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'Greater Khorasan' () (also written ''Khorassan'', ''Khurasan'' and ''Khurassan'') is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia. ''Khorasan'' is originally a Pahlavi word which means ''"the land of sunrise"''. Greater Khorasan included territories that presently are part of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Greater Khorasan contained mostly Herat, Balkh, Kabul and Ghazni (now in Afghanistan), Nishapur, Tus and Mashhad (now in Iran), Merv and Sanjan (now in Turkmenistan), Samarqand and Bukhara (both now in Uzbekistan) as well as the Bactrian regions (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan).
These days, the adjective ''greater'' is partly used to distinguish it from Khorasan province, in modern-day Iran, that forms western parts of these territories, roughly half in area ^[1]. It is also used to indicate that Greater Khorasan encompasses territories that were perhaps called by some other popular name when they were individually referred to. For example Transoxiana (covered Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), Bactria, Kabulistan
^[2]
, Khwarezm (containing Samarkand and Bukhara)
^[3] .
Until the devastating Mongol invasion of the thirteenth century, Khorasan was considered the cultural capital of Persia. (Lorentz 1995)

Contents

Geographical Distribution

Historical overview

See also

References and footnotes

Geographical Distribution

According to Afghan sources, Afghanistan's current territories form the major part of Khorasan^[4] while other sources say otherwise. According to these latter sources, Khorasan province of Iran roughly comprises half of Greater Khorasan.^[5] Khorasan's boundaries have varied greatly during ages. The term was loosely applied to all territories of Persia that lied east and north east of Dasht-e Kavir and therefore were subjected to change as the size of empire changed.
In the Middle Ages, ''Persian Iraq'' and ''Khorasan'' were the two most important parts of the territory of Greater Iran. The dividing region between these two was mostly along with Gurgan and Damaghan cities. Especially the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids, divided their Empire to Iraqi and Khorasani regions. This point can be observed in many books such as ''"Tārīkhi Bayhaqī"'' of Abul Fazl Bayhqi, ''Faza'ilul al-anam min rasa'ili hujjat al-Islam'' (a collection of letters of Al-Ghazali) and other books.
Ghulam Mohammad Ghubar, an Afghan scholar and historian, talks of '''Proper Khorasan''' and '''Improper Khorasan''' in his book titled "Khorasan"^[4]. According to him, Proper Khorasan contained regions lying between Balkh (in the East), Merv (in the North), Sijistan (in the South), Nishapur (in the West) and Herat, known as ''The Pearl of Khorasan'', in the center. While Improper Khorasan's boundaries extended to Kabul and Ghazni in the East, Balochistan and Zabulistan in the South, Transoxiana and Khwarezm in the North and Damaghan and Gurgan in the West.
In Memoirs of Babur, it is mentioned that Indians called non-Hindustanis (non-Indians) as Khorasanis. Regarding the boundary of Hindustan and Khorasan, it is written: ''"On the road between Hindustān and Khorasān, there are two great marts: the one Kābul, the other Kandahār."'' 1 Thus, Improper Khorasan bordered Hindustan (old India).
The boundaries of ancient Khorasan also include much of modern day Pakistan. The provinces of Balochastan, FATA, NWFP and Punjab are considered to be (at some point) part of ancient Khorasan.

Historical overview

Greater Khorasan is one of the regions of Greater Iran. Before being conquered by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, it was part of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. In 1st century AD, the eastern regions of greater Khorasan fell into the hands of the Kushan empire. The Kushans introduced Buddhism culture to these regions, as numerous Kushanian temples and buried cities with treasures in the northern and south-eastern areas of Afghanistan have been found. However the western parts of Greater Khorasan remained predominantly Zoroastrian as one of the three great fire-temples of the Sassanids "Azar-burzin Mehr" is situated in the western regions of Khorasan, near Sabzevar in Iran. The boundary was pushed to the west towards the Persian Empire during the Kushans. The boundary kept changing until the demise of the Kushan Empire where Sassanids took control of the entire region. In Sassanid era, Persian empire was divided into four quarters, "Xwawaran" meaning ''west'', apAxtar meaning ''north'', Nīmrūz meaning ''south'' and Xurasan (Khorasan) meaning ''east''. The Eastern regions saw some conflict with Hephthalites, but the borders remained much stable afterwards until the Muslim invasion.
Being the eastern parts of the Sassanid empire and further away from Arabia, Khorasan quarter was conquered in the later stages of Muslim invasions. In fact the last Sassanid king of Persia, Yazdgerd III, moved the throne to Khorasan following the Arab invasion in the western parts of the empire. After the assassination of the king, Khorasan was conquered by the Islamic troops in 647. Like other provinces of Persia it became one of the provinces of Umayad dynasty.
The first liberal movement against the Arab invasions was led by Abu Muslim Khorasani between 747 and 750. He helped the Abbasids come to power but was later killed by Al-Mansur, an Abbasid Caliph. The first independent kingdom from Arab rule was established in Khorasan by Tahir Phoshanji in 821. But it seems that it was more a matter of political and territorial gain. In fact Tahir had helped the Caliph subdue other nationalistic movements in other parts of Persia such as Maziar's movement in Tabaristan.

The first dynasty in Khorasan, after the introduction of Islam, whose rulers considered themselves Iranian was the Saffarid dynasty (861-1003)^[7]. Other grand Iranian dynasties were Samanids^[8] (875-999), Ghaznavids^[9] (962-1187), Ghurids (1149-1212), Seljukids (1037-1194), Khwarezmids (1077-1231) and Timurids (1370-1506). It should be mentioned that some of these dynasties were not Persian by ethnicity, nonetheless they were the advocates of Persian language and were praised by the poets as the kings of Iran.
Among them, the periods of Ghaznavids of Ghazni and Timurids of Herat are considered as one of the most brilliant eras of Khorasan's history. During these periods, there was a great cultural awakening. Many famous Persian poets, scientists and scholars lived in this period. Numerous valuable works in Persian literature were written. Nishapur, Herat, Ghazni and Merv were the centers of all these cultural developments.
Most of the Khorasani regions were then parts of the Moghul Empire between 1506 and 1707. For Moghuls, Khorasan was always a region with great importance.

See also

★ Khorasan

★ Khwarezm

★ Transoxiana

★ Greater Iran

References and footnotes

★ Lorentz, J. ''Historical Dictionary of Iran''. 1995 ISBN 0-8108-2994-0
1. Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235-236
2. For example refer to Shahname. e.g. So happy became the king of Kabulistan from the marriage of the sun of Zabulistan [1]

3. or refer to Anvari Qasida in which he refers to Samarqand as Turan and complains about devastation in Khorasan (and more generally Iran) caused by Ghuz Turks. [2]
4. Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad, ''Khorasan'', 1937 Kabul Printing House, Kabul, Afghanistan
5. Dabeersiaghi, "Commentary", Nâseer khusraw, Safarnâma, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr:1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235-236
6. Ghubar, Mir Ghulam Mohammad, ''Khorasan'', 1937 Kabul Printing House, Kabul, Afghanistan
7. Roudaki calls Saffari Amir as the "Glory of Iran" [3]
8. Samanid's traced their ancestry to Saman Khuda who claimed to ba a descendant of Bahram Chubin a famous Persian army general during Sassanid time.
9. For example Farrokhi Sistani calls Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi "the king of Iran" [4]