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EspañolGENERATION X
:''For other uses of the word, see Generation X (disambiguation).''
'Generation X' is a term used to describe generations in many countries around the world. The exact demographic boundaries of Generation X are not well defined, depending on who is using the term, where and when. The term is used in demography, the social sciences, and marketing, though it is most often used in popular culture. The generation's influence over pop culture began in the 1980s and may have peaked in the 1990s.
One of the defining factors of Generation X is the transitions resulting from the decline of colonial imperialism to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. Another more prevalent factor is a bell curve bottoming out in American births from 1964 through 1979, after the American Baby Boom from 1946 to 1963. A small, often "invisible generation" in the wake of the socially-reconstructing Baby Boomers, those born in the U.S. between 1964 and 1979 received the "X" tag for lack of a defining social identity.
As young adults, Generation X drew media attention in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gaining a stereotypical reputation as apathetic, cynical, disaffected, streetwise loners and slackers. As Generation Xers have now become American parents, however, their media persona is gradually becoming more that of protective security moms and dads in a post 9/11 world.
In addition, Generation X is noted as one of the most entrepreneurial and tech-friendly generations in American history, as they've driven a majority of the Internet's growth and ingenuity from day one. Amazon, Google, Yahoo, MySpace, Dell, and countless other billion-dollar tech companies were founded by American Gen Xers. Even Wikipedia itself was founded by Gen Xers.
The term was first used in a 1964 study of British youth by Jane Deverson. Deverson was asked by the editor of the magazine ''Woman's Own'' to conduct a series of interviews with teenagers of the time. The study revealed a generation of teenagers who "sleep together before they are married, don't believe in God, dislike the Queen, and don't respect parents," which was deemed unsuitable for the magazine because it was a new phenomenon. Deverson, in an attempt to save her research, worked with Hollywood correspondent Charles Hamblett to create a book about the study. Hamblett decided to name it ''Generation X''.[1]
In 1976, the phrase was picked up as the name of a punk rock band featuring Billy Idol, which released three albums before disbanding in 1981.[2] However, the term Generation X was used to describe the early British punks more generally with their nihilism, rejection of earlier generation's values, and the feeling that they were a lost generation that meant nothing to society, and vice versa.
The term, Generation X, was later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in '' (1991), which describes the angst of those born between roughly 1960 and 1965, who felt no connection to the cultural icons of the baby boom generation. In Coupland's usage, the ''X'' referred to the namelessness of a generation that was coming into an awareness of its existence as a separate group but feeling overshadowed by the Boomer generation of which it was ostensibly a part.
Coupland took the X from Paul Fussell's 1983 book ''Class'', where the term "Category X" designated a region of America's social hierarchy, rather than a generation.[3] However, this term has transcended its roots in that country and expanded into other areas of the West. Coupland first wrote of Generation X in September 1987 (''Vancouver'' magazine, "Generation X," pp. 164-169, 194: see illustrations below), which was a precursor to the novel and slightly preceded the term "twentysomething." Coupland referred to those born from 1958 to 1966 in Canada or from 1958 to 1964 in the United States (see trailing edge boomer). As Coupland explained in a 1995 interview, "In his final chapter, Fussell named an 'X' category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence." As the term Generation X later became somewhat interchangeable with "twentysomething," he later revised his notion of Generation X to include anyone considered "twentysomething" in the years 1987 to 1991.[4] In fact, while the book is often seen as being an accurate description of the generation, Coupland maintains that the book was meant to show the lack of a single description for it.
In the US, at times the term "baby busters" is used interchangeably with "Generation X," typically to denote those born starting in 1965, with various dates offered for its ending year. In this sense, 1976 is the appropriate cut-off year as the "echo boomer" cohort (recognized by the Census Bureau and other demographers) started in 1977 as birth rates began to rise. However, the term has not become as popular or frequently used as "Generation X," which is regarded by some as pejorative.
In the book ''Generations,'' William Strauss and Neil Howe called this generation the "13th Generation" because it's the 13th to know the flag of the United States (counting back to the peers of Benjamin Franklin). Strauss and Howe defined the birth years of the 13th Generation as 1961 to 1981 based on examining peaks and troughs in cultural trends rather than simply looking at birth rates.[5] Howe and Strauss speak of six influences that they believe have shaped Generation 13. These influences are as follows:
★ Increase in divorce
★ Increase in mothers in the work place
★ The Zero population growth movement
★ "Devil-child films"
Generation X is generally marked by its lack of optimism for the future, nihilism, cynicism, skepticism, alienation and mistrust in traditional values and institutions. Following the publication of Coupland's book (and the subsequent popularity of grunge music) the term stretched to include more people, being appropriated as the generation that succeeded the Baby Boomers, and used by the media and the general public to denote people who were in their twenties. During the early 1990s, the media portrayed Generation X as a group of flannel-wearing, alienated, overeducated, underachieving slackers with body piercings, who drank franchise-store coffee and had to work at McJobs, concepts that had some truth to them but were in many cases stereotypes.
Gen-X thinking has significant overtones of cynicism against things held dear to the previous generation, mainly the Baby Boomers. Another cultural hallmark of Generation X was grunge music, which grew out of the frustrations and disenchantment of X teenagers and young adults. The fashion of grunge music was exemplified by the bands Pearl Jam and Nirvana. The grunge of the 1990s was influenced by 1970s punk and heavy metal of the 1970s and 1980s.
The attitude of Gen X towards religion is complex. Many Gen Xers are indifferent toward religion. Some take a hostile stance toward the religion of their parents. Many Xers do in fact believe in God or at least "a higher power" and are accepting of the plurality of world religions. One commonality of Generation X's religious perspective is the noted lack of dogmatism.
Generation X grew up during the end of the Cold War and the Ronald Reagan eras. As the first of their cohort reached adulthood, they experienced the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States of America's emergence as the world's lone superpower.
The employment of Gen X is volatile. Gen Xers grew up in a rapidly deindustrializing Western World, experienced the economic recession of the early 1990s and 2000s, saw the traditional permanent job contracts disappearing and becoming unsecure short-term contracts, experienced offshoring and outsourcing and often experienced years of unemployment or underemployment at typical jobs, such as McJobs in their young adulthood. Many found themselves overeducated and underemployed, leaving a deep sense of insecurity in Gen Xers, whose usual attitude to work is ''Take the money and run''. They no longer take any employment for granted, as their Baby Boomer parents did, nor do they consider unemployment a stigmatizing catastrophe.
The perception of Generation X during the early 1990s was summarized in a featured article in Time Magazine:
In economics, a study was done (by Pew Charitable Trusts, the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Urban Institute) that challenges the notion that each generation will be better off than the one that preceded it. The study, “Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?” focuses on the income of males 30-39 in 2004 (those born April, 1964 – March, 1974) and is based on Census/BLS CPS March supplement data.
The study, which made national headline news on May 25, 2007, emphasizes that in real dollars, that cohort made less (by -12%) than their fathers at the same age in 1974, thus reversing a historic trend. The study also suggests that per year increases in father/son family household income has slowed (from 0.9% to 0.3% average), barely keeping pace with inflation, though progressively higher each year due to more women entering the workplace contributing to family household income.
According to the US Census Bureau, from 1993 to 2006, males netted less than their fathers (defined as the cohort 30-years prior, about the average age of fatherhood) at the same age, using combined real median income and based on the following criteria:[6]
★ At ages 25-34, those born from about 1965-1981
★ At ages 30-39, those born from about 1963-1976
★ At ages 25-39, those born from about 1964-1981
In the USA, this generation's parents comprise the Silent Generation (born 1925-1945) and, to a lesser extent, the Baby Boomers. The subsequent generation, Generation Y, had been born of not only older Generation X parents, Generation Jones members, or Generation X parents having children at a young age, but strikingly also by younger Baby Boomers having children in second and third marriages (resulting in 10-18+ year gaps between the children). Generation Y was born between the early 1980s and the early 1990s.
In Western countries, Generation X consists of far fewer people than the baby boom generation and has had correspondingly less impact on popular culture, but it came into its own during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hostility between Baby Boomers and Generation X increased in the 1980s and 1990s as Gen Xers accused Baby Boomers of hypocrisy and a "greed is good" mentality and Baby Boomers accused Gen Xers of being slackers.
In continental Europe, the generation is often known as Generation E, or simply known as the Nineties Generation, along the lines of such other European generation names as "Generation of 1968" and "Generation of 1914." In France, the term ''Génération Bof'' is in use, with "bof" being a French word for "whatever," considered by some French people to be the defining Gen-X saying. In Iran, they are called the Burnt Generation. In some Latin American countries the name "Crisis Generation" is sometimes used due to the recurring financial crisis in the region during those years. In the Communist bloc, these Gen-Xers are often known to show a deeper dislike of the Communist system than their parents because they grew up in an era of political and economic stagnation, and were among the first to embrace the ideals of Glasnost and Perestroika, which is why they tend to be called the Glasnost-Perestroika Generation. In Finland, the ''X-sukupolvi'' is sometimes derogatorily called ''pullamössösukupolvi'' (bun mash generation) by the Baby Boomers, saying "those whiners have never experienced any difficulties in their lives" (the depression of the early 1990s hit the Xers hardest--it hit just when they were about to join the work force), while the Xers call the Boomers ''kolesterolisukupolvi'' (cholesterol generation) due to their often unhealthy dietary habits. Japan has a generation with characteristics similar to those of Generation X, ''shin jin rui''.
Developing countries, too, have a Generation X, but it differs from that in the West, due to poor education and little disposable income. The version of Generation X that the developing nations experience essentially came out of the end of World War II and the subsequent decline of colonial occupation, the changes demanded on social hierarchy that it accompanied among the second generation born since the Second World War, and the duality of democratic transition amid increasing information blockade and ever-increasing numbers of people seeking urban life over an agrarian economy.
The alleged version of Generation X in the developing world is the following:
★ its need to redefine social norms to newer socio-economic systems
★ the sheer pace at which they need to adapt to new social influences along with the need to integrate them into their native, cultural context
★ the constant aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonized and have an even longer history of hierarchical social structure.
The aspects that bind Generation X across economic levels and cultures are the defining points of the 1970s: the Bretton Woods system and its subsequent failure, the impact of the first oral contraceptive pills on social-interactional dynamics, and the oil shock of 1973.
Other common international influences defining Generation X across the world include: increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women contrasted with even more rigid gender roles for men, the unprecedented socio-economic impact of an ever increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce, and the sweeping cultural-religious impact of the Iranian revolution towards the end of the 1970s in 1979.
The international experience of a cultural transition like Generation X, although in various forms, revealed the inter-dependence of economies since World War II in 1945, and showed the huge impact of American economic policies on the world.
The section below is an attempt to compare differing concepts of Generation X birth years.
★ Cheung, Edward "Baby Boomers, Generation X and Social Cycles" "The Ultimate Generation X book"
★ Zemke, Ron & Raines, Claire & Filipczak, Bob "Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace" American Management Association, 2000, ISBN 0814404804.
★
★ 1960-1980
★ Ritchie, Karen "Marketing to Generation X" Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0743236580.
★
★ 1961-1981
★ Tulgan, Bruce "RainmakerThinking, Inc" "Managing Generation X: How to Bring Out the Best in Young Talent" Capstone Ltd, 2003, ISBN 1900961091. Interviewing thousands of Xers, his definition has undergone modification:
★
★ 1963-1981, with 1961 & 1962 as "cuspers" (1995), based on Strauss & Howe
★
★ 1963-1977, with 1961 & 1962 as cuspers (1996-2000)
★
★ 1965-1977, with 1963 & 1964 as cuspers (2001)
★
★ 1965-1977, with 1960-1964 as cuspers (2002-2006) but usually only referred to as Baby Boomers (1946-1964) in company newsletters
★
★ 1965-1977 (2007) those born 1946-1953 referred to as "older boomers", 1954-1964 as "younger boomers"
★ Foot, David "Footwork Consulting Inc." "Boom, Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift" Saint Anthony Messenger Press and Franciscan, 1997, ISBN 0921912978.
★
★ Generation X are post-birth-peak Boomers, 1960-1966 (Canada), 1958-1964 (US). Statistics Canada (US Census Bureau equivalent) also observes this demographic based on Foot's research.
★ Smith, J Walker & Clurman, Ann S "Rocking the Ages: The Yankelovich Report on Generational Marketing" Collins; Reprint edition, 1998, ISBN 0887309003.
★
★ Yankelovich Partners, One of the largest consumer research organizations in the US maintains the years 1965-1978. Trailing Boomers, 1960-1964, are referred to as the bridge between generations. The main distinction between bridgers and Xers is a brief economic boom for the former in the mid-eighties, whereas the latter generational cohort has never been able to presume economic success. "Trailing Boomers thus bridge generations - the last Boomers expecting perpetual abundance and the first Xers faced with breakdown and uncertainty." (p. 81)
★ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000)
★
★ The generation following the post-World War II baby boom, especially people born in the United States and Canada from the early 1960s to the late 1970s.
★ Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2006)
★
★ The generation born between the mid 1960s and the mid 1970s, perceived as being disaffected and directionless.
★ Link Magazine: "Marketing Madness: A Postmortem for Generation X" (1997)
★
★ Examines the divergent age groups ascribed to the Generation X generational cohort by various media and demographers.
★ US Census Bureau "Census 2000 Ethnographic Study" (June 17, 2003)
★
★ "For the purpose of this study, Generation X is defined as people aged 21 to 32, that is, respondents born during the years 1968-1979. Various studies define Generation X differently by age, with some analyses categorizing people born in 1961 as the cohort's oldest members, while others use a younger upper boundary to demarcate the age group (Craig and Earl Bennett, 1997). Only in hindsight will the boundaries for this cohort become clearer."
★ Statistics Canada "Census Consultation Guide - Age, Sex, and Marital/Common-law Status" (1996/2001)
★
★ "Generation X. Generation Xers, the back-end boomers [1960-1966], entered the labor market in the early 1980s, when jobs were scarce. Since then, this generation has struggled to gain employment due to a weak economy and the bulk of the jobs being filled by the baby boomers. How will these people cope until the baby boomers begin to retire early in the next century? Are they more inclined to work at two or three jobs or seasonally?"
★ Time Magazine "Twentysomething" (cover story - July 16, 1990)
★
★ 18-29 year-olds (1961-1972) "Members of the tail end of the boom generation, now ages 26 through 29, often feel alienated from the larger group, like kid brothers and sisters who disdain the paths their siblings chose." (p. 57)
★ Time Magazine "Great X-pectations" (cover story - June 9, 1997) Three sets appeared in the story:
★
★ 1965-1977 (p. 58)
★
★ "If ''twentysomethings'' entered the decade floundering in the job market, did they deserve to be labeled dazed and confused?" [1961-1972] (p. 60)
★
★ 1965-1976 (p. 62)
★ New York Times "Yes, the Screen Is Tiny, but the Plans Are Big" (June 17, 2007)
★
★ Chart refers to Generation X as "Ages 27-40", indicating those born 1967-1980 [7]
★ ''Reality Bites'' (film) (1994) written by Helen Childress. Plot Outline: An aspiring videographer working on a documentary called ''Reality Bites'' about the disenfranchised lives of her friends and roommates. Their challenges, both documented and not, exemplify (perhaps too simplistically) the career and other lifestyle choices and issues faced by their generation.
★ ''Singles'' (film) (1992). Plot Outline: A group of twenty-something friends, most of whom live in the same apartment complex, search for love and success in grunge-era Seattle. The soundtrack billed as the "music of a generation searching for itself" (Warner home video).
★
★ Dr. Jeffrey Jamison (Bill Pullman) 33 years old
★
★ Eddie Vedder (himself) 28 years old
★
★ Janet Livermore (Bridget Fonda) 23 years old. Main characters' year of birth ranges from 1958-1968 (aka "Baby Busters").
★ The show ''Friends'' is often known as a Generation X portrait. The characters were teenagers during the 1980s and have the typical attitude and lifestyle of their generation, especially in the employment and relationships subjects.
★ ''Slacker'' (film) (1991). Much of the cast was born in the early 1960s "Tweeners", with others in the late 1950s and late 1960s, spanning the "Baby Bust" years.
★ ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' (film) (1986). Teen slacker movie. Film follows high school senior Ferris Bueller Matthew Broderick, who, one spring day, decides to skip school and spend the day in downtown Chicago with his friends. Quintessentially X, when times were good in the 80s before the recession.
★ "Pretty in Pink" (1986) Starring brat packer Molly Ringwald
★ ''Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead'' (1991). Teen movie starring a 19-year-old Christina Applegate.
★ "Clerks" (Film) (1994). Plot Outline: The story of two Gen X'ers working deadend jobs, struggling to find meaning in their relationships and their work. Filled with pop culture references, the movie is filled with rapid fire dialogue and offers a humorous portrait of Gen Xers emphasis on relationships over career. "Kevin Smith"'s first movie.
★ "Pump Up The Volume" (film)
1. Asthana, Anushka & Thorpe, Vanessa. "Whatever happened to the original Generation X?". ''The Observer''. January 23, 2005.
2. Prato, Greg. "Generation X". ''All Music Guide''. Retrieved July 6, 2005.
3. Interview with Douglas Coupland on CNN's ''Heads Up'', May 28, 1994.
4. Smyth, Michael. "Review of Generation X". ''Calgary Herald''. January 21, 1992.
5. Strauss, William & Howe, Neil. ''Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069''. Perennial, 1992 (Reprint). ISBN 0-688-11912-3
6. US Census Bureau, [2] and [3]
7. Story, Louise, “IYes, the Screen Is Tiny, but the Plans Are Big," The New York Times, 17 June 2007 [4] retrieved 2007-06-17
★ Generation Y
★ MTV Generation
★ CBC Digital Archives – Generation X: Lives on Hold
★ Bicentennial Baby: Musings on Generation X and Y
★ New Learning Strategies for Generation X - from the ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Career and Vocational Education.
'Generation X' is a term used to describe generations in many countries around the world. The exact demographic boundaries of Generation X are not well defined, depending on who is using the term, where and when. The term is used in demography, the social sciences, and marketing, though it is most often used in popular culture. The generation's influence over pop culture began in the 1980s and may have peaked in the 1990s.
One of the defining factors of Generation X is the transitions resulting from the decline of colonial imperialism to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. Another more prevalent factor is a bell curve bottoming out in American births from 1964 through 1979, after the American Baby Boom from 1946 to 1963. A small, often "invisible generation" in the wake of the socially-reconstructing Baby Boomers, those born in the U.S. between 1964 and 1979 received the "X" tag for lack of a defining social identity.
As young adults, Generation X drew media attention in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gaining a stereotypical reputation as apathetic, cynical, disaffected, streetwise loners and slackers. As Generation Xers have now become American parents, however, their media persona is gradually becoming more that of protective security moms and dads in a post 9/11 world.
In addition, Generation X is noted as one of the most entrepreneurial and tech-friendly generations in American history, as they've driven a majority of the Internet's growth and ingenuity from day one. Amazon, Google, Yahoo, MySpace, Dell, and countless other billion-dollar tech companies were founded by American Gen Xers. Even Wikipedia itself was founded by Gen Xers.
History
Origins
The term was first used in a 1964 study of British youth by Jane Deverson. Deverson was asked by the editor of the magazine ''Woman's Own'' to conduct a series of interviews with teenagers of the time. The study revealed a generation of teenagers who "sleep together before they are married, don't believe in God, dislike the Queen, and don't respect parents," which was deemed unsuitable for the magazine because it was a new phenomenon. Deverson, in an attempt to save her research, worked with Hollywood correspondent Charles Hamblett to create a book about the study. Hamblett decided to name it ''Generation X''.[1]
In 1976, the phrase was picked up as the name of a punk rock band featuring Billy Idol, which released three albums before disbanding in 1981.[2] However, the term Generation X was used to describe the early British punks more generally with their nihilism, rejection of earlier generation's values, and the feeling that they were a lost generation that meant nothing to society, and vice versa.
Popularization
The term, Generation X, was later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in '' (1991), which describes the angst of those born between roughly 1960 and 1965, who felt no connection to the cultural icons of the baby boom generation. In Coupland's usage, the ''X'' referred to the namelessness of a generation that was coming into an awareness of its existence as a separate group but feeling overshadowed by the Boomer generation of which it was ostensibly a part.
The novel, ''Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture'', popularized the term "Generation X."
Coupland took the X from Paul Fussell's 1983 book ''Class'', where the term "Category X" designated a region of America's social hierarchy, rather than a generation.[3] However, this term has transcended its roots in that country and expanded into other areas of the West. Coupland first wrote of Generation X in September 1987 (''Vancouver'' magazine, "Generation X," pp. 164-169, 194: see illustrations below), which was a precursor to the novel and slightly preceded the term "twentysomething." Coupland referred to those born from 1958 to 1966 in Canada or from 1958 to 1964 in the United States (see trailing edge boomer). As Coupland explained in a 1995 interview, "In his final chapter, Fussell named an 'X' category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence." As the term Generation X later became somewhat interchangeable with "twentysomething," he later revised his notion of Generation X to include anyone considered "twentysomething" in the years 1987 to 1991.[4] In fact, while the book is often seen as being an accurate description of the generation, Coupland maintains that the book was meant to show the lack of a single description for it.
In the US, at times the term "baby busters" is used interchangeably with "Generation X," typically to denote those born starting in 1965, with various dates offered for its ending year. In this sense, 1976 is the appropriate cut-off year as the "echo boomer" cohort (recognized by the Census Bureau and other demographers) started in 1977 as birth rates began to rise. However, the term has not become as popular or frequently used as "Generation X," which is regarded by some as pejorative.
13th generation
In the book ''Generations,'' William Strauss and Neil Howe called this generation the "13th Generation" because it's the 13th to know the flag of the United States (counting back to the peers of Benjamin Franklin). Strauss and Howe defined the birth years of the 13th Generation as 1961 to 1981 based on examining peaks and troughs in cultural trends rather than simply looking at birth rates.[5] Howe and Strauss speak of six influences that they believe have shaped Generation 13. These influences are as follows:
★ Increase in divorce
★ Increase in mothers in the work place
★ The Zero population growth movement
★ "Devil-child films"
Generation X in the United States
Generation X is generally marked by its lack of optimism for the future, nihilism, cynicism, skepticism, alienation and mistrust in traditional values and institutions. Following the publication of Coupland's book (and the subsequent popularity of grunge music) the term stretched to include more people, being appropriated as the generation that succeeded the Baby Boomers, and used by the media and the general public to denote people who were in their twenties. During the early 1990s, the media portrayed Generation X as a group of flannel-wearing, alienated, overeducated, underachieving slackers with body piercings, who drank franchise-store coffee and had to work at McJobs, concepts that had some truth to them but were in many cases stereotypes.
Gen-X thinking has significant overtones of cynicism against things held dear to the previous generation, mainly the Baby Boomers. Another cultural hallmark of Generation X was grunge music, which grew out of the frustrations and disenchantment of X teenagers and young adults. The fashion of grunge music was exemplified by the bands Pearl Jam and Nirvana. The grunge of the 1990s was influenced by 1970s punk and heavy metal of the 1970s and 1980s.
Cover of the July 16, 1990 issue of Time magazine, as part of the feature article discussing the twentysomething generation of the 1990s
The attitude of Gen X towards religion is complex. Many Gen Xers are indifferent toward religion. Some take a hostile stance toward the religion of their parents. Many Xers do in fact believe in God or at least "a higher power" and are accepting of the plurality of world religions. One commonality of Generation X's religious perspective is the noted lack of dogmatism.
Generation X grew up during the end of the Cold War and the Ronald Reagan eras. As the first of their cohort reached adulthood, they experienced the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States of America's emergence as the world's lone superpower.
The employment of Gen X is volatile. Gen Xers grew up in a rapidly deindustrializing Western World, experienced the economic recession of the early 1990s and 2000s, saw the traditional permanent job contracts disappearing and becoming unsecure short-term contracts, experienced offshoring and outsourcing and often experienced years of unemployment or underemployment at typical jobs, such as McJobs in their young adulthood. Many found themselves overeducated and underemployed, leaving a deep sense of insecurity in Gen Xers, whose usual attitude to work is ''Take the money and run''. They no longer take any employment for granted, as their Baby Boomer parents did, nor do they consider unemployment a stigmatizing catastrophe.
The perception of Generation X during the early 1990s was summarized in a featured article in Time Magazine:
In economics, a study was done (by Pew Charitable Trusts, the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Urban Institute) that challenges the notion that each generation will be better off than the one that preceded it. The study, “Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?” focuses on the income of males 30-39 in 2004 (those born April, 1964 – March, 1974) and is based on Census/BLS CPS March supplement data.
The study, which made national headline news on May 25, 2007, emphasizes that in real dollars, that cohort made less (by -12%) than their fathers at the same age in 1974, thus reversing a historic trend. The study also suggests that per year increases in father/son family household income has slowed (from 0.9% to 0.3% average), barely keeping pace with inflation, though progressively higher each year due to more women entering the workplace contributing to family household income.
According to the US Census Bureau, from 1993 to 2006, males netted less than their fathers (defined as the cohort 30-years prior, about the average age of fatherhood) at the same age, using combined real median income and based on the following criteria:[6]
★ At ages 25-34, those born from about 1965-1981
★ At ages 30-39, those born from about 1963-1976
★ At ages 25-39, those born from about 1964-1981
Generational demographics
In the USA, this generation's parents comprise the Silent Generation (born 1925-1945) and, to a lesser extent, the Baby Boomers. The subsequent generation, Generation Y, had been born of not only older Generation X parents, Generation Jones members, or Generation X parents having children at a young age, but strikingly also by younger Baby Boomers having children in second and third marriages (resulting in 10-18+ year gaps between the children). Generation Y was born between the early 1980s and the early 1990s.
In Western countries, Generation X consists of far fewer people than the baby boom generation and has had correspondingly less impact on popular culture, but it came into its own during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hostility between Baby Boomers and Generation X increased in the 1980s and 1990s as Gen Xers accused Baby Boomers of hypocrisy and a "greed is good" mentality and Baby Boomers accused Gen Xers of being slackers.
International factors defining Generation X
In continental Europe, the generation is often known as Generation E, or simply known as the Nineties Generation, along the lines of such other European generation names as "Generation of 1968" and "Generation of 1914." In France, the term ''Génération Bof'' is in use, with "bof" being a French word for "whatever," considered by some French people to be the defining Gen-X saying. In Iran, they are called the Burnt Generation. In some Latin American countries the name "Crisis Generation" is sometimes used due to the recurring financial crisis in the region during those years. In the Communist bloc, these Gen-Xers are often known to show a deeper dislike of the Communist system than their parents because they grew up in an era of political and economic stagnation, and were among the first to embrace the ideals of Glasnost and Perestroika, which is why they tend to be called the Glasnost-Perestroika Generation. In Finland, the ''X-sukupolvi'' is sometimes derogatorily called ''pullamössösukupolvi'' (bun mash generation) by the Baby Boomers, saying "those whiners have never experienced any difficulties in their lives" (the depression of the early 1990s hit the Xers hardest--it hit just when they were about to join the work force), while the Xers call the Boomers ''kolesterolisukupolvi'' (cholesterol generation) due to their often unhealthy dietary habits. Japan has a generation with characteristics similar to those of Generation X, ''shin jin rui''.
Developing countries, too, have a Generation X, but it differs from that in the West, due to poor education and little disposable income. The version of Generation X that the developing nations experience essentially came out of the end of World War II and the subsequent decline of colonial occupation, the changes demanded on social hierarchy that it accompanied among the second generation born since the Second World War, and the duality of democratic transition amid increasing information blockade and ever-increasing numbers of people seeking urban life over an agrarian economy.
The alleged version of Generation X in the developing world is the following:
★ its need to redefine social norms to newer socio-economic systems
★ the sheer pace at which they need to adapt to new social influences along with the need to integrate them into their native, cultural context
★ the constant aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonized and have an even longer history of hierarchical social structure.
The aspects that bind Generation X across economic levels and cultures are the defining points of the 1970s: the Bretton Woods system and its subsequent failure, the impact of the first oral contraceptive pills on social-interactional dynamics, and the oil shock of 1973.
Other common international influences defining Generation X across the world include: increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women contrasted with even more rigid gender roles for men, the unprecedented socio-economic impact of an ever increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce, and the sweeping cultural-religious impact of the Iranian revolution towards the end of the 1970s in 1979.
The international experience of a cultural transition like Generation X, although in various forms, revealed the inter-dependence of economies since World War II in 1945, and showed the huge impact of American economic policies on the world.
Generation X references
The section below is an attempt to compare differing concepts of Generation X birth years.
Best-selling authors
★ Cheung, Edward "Baby Boomers, Generation X and Social Cycles" "The Ultimate Generation X book"
★ Zemke, Ron & Raines, Claire & Filipczak, Bob "Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace" American Management Association, 2000, ISBN 0814404804.
★
★ 1960-1980
★ Ritchie, Karen "Marketing to Generation X" Free Press, 2002, ISBN 0743236580.
★
★ 1961-1981
★ Tulgan, Bruce "RainmakerThinking, Inc" "Managing Generation X: How to Bring Out the Best in Young Talent" Capstone Ltd, 2003, ISBN 1900961091. Interviewing thousands of Xers, his definition has undergone modification:
★
★ 1963-1981, with 1961 & 1962 as "cuspers" (1995), based on Strauss & Howe
★
★ 1963-1977, with 1961 & 1962 as cuspers (1996-2000)
★
★ 1965-1977, with 1963 & 1964 as cuspers (2001)
★
★ 1965-1977, with 1960-1964 as cuspers (2002-2006) but usually only referred to as Baby Boomers (1946-1964) in company newsletters
★
★ 1965-1977 (2007) those born 1946-1953 referred to as "older boomers", 1954-1964 as "younger boomers"
★ Foot, David "Footwork Consulting Inc." "Boom, Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift" Saint Anthony Messenger Press and Franciscan, 1997, ISBN 0921912978.
★
★ Generation X are post-birth-peak Boomers, 1960-1966 (Canada), 1958-1964 (US). Statistics Canada (US Census Bureau equivalent) also observes this demographic based on Foot's research.
★ Smith, J Walker & Clurman, Ann S "Rocking the Ages: The Yankelovich Report on Generational Marketing" Collins; Reprint edition, 1998, ISBN 0887309003.
★
★ Yankelovich Partners, One of the largest consumer research organizations in the US maintains the years 1965-1978. Trailing Boomers, 1960-1964, are referred to as the bridge between generations. The main distinction between bridgers and Xers is a brief economic boom for the former in the mid-eighties, whereas the latter generational cohort has never been able to presume economic success. "Trailing Boomers thus bridge generations - the last Boomers expecting perpetual abundance and the first Xers faced with breakdown and uncertainty." (p. 81)
Contemporary references and definitions
★ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000)
★
★ The generation following the post-World War II baby boom, especially people born in the United States and Canada from the early 1960s to the late 1970s.
★ Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2006)
★
★ The generation born between the mid 1960s and the mid 1970s, perceived as being disaffected and directionless.
★ Link Magazine: "Marketing Madness: A Postmortem for Generation X" (1997)
★
★ Examines the divergent age groups ascribed to the Generation X generational cohort by various media and demographers.
★ US Census Bureau "Census 2000 Ethnographic Study" (June 17, 2003)
★
★ "For the purpose of this study, Generation X is defined as people aged 21 to 32, that is, respondents born during the years 1968-1979. Various studies define Generation X differently by age, with some analyses categorizing people born in 1961 as the cohort's oldest members, while others use a younger upper boundary to demarcate the age group (Craig and Earl Bennett, 1997). Only in hindsight will the boundaries for this cohort become clearer."
★ Statistics Canada "Census Consultation Guide - Age, Sex, and Marital/Common-law Status" (1996/2001)
★
★ "Generation X. Generation Xers, the back-end boomers [1960-1966], entered the labor market in the early 1980s, when jobs were scarce. Since then, this generation has struggled to gain employment due to a weak economy and the bulk of the jobs being filled by the baby boomers. How will these people cope until the baby boomers begin to retire early in the next century? Are they more inclined to work at two or three jobs or seasonally?"
Periodicals and cinema
★ Time Magazine "Twentysomething" (cover story - July 16, 1990)
★
★ 18-29 year-olds (1961-1972) "Members of the tail end of the boom generation, now ages 26 through 29, often feel alienated from the larger group, like kid brothers and sisters who disdain the paths their siblings chose." (p. 57)
★ Time Magazine "Great X-pectations" (cover story - June 9, 1997) Three sets appeared in the story:
★
★ 1965-1977 (p. 58)
★
★ "If ''twentysomethings'' entered the decade floundering in the job market, did they deserve to be labeled dazed and confused?" [1961-1972] (p. 60)
★
★ 1965-1976 (p. 62)
★ New York Times "Yes, the Screen Is Tiny, but the Plans Are Big" (June 17, 2007)
★
★ Chart refers to Generation X as "Ages 27-40", indicating those born 1967-1980 [7]
★ ''Reality Bites'' (film) (1994) written by Helen Childress. Plot Outline: An aspiring videographer working on a documentary called ''Reality Bites'' about the disenfranchised lives of her friends and roommates. Their challenges, both documented and not, exemplify (perhaps too simplistically) the career and other lifestyle choices and issues faced by their generation.
★ ''Singles'' (film) (1992). Plot Outline: A group of twenty-something friends, most of whom live in the same apartment complex, search for love and success in grunge-era Seattle. The soundtrack billed as the "music of a generation searching for itself" (Warner home video).
★
★ Dr. Jeffrey Jamison (Bill Pullman) 33 years old
★
★ Eddie Vedder (himself) 28 years old
★
★ Janet Livermore (Bridget Fonda) 23 years old. Main characters' year of birth ranges from 1958-1968 (aka "Baby Busters").
★ The show ''Friends'' is often known as a Generation X portrait. The characters were teenagers during the 1980s and have the typical attitude and lifestyle of their generation, especially in the employment and relationships subjects.
★ ''Slacker'' (film) (1991). Much of the cast was born in the early 1960s "Tweeners", with others in the late 1950s and late 1960s, spanning the "Baby Bust" years.
★ ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' (film) (1986). Teen slacker movie. Film follows high school senior Ferris Bueller Matthew Broderick, who, one spring day, decides to skip school and spend the day in downtown Chicago with his friends. Quintessentially X, when times were good in the 80s before the recession.
★ "Pretty in Pink" (1986) Starring brat packer Molly Ringwald
★ ''Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead'' (1991). Teen movie starring a 19-year-old Christina Applegate.
★ "Clerks" (Film) (1994). Plot Outline: The story of two Gen X'ers working deadend jobs, struggling to find meaning in their relationships and their work. Filled with pop culture references, the movie is filled with rapid fire dialogue and offers a humorous portrait of Gen Xers emphasis on relationships over career. "Kevin Smith"'s first movie.
★ "Pump Up The Volume" (film)
Notes
1. Asthana, Anushka & Thorpe, Vanessa. "Whatever happened to the original Generation X?". ''The Observer''. January 23, 2005.
2. Prato, Greg. "Generation X". ''All Music Guide''. Retrieved July 6, 2005.
3. Interview with Douglas Coupland on CNN's ''Heads Up'', May 28, 1994.
4. Smyth, Michael. "Review of Generation X". ''Calgary Herald''. January 21, 1992.
5. Strauss, William & Howe, Neil. ''Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069''. Perennial, 1992 (Reprint). ISBN 0-688-11912-3
6. US Census Bureau, [2] and [3]
7. Story, Louise, “IYes, the Screen Is Tiny, but the Plans Are Big," The New York Times, 17 June 2007 [4] retrieved 2007-06-17
See also
★ Generation Y
★ MTV Generation
External links
★ CBC Digital Archives – Generation X: Lives on Hold
★ Bicentennial Baby: Musings on Generation X and Y
★ New Learning Strategies for Generation X - from the ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Career and Vocational Education.
American generation succession
Cusp Generations
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