and drew critical success with productions of classics such as ''Peer Gynt'', ''The Marriage of Figaro'', ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', ''The Seagull'', and ''Tartuffe''. He also was able to reestablish the Guthrie’s commitment to acting ensembles by gathering together a rotating repertory in his last season as Artistic Director in 1985. ^[10]
That year the Guthrie turned to Garland Wright who had spent some time as Liviu Ciulei’s Associate Artistic Director in the early 1980s as Ciulei's replacement. Wright had shared a vision with Ciulei that included the desire to have a second, smaller stage that could act as a lab to enable the exploration of new work and performance techniques. Born out of this vision was the 'Guthrie Laboratory' located in the Minneapolis Warehouse District. ^[11] Wright also shared a desire to keep the concept of a resident acting company alive and used his ensembles to great effect. He was able to combine critical and popular success with a series of productions that helped reestablish a large, enthusiastic and loyal audience base. Productions from this period include ''The Misanthrope'', ''Richard III'', ''The Screens'', and a trilogy of ''Richard II'', ''Henry IV'' (Parts I and II) and ''Henry V'', ''Medea'' and ''As You Like It''. Wright also created a series of outreach programs designed to garner interest in theater among young people and involving high school and colleague instructors to help instill a theater-going habit. During this time the Guthrie also had a $3.5 million facelift that maintained Tyrone Guthrie's desire for an intimate theater-going experience. ^[12]
Garland Wright announced his resignation in 1994 and after an international search for his successor, Irish director Joe Dowling was chosen as the Guthrie's seventh Artistic Director. Dowling had gained an international reputation with his work at Ireland's national theater, The Abbey Theater, including becoming the Abbey's youngest Artistic Director in its long history. Dowling continued the Guthrie's commitment to repertory theater ^[13] and presided over a return to national touring. Along with an increase in the number of the theaters subscribers to a new high of 32,000, his production of Shakespeare's ''Hamlet'', in 2006, is the Guthrie's most-attended play ever. ^[14]

1963 theater building

Paired with an innovative philosophy that included a resident acting company with high professional standards was a unique design concept in the stage itself.
Architect Ralph Rapson was selected to design the 1963 theater building. Rapson was a leading contributor to architecture's modern movement on the East Coast from the late 1940s through the 1950s, and served as head of the University of Minnesota School of Architecture in the late 1950s. Rapson had also worked on some preliminary sketches of the Walker Art Center, who donated land for the Guthrie's construction. Guthrie and Rapson selected a modified theater in the round design that featured a thrust stage projecting from a back wall with seating surrounding nearly two thirds of it. ^[15]
The Guthrie's design arose out of architect Ralph Rapson's work with the Walker Art Center who had asked him to work on some ideas for a small auditorium the Walker had in mind near their museum. The result was a theater with a thrust stage that put more demands upon performers on the stage, and for technical staff. The theater seated 1,441 people when it first opened its doors in 1963 and featured an irregularly-shaped stage that had 7 sides and took up 1120 square feet (104 m²). ^[16] From the angles, seating radiates outward and upward, balconies hung over the space just under ceiling-hung acoustical panels that carried the asymmetrical theme all the way to the top of the theater. The uniqueness of the concept was carried right though to the use of a minimum of scenic props intended for suggestion rather than literal presentation of the physical production. In 1980 Artistic Director Liviu Ciulei redesigned the stage. The stage itself was modified so that its size, shape and height was adjustable, and he opened up the back wall to create more depth. ^[10]

2006 theater building

In 2006, the Guthrie finished construction of a new theater building along the Mississippi River in downtown Minneapolis. The design is the work of architect Jean Nouvel, along with the Minneapolis architectural firm Architectural Alliance, ^[18] and is a 285,000 square foot (26,500 m²) facility that houses three theaters: (1) the theater's signature thrust stage, seating 1,100, (2) a 700-seat proscenium stage, and (3) a black-box studio with flexible seating. In 2002 the National Trust for Historic Preservation put the old Guthrie building on its list of the most endangered historic properties in the United States in response to plans announced by the Walker Art Center to expand on the land occupied by the theater. ^[19] However, demolition started in late 2006 beginning with the common area between the old Guthrie building and the Walker. The site will be turned into a park and part of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.
On May 7, 2006 the Guthrie Theater's original location closed following a final performance of ''Hamlet''. The first Guthrie production at the new location, ''The Great Gatsby'', opened on July 15, 2006.

References

1. Guthrie website, History. Accessed July 9, 2007
2. Jessica Tandy
3. Douglas Campbell
4. The House of Atreus
5. Crawford-Livingston Theater
6. Michael Langham
7. Village Voice
8. Liviu Ciulei
9. New York Times
10. Twins Tickets
11. Twin City Guide
12. Normandale Collage
13. Minnesota Public Radio
14. Macalester Weekly
15. Ralph Rapson/Minnesota Historical Society
16. Save The Guthrie
17. Twins Tickets
18. The Guthrie Spurs Development on Minneapolis Riverfront
19. National Trust

Further reading

★ A Terrible Liar : A Memoir, , Hume, Cronyn, William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-688-10080-5

★ Inside the New Guthrie

★ The Guthrie Theater : Images, History, and Inside Stories, , Peg, Guilfoyle, Nodin Press, 2006, ISBN 1-932472-39-8

★ A New Theatre, , Tyrone, Guthrie, McGraw-Hill, 1964, LCCN 64022458

★ Ralph Rapson: Sixty Years of Modern Design, , Jane King, Hession, Afton Historical Society Press, 1999, ISBN 1-890434-14-0

★ In Search of an Audience, , Bradley G., Morrison, Pitman, 1968, LCCN 68018783

★ Minneapolis Rehearsals : Tyrone Guthrie Directs Hamlet, , Alfred, Rossi, University of California Press, , ISBN 0520017196

★ Compelling 'Hamlet' is Traditional (review) Dan Sullivan

★ Regional Theatre : The Revolutionary Stage, , Joseph Wesley, Zeigler, University of Minnesota Press, 1973, ISBN 0-8166-0675-7

External links

★ Guthrie Theater web site

★ Photos of the new Guthrie