:
'George IV' (George Augustus Frederick;
12 August 1762 –
26 June 1830) was
king of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and
Hanover from
29 January 1820 until his death. He had earlier served as 'The
Prince Regent' when his father,
George III, suffered from a relapse into insanity from an illness that is now suspected to have been
porphyria.
[1] The
Regency, George's nine-year tenure as Prince Regent, which commenced in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, was marked by victory in the
Napoleonic Wars in Europe.
George was a stubborn monarch, often interfering in politics, especially in the matter of
Catholic emancipation, though not as much as his father. For most of George's regency and reign,
Lord Liverpool controlled the government as
Prime Minister.
George is remembered largely for the extravagant lifestyle that he maintained as prince and monarch. By 1797 his weight had reached 17 stone 7 pounds (111 kg or 245 lbs),
[2] and by 1824 his corset was made for a waist of 50 inches (127 cm).
[3] He had a poor relationship with both his father and his wife,
Caroline of Brunswick, whom he even forbade to attend his coronation. He was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned architect
John Nash to build the
Royal Pavilion in
Brighton, and the re-building of
Windsor Castle. He was largely instrumental in the foundation of the
National Gallery, London and
King's College London.
Early life
Upon his birth at
St James's Palace,
London on
12 August 1762, he automatically became
Duke of Cornwall and
Duke of Rothesay; he was created
Prince of Wales and
Earl of Chester a few days afterwards.
[4] On
18 September of the same year, he was baptised by
Thomas Secker,
Archbishop of Canterbury.
[5] His godparents were the
Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (his uncle), the
Duke of Cumberland (his great-uncle) and the
Dowager Princess of Wales (his grandmother).
[6] George was a talented student, quickly learning to speak
French,
German and
Italian in addition to his native English.
[7]
The Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. He then established his residence in
Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life.
[8] Animosity developed between the prince and his father, a monarch who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the
heir-apparent. The King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the Prince of Wales's adherence to
Charles James Fox and other radically-inclined politicians.
[9]
Soon after he reached the age of 21, the Prince of Wales fell in love with a
Roman Catholic,
Maria Anne Fitzherbert, who was a widow twice over; her first husband,
Edward Weld, died in 1775, and her second husband,
Thomas Fitzherbert, in 1781.
[10] A marriage between the two was prohibited by the
Act of Settlement 1701, which declared those who married Roman Catholics ineligible to succeed to the Throne.
[11] In addition, under the
Royal Marriages Act 1772 the Prince of Wales could not marry without the consent of the King, which would have never been granted.
[12] Nevertheless, the couple contracted a marriage on
15 December 1785 at her house in
Park Lane,
Mayfair. Legally the union was void as the King's assent was never requested.
[13] However, Mrs Fitzherbert believed that she was the Prince of Wales's
canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Mrs Fitzherbert promised not to publish any evidence relating to it.
[14]
The Prince of Wales was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle. His father refused to assist him, forcing him to quit Carlton House and live at Mrs Fitzherbert's residence. In 1787, the Prince of Wales's allies in the
House of Commons introduced a proposal to relieve his debts with a parliamentary grant. The prince's personal relationship with Mrs Fitzherbert was suspected, but revelation of the illegal marriage would have scandalized the nation and doomed any parliamentary proposal to aid him. Acting on the prince's authority, the
Whig leader Charles James Fox declared that the story was a calumny.
[15] Mrs Fitzherbert was not pleased with the public denial of the marriage in such vehement terms and contemplated severing her ties to the prince. He appeased her by asking another Whig,
Richard Brinsley Sheridan, to restate Fox's forceful declaration in more careful words. Parliament, meanwhile, was sufficiently pleased to grant the Prince of Wales £161,000 for the payment of his debts, in addition to £60,000 for improvements to Carlton House.
7[16]
Regency crisis of 1788
It is hypothesized George III suffered the hereditary disease
porphyria.
[17] In the summer of
1788, the King's mental health deteriorated, but he was nonetheless able to discharge some of his duties. Thus, he was able to declare Parliament
prorogued from
25 September to
20 November. During the prorogation, however, George III became deranged, posing a threat to his own life, and when Parliament reconvened in November the King could not deliver the customary
Speech from the Throne during the
State Opening of Parliament. Parliament found itself in an untenable position; according to long-established law, it could not proceed to any business until the delivery of the King's Speech at a State Opening.
15[18]
Although theoretically barred from doing so, Parliament began debating a Regency. In the House of Commons, Charles James Fox declared his opinion that the Prince of Wales was automatically entitled to exercise sovereignty during the King's incapacity. A contrasting opinion was held by the Prime Minister,
William Pitt the Younger, who argued that, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, the right to choose a Regent belonged to Parliament alone.
[19] He even stated that, without parliamentary authority "the Prince of Wales had no more right...to assume the government, than any other individual subject of the country."
[20] Though disagreeing on the principle underlying a Regency, Pitt agreed with Fox that the Prince of Wales would be the most convenient choice for a Regent.
1518
The Prince of Wales — though offended by Pitt's boldness — did not lend his full support to Fox's philosophy. The prince's brother,
Prince Frederick, Duke of York, declared that the prince would not attempt to exercise any power without previously obtaining the consent of Parliament.
[21] Following the passage of preliminary resolutions, Pitt outlined a formal plan for the Regency, suggesting that the powers of the Prince of Wales be greatly limited. Among other things, the Prince of Wales would not be able either to sell the King's property or to grant a
peerage to anyone other than a child of the King. The Prince of Wales denounced Pitt's scheme, declaring it a "project for producing weakness, disorder, and insecurity in every branch of the administration of affairs."
[22] In the interests of the nation, both factions agreed to compromise.
18
A significant technical impediment to any Regency Bill involved the lack of a Speech from the Throne, which was necessary before Parliament could proceed to any debates or votes. The Speech was normally delivered by the King, but could also be delivered by royal representatives known as
Lords Commissioners, but no document could empower the Lords Commissioners to act unless the
Great Seal of the Realm was affixed to it. The Seal could not be legally affixed without the prior authorisation of the Sovereign. Pitt and his fellow ministers ignored the last requirement and instructed the
Lord Chancellor to affix the Great Seal without the King's consent, as the act of affixing the Great Seal gave, in itself, legal force to the Bill. This
legal fiction was denounced by
Edmund Burke as a "glaring falsehood",
[23] as a "palpable absurdity",
23 and even as a "forgery, fraud".
[24] The Prince of Wales's brother, the Duke of York, described the plan as "unconstitutional and illegal."
22 Nevertheless, others in Parliament felt that such a scheme was necessary to preserve an effective government. Consequently, on
3 February 1789, more than two months after it had convened, Parliament was formally opened by an "illegal" group of Lords Commissioners. The Regency Bill was introduced, but, before it could be passed, the King recovered. Retroactively, the King declared that the instrument authorising the Lords Commissioners to act was valid.
1518
Marriage
The Prince of Wales's debts continued to climb; his father refused to aid him unless he married his cousin,
Caroline of Brunswick.
[25] In 1795, the Prince of Wales acquiesced, and they were married on
April 8,
1795 at the
Chapel Royal,
St James's Palace. The marriage, however, was disastrous; each party was unsuited to the other. The two were formally separated after the birth of their only child,
Princess Charlotte, in 1796, and remained separated for the rest of their lives. The Prince of Wales remained attached to Mrs Fitzherbert for the rest of his life, despite several periods of estrangement.
[26]
Before meeting Mrs Fitzherbert, the Prince of Wales may have fathered several illegitimate children. His mistresses included
Mary Robinson, an actress who was bought off with a generous pension when she threatened to sell his letters to the newspapers;
[27] Grace Elliott, the divorced wife of a physician;
[28] and
Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, who dominated his life for some years.
26 In later life, his mistresses were
Isabella Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford, and finally, for the last ten years of his life,
Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham.
[29]
Meanwhile, the problem of the Prince of Wales's debts, which amounted to the extraordinary sum of £630,000 in 1795,
[30] was solved (at least temporarily) by Parliament. Being unwilling to make an outright grant to relieve these debts, it provided him an additional sum of £65,000 per annum.
[31] In 1803, a further £60,000 was added, and the Prince of Wales's debts of 1795 were finally cleared in 1806, although the debts he had incurred since 1795 remained.
[32]
In 1804 a dispute arose over the custody of Princess Charlotte, which led to her being placed in the care of the King, George III. It also led to a Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Princess Caroline's conduct after the Prince of Wales accused her having an illegitimate son. The investigation cleared Caroline of the charge but still revealed her behaviour to be extraordinarily indiscreet.
[33]
Regency
Main articles: English Regency
In late 1810, George III was once again overcome by his malady following the death of his youngest daughter,
Princess Amelia. Parliament agreed to follow the precedent of 1788; without the King's consent, the Lord Chancellor affixed the Great Seal of the Realm to
letters patent naming Lords Commissioners. The Lords Commissioners, in the name of the King, signified the granting of the
Royal Assent to a bill that became the
Regency Act 1811. Parliament restricted some of the powers of the Prince Regent (as the Prince of Wales became known). The constraints expired one year after the passage of the Act.
[34]
As, on
5 January,
[ The Prince Regent and His Circle: In their own words ] the Prince of Wales became Prince Regent, one of the most important political conflicts facing the country concerned
Catholic emancipation, the movement to relieve
Roman Catholics of various political disabilities. The Tories, led by the Prime Minister,
Spencer Perceval, were opposed to Catholic emancipation, while the Whigs supported it. At the beginning of the Regency, the Prince of Wales was expected to support the Whig leader,
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville. He did not, however, immediately put Lord Grenville and the Whigs in office. Influenced by his mother, he claimed that a sudden dismissal of the Tory government would exact too great a toll on the health of the King (a steadfast supporter of the Tories), thereby eliminating any chance of a recovery.
[35] In 1812, when it appeared highly unlikely that the King would recover, the Prince of Wales again failed to appoint a new Whig administration. Instead, he asked the Whigs to join the existing ministry under Spencer Perceval. The Whigs, however, refused to co-operate because of disagreements over Catholic emancipation. Grudgingly, the Prince of Wales allowed Perceval to continue as Prime Minister.
[36]
When, on
May 10 1812,
John Bellingham assassinated Spencer Perceval, the Prince Regent was prepared to reappoint all the members of the Perceval ministry under a new leader. The House of Commons formally declared its desire for a "strong and efficient administration",
[37] so the Prince Regent then offered leadership of the government to
Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, and afterwards to
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira. He doomed the attempts of both to failure, however, by forcing each to construct a bipartisan ministry at a time when neither party wished to share power with the other. Possibly using the failure of the two peers as a pretext, the Prince Regent immediately reappointed the Perceval administration, with
Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, as Prime Minister.
[38]
The Tories, unlike Whigs such as
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, sought to continue the vigorous prosecution of the war in Continental Europe against the powerful and aggressive Emperor of the French,
Napoleon I.
[39] Russia,
Prussia,
Austria, the United Kingdom and several smaller countries defeated Napoleon in 1814. In the subsequent
Congress of Vienna, it was decided that the
Electorate of Hanover, a state that had shared a monarch with Britain since 1714, would be raised to a Kingdom. Napoleon made a return in 1815, but was defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo by
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the brother of the Marquess Wellesley. Also in 1815, the
British-American War of 1812 was brought to an end, with neither side victorious.
During this period George took an active interest in matters of style and taste, and his associates such as the dandy
Beau Brummell and the architect
John Nash created the
Regency style. In
London Nash designed the Regency terraces of
Regent's Park and
Regent Street. George took up the new idea of the seaside spa and had the
Brighton Pavilion developed as a fantastical seaside palace, adapted by Nash in the "Indian Gothic" style inspired loosely by the
Taj Mahal, with extravagant "Indian" and "Chinese" interiors.
[40]
Reign
When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent ascended the throne as George IV, with no real change in his powers.
[34] By the time of his accession, he was obese and possibly addicted to
laudanum.
7
George IV's relationship with his wife Caroline had deteriorated by the time of his accession. They had lived separately since 1796, and both were having affairs. Caroline had later left the United Kingdom for Europe, but she chose to return for her husband's coronation, and to publicly assert her rights. However, George IV refused to recognize Caroline as Queen, commanding British ambassadors to ensure that monarchs in foreign courts did the same. By royal command, Caroline's name was omitted from the
liturgy of the
Church of England. The King sought a divorce, but his advisors suggested that any divorce proceedings might involve the publication of details relating to the King's own adulterous relationships. Therefore, he requested and ensured the introduction of the
Pains and Penalties Bill 1820, under which Parliament could have imposed legal penalties without a trial in a court of law. The bill would have annulled the marriage and stripped Caroline of the title of Queen. The bill proved extremely unpopular with the public, and was withdrawn from Parliament. George IV decided, nonetheless, to exclude his wife from his coronation at
Westminster Abbey, on
19 July 1821. Caroline fell ill that day and died soon afterwards, on
7 August of the same year; during her final illness she often stated that she thought she had been poisoned.
[34]
The coronation banquet for George IV was held at Westminster Hall on
19 July 1821
Gold Double-Pound Coin of George IV, dated 1823
George's coronation was a magnificent and expensive affair, costing about £243,000 (for comparison, his fathers coronation had only cost about £10,000). Despite the enormous cost, it was a popular event.
7 In 1821 the King became the first monarch to pay a state visit to Ireland since
Richard II of England.
[43] The following year he visited
Edinburgh for "one and twenty daft days."
[44] His
visit to Scotland, organised by
Sir Walter Scott, was the first by a reigning British monarch since
Charles I went there in 1633.
[45]
George IV spent most of his reign in seclusion at
Windsor Castle,
[46] but he continued to interfere in politics. At first, it was believed that he would support Catholic emancipation, as, in 1797, he had proposed a Catholic Emancipation Bill for Ireland, but his anti-Catholic views became clear in 1813 when he privately canvassed against the ultimately defeated Catholic Relief Bill of 1813. By 1824 he was denouncing Catholic emancipation in public.
[47] Having taken the coronation oath on his accession, George now argued that he had sworn to uphold the Protestant faith, and could not support any pro-Catholic measures.
[48] The influence of the Crown was so great, and the will of the Tories under Prime Minister
Lord Liverpool so strong, that Catholic emancipation seemed hopeless. In 1827, however, Lord Liverpool retired, to be replaced by the pro-emancipation Tory
George Canning. When Canning entered office, the King, who was hitherto content with privately instructing his ministers on the Catholic Question, thought it fit to make a public declaration to the effect that his sentiments on the question were those his revered father, George III.
[49]
Canning's views on the Catholic Question were not well received by the most conservative Tories, including the Duke of Wellington. As a result, the ministry was forced to include Whigs.
[50] Canning died later in that year, leaving
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich to lead the tenuous Tory-Whig coalition. Lord Goderich left office in 1828, to be succeeded by the Duke of Wellington, who had by that time accepted that the denial of some measure of relief to Roman Catholics was politically untenable.
[51][52] With great difficulty, Wellington obtained the King's consent to the introduction of a Catholic Relief Bill on
29 January 1829. Under pressure from his fanatically anti-Catholic brother,
the Duke of Cumberland, the King withdrew his approval and in protest the Cabinet resigned ''en masse'' on
4 March. The next day the King, now under intense political pressure, reluctantly agreed to the Bill and the ministry remained in power.
7 Royal Assent was finally granted to the
Catholic Relief Act on
13 April.
[53]
George IV's heavy drinking and indulgent lifestyle took its toll on his health by the late 1820s. His taste for huge banquets and copious amounts of alcohol meant that he put on weight and eventually he became obese. This made him the target of ridicule on the rare occasions that he did appear in public.
[54] Furthermore, he suffered from
gout,
arteriosclerosis,
cataracts and possible
porphyria; he would spend whole days in bed and suffered spasms of breathlessness that would leave him half-asphyxiated. He died at about half-past three in the morning of
26 June 1830 at Windsor Castle; he called out "Good God, what is this?" clasped his page's hand and said, "my boy, this is death."
[55] He was buried in
St George's Chapel, Windsor on
15 July.
[56]
His daughter,
Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, had died from
post-partum complications in
1817, after delivering a still-born son; and his eldest younger brother, Frederick, the Duke of York, had died in
1827. He was therefore succeeded by another of his brothers,
Prince William, Duke of Clarence, who reigned as William IV.
[34]
Legacy
"A Voluptuary Under The Horrors of Digestion," a caricature by
James Gillray
On George's death ''
The Times'' commented:
During the political crisis caused by Catholic emancipation, the Duke of Wellington said that George was "the worst man he ever fell in with his whole life, the most selfish, the most false, the most ill-natured, the most entirely without one redeeming quality",
[58] but his eulogy delivered in the
House of Lords called George "the most accomplished man of his age" and praised his knowledge and talent.
[59] Wellington's true views probably lie somewhere between these two extremes; as he said later, George was "a magnificent patron of the arts...the most extraordinary compound of talent, wit, buffoonery, obstinacy, and good feeling — in short a medley of the most opposite qualities, with a great preponderence of good — that I ever saw in any character in my life."
59
George IV was described as the "First Gentleman of England" on account of his style and manners.
[60] Certainly, he possessed many good qualities; he was bright, clever and knowledgeable, but his laziness and gluttony led him to squander much of his talent. As ''The Times'' once wrote, he would always prefer "a girl and a bottle to politics and a sermon."
[61]
There are many statues of George IV, a large number of which were erected during his reign. Some in the United Kingdom include a
bronze statue of him on horseback by
Sir Francis Chantry in
Trafalgar Square, another of him on horseback at the end of the Long Walk in
Windsor Great Park and another outside the Royal Pavilion in
Brighton.
In
Edinburgh, ''George IV Bridge'' is a main street linking the Old Town ''High Street'' to the south over the ravine of the ''Cowgate'', designed by the architect
Thomas Hamilton in 1829 and completed in 1835.
King's Cross, now a major transport hub sitting on the border of
Camden and
Islington in north London, takes its name from a short-lived monument erected to George IV in the early 1830s. From Roman times the area had been known as 'Battle Bridge'.
[62]
The Regency period saw a shift in fashion that was largely determined by George. After political opponents put a tax on wig powder, he abandoned wearing a powdered wig in favour of natural hair.
[63] He wore darker colours than had been previously fashionable as they helped to disguise his size, favoured pantaloons and trousers over knee breeches because they were looser, and popularised a high collar with neck cloth because it hid his double chin.
[64] His visit to Scotland in 1822 led to the revival, if not the creation, of Scottish
tartan dress as it is known today.
[65]
George IV in popular culture
In the third installment of the
BBC comedy series ''
Blackadder'',
George IV (as
Prince Regent) was played as an unsympathetic buffoon by the English actor
Hugh Laurie. Much of the humour of the characterization was derived from the real Prince of Wales's
spendthrift ways. An offhand remark by
Blackadder for the Prince to "take out those plans for the beach house at Brighton," for instance, was a reference to the actual Oriental Pavillion at Brighton. At the conclusion of the series, Blackadder has taken advantage of mistaken identity to assume the identity of the Prince of Wales.
George IV (as
Prince of Wales) was played by
Rupert Everett in the 1994 film ''
The Madness of King George'', and by
Peter Ustinov in the 1954 film ''
Beau Brummell''. The Prince Regent is also portrayed as the leader of the elite party set in the movie ''
Princess Caraboo'', which starred
Phoebe Cates and was set in 1817.
Julian Fellowes plays the Prince Regent in
The Scarlet Pimpernel, the 1982 television version of the novel, in which
Anthony Andrews and
Jane Seymour also star.
He appears as a character in
Bernard Cornwell's novel ''
Sharpe's Regiment,'' which is set during the Regency period. He is portrayed as fat, extravagant and possibly suffering from the same insanity which had afflicted his father. He is an enthusiastic fan of Richard Sharpe's military exploits, and claims to have been present at the
Battle of Talavera and to have helped Sharpe capture a French standard. In the novel's historical note, Cornwell said he based the remark on an historical incident when George, during a dinner party at which Wellington was present, claimed to have led a charge at Waterloo.
[66]
Other information
Titles
★ '
12–
19 August 1762': ''His Royal Highness'' The Duke of Cornwall
★ '
19 August 1762–
29 January 1820': ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince of Wales
★
★ '
5 January 1811–
29 January 1820': ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince Regent
★ '
29 January 1820–
26 June 1830': ''His Majesty'' The King
(Under the Act of Parliament that instituted the Regency, the Prince's formal title as Regent was ''Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,''
[67] and thus, during the Regency period his formal style was ''His Royal Highness'' 'The Prince of Wales, Regent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland'. The simplified style ''His Royal Highness'' 'The Prince Regent', used more commonly even in official documents, was a shortened version of that formal style.)
Styles
George IV's official style as King of the United Kingdom was "George the Fourth, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith." He was also King of Hanover.
Honours
'British Honours'
★ 'KG':
Knight of the Garter, ''26 December 1765–29 January 1820''
★ 'PC':
Privy Counsellor, ''29 August 1783–29 January 1820''
★ 'KT':
Knight of the Thistle, ''as Regent, assumed informally 5 November 1811–29 January 1820''
★ 'KP':
Knight of St Patrick, ''as Regent, assumed informally 5 November 1811–29 January 1820''
★ 'GCB':
Knight Grand Cross of the Bath, ''as Regent, assumed informally 2 January 1815–29 January 1820''
★ 'GCH':
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, ''as Regent, assumed informally 12 August 1815–29 January 1820''
★ 'GCMG':
Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, ''as Regent, assumed informally 27 April 1818–29 January 1820''
'''Sovereign of...', 29 January 1820–26 June 1830''
★ The
Most Noble Order of the Garter
★ The
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle
★ The
Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick
★ The
Most Honourable Order of the Bath
★ The
Royal Guelphic Order
★ The
Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
'Foreign Honours'
★
Knight of St Andrew, ''25 November 1813''
★
Knight of the Holy Spirit, ''20 April 1814''
★
Knight of St Michael, ''20 April 1814''
★
Knight of the Golden Fleece, ''1814''
★
Knight of the Black Eagle, ''9 June 1814''
★
Knight Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, ''9 June 1814''
★
Knight of the Red Eagle, ''July 1814''
★
Knight of the Elephant, ''15 July 1815''
★ Knight of St Ferdinand and of Merit, ''1816''
★
Knight of St Januarius, ''1816''
★ Riband of the Three United Military Orders of Christ, Benedict of Aviz and St James of the Sword, ''1816''
★ Knight Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword (for Valour, Loyalty and Merit), ''1816''
★ Knight Grand Cross of Willem, ''27 November 1818''
★ Knight of St Hubert, ''27 November 1818''
★ Knight Grand Cross of the Southern Cross, ''27 November 1818''
★ Knight Grand Cross of Dom Pedro I, ''27 November 1818''
★ Knight Grand Cross (with Collar) of Carlos III, ''27 November 1818''
Honorary military appointments
★ ''4 March 1766-'': Captain-General & Colonel, of Honourable Artillery Company
★ ''18 July 1796–29 January 1820'': Colonel, of the 10th Royal Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars) , ''The Prince of Wales's Own''
★ ''25 July 1815-'': Colonel-in-Chief, of the Life Guards (1st and 2nd)
★ Field Marshal, ''assumed 1815''
Arms
His
arms, when King, were: ''Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), the whole inescutcheon surmounted by a crown.''
[68][68]
Ancestors
Notes and sources
1. 'The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria, , Ida, Macalpine, Brit. Med. J.,
2. De-la-Noy, p.43
3. Parissien, p.171
4. Smith, E. A., p.1
5. Smith, E. A., p.2
6. Hibbert, ''George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811'', p.2
7.
8. Smith, E. A., pp.25–28
9. Smith, E. A., p.48
10. Smith, E. A., p.33
11. The Significance of the Act of Settlement in the Evolution of English Democracy, , I. Naamani, Tarkow, Political Science Quarterly,
12. A Smaller History of England, from the Earliest Times to the Year 1862, , Philip, Smith, Harper & Bros., ,
13. Smith, E. A., pp.36–38
14. David, pp.57–91
15. A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 3, , Arthur Donald, Innes, The MacMillan Company, ,
16. De-la-Noy, p.31
17. Purple Secret, , J. C. G., Röhl, Bantam Press, ,
18. David, pp.92–119
19. Smith, E. A., p.54
20. Derry, p.71
21. Derry, p.91
22. The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860, , Thomas Erskine, May, Longmans, Green and Co, 1896,
23. Derry, p.109
24. Derry, p.181
25. Smith, E. A., p.70
26. David, pp.150–205
27. Parissien, p.60
28. Hibbert, ''George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811'', p.18
29. Hibbert, ''George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830'', p.214
30. De-la-Noy, p.55
31. Smith, E. A., p.97
32. Smith, E. A., p.92
33. The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, , Mike, Ashley, Robinson, ,
34. A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4, , Arthur Donald, Innes, The MacMillan Company, ,
35. Parissien, p.185
36. Smith, E. A., pp.141–2
37. Smith, E. A., p.144
38. Smith, E. A., p.145
39. Smith, E. A., p.146
40. The Royal Pavilion: The Palace of George IV, , Jessica M. F., Rutherford, Brighton Borough Council, , ISBN 0948723211
41. A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4, , Arthur Donald, Innes, The MacMillan Company, ,
42. A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4, , Arthur Donald, Innes, The MacMillan Company, ,
43. De-la-Noy, p.95
44. The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, 1822, , John, Prebble, Birlinn Limited, 2000,
45. Parissien, p.318
46. The official website of the British Monarchy
47. Parissien, p.189
48. Smith, E. A., p.238
49. Hibbert, ''George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830'', p.292
50. Smith, E. A., pp.231–4
51. Parissien, p.190
52. Smith, E. A., p.237
53. Parissien, p.381
54. Parissien, p.355
55. De-la-Noy, p.103
56. Hibbert, ''George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830'', p.336
57. A History of England and the British Empire, Vol. 4, , Arthur Donald, Innes, The MacMillan Company, ,
58. Hibbert, ''George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830'', p.310
59. Hibbert, ''George IV: Regent and King 1811–1830'', p.344
60. ''The Diary of Prince Pückler-Muskau'' (May 1828). Quoted in Parissien, p.420
61.
62. Camden's history
63. Parissien, p.112
64. Parissien, p.114
65. Parissien, pp.324–6
66. According to ''The private letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820–1826'' edited by Quennell (1937) the King merely pretended to have fought at Waterloo disguised as General Bock to annoy the Duke of Wellington.
67. Hibbert, ''George IV: Prince of Wales 1762–1811'', p.280
68.
69.
References
★
Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency, , Saul, David, Grove Press, , ISBN 0802137032
★
George IV, , Michael, De-la-Noy, Sutton Publishing, , ISBN 0-7509-1821-7
★
The Regency Crisis and the Whigs, , John W., Derry, Cambridge University Press, 1963,
★
George IV, Prince of Wales, 1762–1811, , Christopher, Hibbert, Longman, 1972, ISBN 0-582-12675-4
★
George IV, Regent and King, 1811–1830, , Christopher, Hibbert, Allen Lane, 1973, ISBN 0-7139-0487-9
★
George IV: The Grand Entertainment, , Steven, Parissien, John Murray, , ISBN 0-7195-5652-X
★
George IV, , E. A., Smith, Yale University Press, , ISBN 0300076851
Further reading
★
George IV: A Life in Caricature, , Kenneth, Baker, Thames & Hudson, 2005, ISBN 0-500-25127-4
★
The Catholic Question in English Politics 1820 to 1830, , G. I. T., Machin, Oxford University Press, 1964,
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