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The 'giant impact hypothesis' (sometimes referred to as the 'big whack', or less frequently, the 'big splash') is the now-dominant scientific theory for the formation of the Moon, which is thought to have formed as a result of a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body that is sometimes called ''Theia''^[1] or, on rare occasion, ''Orpheus''. The name of Theia () is derived from Greek mythology, as Theia was the Titan who gave birth to the Moon goddess Selene. The hypothesis — not to be confused with that of the "Big Bang", or celestial-based theories of the extinction of dinosaurs — was first proposed at a conference on satellites in 1974 and then published in ''Icarus'' in 1975 by Drs. William K. Hartmann and Donald R. Davis.

Contents

Origins

Geological evidence

Difficulties

See also

References

External links

Origins

One hypothesis is that Theia formed at a Lagrangian point relative to Earth, that is, in about the same orbit and about 60° ahead or behind.^[2] When the protoplanet Theia had grown to about the size of Mars, it became too massive to reside stably in a Trojan orbit. As a result, its angular distance from Earth fluctuated, with the fluctuations growing larger until it hit the Earth. This is calculated to have occurred 4.533 billion years ago (4.533 Ga); Theia is thought to have struck the Earth at an oblique angle, destroying Theia and ejecting most of Theia's mantle and a significant portion of the Earth's mantle into space, while Theia's core sank into Earth's core. Current estimates based on computer simulations of such an event suggest that some two percent of the original mass of Theia ended up as an orbiting ring of debris, about half of which coalesced into the Moon between one and 100 years after the impact. Regardless of the rotation and inclination the Earth had before the impact, after the impact it would have had a day some five hours long, and the Earth's equator would have shifted closer to the plane of the Moon's orbit.

Geological evidence

Indirect evidence for this impact scenario comes from rocks collected during the Apollo Moon landings, which show oxygen isotope compositions that are nearly the same as the Earth. The highly anorthositic composition of the lunar crust, as well as the existence of KREEP-rich samples, gave rise to the idea that a large portion of the Moon was once molten, and a giant impact scenario could easily have supplied the energy needed to form such a magma ocean. Several lines of evidence show that, if the Moon has an iron-rich core, it must be small. In particular, the mean density, moment of inertia, rotational signature, and magnetic induction response all suggest that the radius of the core is less than about 25% the radius of the Moon, in comparison to about 50% for most of the other terrestrial bodies. Impact conditions can be found that give rise to a Moon that formed mostly from the mantles of the Earth and impactor, with the core of the impactor accreting to the Earth, and which satisfy the angular momentum constraints of the Earth-Moon system.^[3]

Difficulties

Even the dominant lunar origin theory has some difficulties which have yet to be explained. These difficulties include:

★ Ratios of the Moon's volatile elements are not consistent with the giant impact hypothesis.^[4]

★ There is no evidence that the Earth ever had a magma ocean (an implied result of the giant impact hypothesis).

★ Iron oxide (FeO) content of 13% of the bulk Moon properties rule out the derivation of the proto-lunar material from any but a small fraction of Earth's mantle.^[5]

★ If the bulk of the proto-lunar material had come from the impactor, the Moon should be enriched in siderophilic elements, when it is actually deficient of those.^[6]

★ Simulations of the formation of the Moon requires about twice the amount of angular momentum that the Earth-Moon system has now. However, these simulations did not take into consideration Earth's rotation before impact. To consider the giant impactor theory "deficient" because of this is premature at best.^[7][8]

See also

★ Moon

★ Geology of the Moon

★ KREEP

★ Roche radius

References

'Cited references'
1. Science, , , U. Wiechert, A. N. Halliday, D.-C. Lee, G. A. Snyder, L. A. Taylor, D. Rumble, , [1]
2. {{cite journal|first=E.|last= Belbruno|coauthors=J. Richard Gott III| journal= The Astronomical Journal| volume= 129| issue=3| pages= 1724-1745| year=2005| title=Where Did The Moon Come From?| id=
3. Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation, , , R. Canup and E. Asphaug, Nature,
4. Tests of the Giant Impact Hypothesis, J. H. Jones, Lunar and Planetary Science, Origin of the Earth and Moon Conference, 1998 [2]
5. The Bulk Composition of the Moon, Stuart R. Taylor, Lunar and Planetary Science, 1997, [3]
6. Origin of the Earth-Moon System, , , E. M. Galimov and A. M. Krivtsov, J. Earth Syst. Sci., [4]
7. Big Bang, New Moon
8. Origin of the Earth and Moon

'Scientific references'


★ William K. Hartmann and Donald R. Davis, ''Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin'', (International Astronomical Union, Colloquium on Planetary Satellites, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., Aug. 18-21, 1974) Icarus, vol. 24, April 1975, p. 504-515

★ Alastair G. W. Cameron and William R. Ward, ''The Origin of the Moon'', Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 7, page 120, 1976

★

★ Origin of the Earth and Moon, , , R. Canup and K. Righter, editors, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, ,

★ Thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon, , , Charles Shearer and 15 coauthors, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,

'General references'


★ Dana Mackenzie, ''The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be'', 2003, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-15057-6.

★ Origin of the Earth and Moon

External links

★ Planetary Science Institute: Giant Impact Hypothesis

★ Computer modelling of the Moon's creation (Space.com)

★ Origin of the Moon by Prof. AGW Cameron

★ Klemperer Rosette simulations using Java applets

★ giant impact hypothesis simulation (.wmv and .mov)

★ How Did The Moon Get Into Orbit?

★ Origin of the Moon - computer model of accretion

★ Discovery Channel DVD covering theories of moon formation