'Garry Kimovich Kasparov' (; ) (born
April 13 1963, in
Baku,
Azerbaijan SSR) (now
Azerbaijan) is a Russian
chess grandmaster, and former
World Chess Champion.
Kasparov became the youngest ever World Chess Champion in 1985. He held the official
FIDE world title until 1993. In 1993, a dispute with FIDE led Kasparov to set up a rival organisation, the
Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by
Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.
Kasparov's
ratings achievements include being rated world #1 according to
Elo rating almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005; and holding the all time highest rating of 2851. He also
holds records for consecutive tournament victories and
Chess Oscars.
Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on
March 10 2005, choosing instead to devote his time to politics and writing. He formed the
United Civil Front, and joined as a member of
The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the elected government of
Vladimir Putin.
Early career
Garry Kasparov was born 'Garri Vaynshteyn' (Russian: Гарри Вайнштейн) in
Baku,
Azerbaijan SSR to an
Armenian mother and a Jewish father. He first began the serious study of
chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.
[1] His father died when he was seven years old; at the age of twelve, he adopted his mother's Armenian surname, Kasparyan, modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov.
After leaving Tiffin School at the age of 8, Kasparov trained at
Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under noted coach
Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the
Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the
Queen's Gambit Declined.
[2] Kasparov won the
Soviet Junior Championship in
Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points out of 9, at the age of 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 out of nine. He was being trained by
Alexander Sakharov during this time.
In 1978 Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in
Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a
chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.
[3]
He first qualified for the
Soviet Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at
Daugavpils over tiebreak from
Igor V. Ivanov, to capture the sole qualifying place.
Kasparov rose quickly through the
FIDE rankings. Starting with an oversight by the
Russian Chess Federation, Garry Kasparov participated in a
Grandmaster tournament in
Banja Luka, Yugoslavia, in 1979 while still unrated (the federation thought it was a junior tournament). He won this high-class tournament, emerging from it with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him into the top group of chess players(at the time, no 3 in the World, ex-champion
Spassky had 2630, while World Champion
Karpov 2690-2700). The next year, 1980, he won the
World Junior Chess Championship in
Dortmund,
West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the
Soviet Union at the
Chess Olympiad at
La Valletta,
Malta, and became a
Grandmaster.
Towards the top
While still a teenager, Kasparov twice tied for first place in the
USSR Chess Championship, in 1980-81, and 1981-82. He earned a place in the 1982
Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the
Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since
Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958.
Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against
Alexander Beliavsky, who Kasparov defeated 6-3 (4 wins, 1 loss).
[4] Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against
Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in
Pasadena,
California. Korchnoi defected from the
Soviet Union in 1976, and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi's allowing the match to be replayed in
London. Kasparov lost the first game, but came back to win the match 7-4 (4 wins, 1 loss). The Candidates' final was against the resurgent former world champion
Vasily Smyslov. Kasparov won 8.5-5.5 (4 wins, no losses), in a match played at
Vilnius, 1984, thus winning the Candidates and qualifying to play
Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. In 1984 Kasparov joined the
CPSU and was elected to Central Committee of
Komsomol.
1984 World Championship
The
1984 World Championship match between
Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had its fair share of ups and downs, as well as the most controversial finish to a competitive match ever. Karpov started off in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov found himself 4-0 down in a "first to six wins" match. Fellow players predicted a 6-0 whitewash of Kasparov within 18 games.
Kasparov dug in, with inspiration from a Russian poet before each game, and battled with Karpov into seventeen successive draws. Karpov duly won the next decisive game before Kasparov fought back with another series of draws until game 32, Kasparov's first win against the World Champion.
At this point Karpov, twelve years older than Kasparov, was close to exhaustion, and not looking like the player who started the match. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5-3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by
Florencio Campomanes, the President of
FIDE, and a new match was announced to start a few months later.
The termination of the match was a matter of some controversy. At the press conference at which he announced his decision, Campomanes cited the health of the two players, which had been put under strain by the length of the match, despite the fact that both Karpov and Kasparov stated that they would prefer the match to continue. Karpov had lost 10
kg (22
lb) over the course of the match and had been hospitalized several times. Kasparov, however, was in excellent health and extremely resentful of Campomanes' decision, asking him why he was abandoning the match if both players wanted to continue. It would appear that Kasparov, who had won the last two games before the suspension, felt the same way as some commentators — that he was now the favourite to win the match despite his 5-3 deficit. He appeared to be physically stronger than his opponent, and in the later games seemed to have been playing the better chess.
The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between the two would eventually come to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.
World Champion
The 1999 "Chess Classics" in Frankfurt am Main
The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized as the best of 24 games, where first player to 12.5 points would claim the title. However, in the event of a 12-12 draw, the title would go to Karpov as the reigning champion. Kasparov secured the title at the age of 22 by a score of 13-11. This broke the existing record of youngest World Champion, held for over twenty years by
Mikhail Tal, who was 23 when he defeated
Mikhail Botvinnik in 1960.
At the time, the FIDE rules granted a defeated champion an automatic right of rematch. Another match between Kasparov and Karpov duly took place in 1986, hosted jointly in the cities of
London and
Leningrad. At one point, Kasparov opened a three-point lead in the match, and looked to be well on his way to a decisive win. However, Karpov battled back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds,
Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team. Kasparov scored one further win in the match and kept his title by a final score of 12.5-11.5.
A fourth match for the world title took place between Kasparov and Karpov 1987 in
Seville, as Karpov qualified through the Candidates' Matches to once again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any point in the match. Kasparov was down one point in the final game, needing a win to hold his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time-control and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12-12. (All this meant that Kasparov had to play Karpov 4 times in a match in the period 1984-1987, a fact unprecedented in chess history. Matches organised by FIDE took place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right for a rematch before Karpov.)
A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in
Lyon and
New York in 1990. Once again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12.5-11.5.
With the World Champion title in his grasp, Kasparov switched to battling against FIDE — as
Bobby Fischer had done twenty years earlier — but this time from within FIDE. He created an organisation to represent chess players, the
Grandmasters Association (GMA) to give players more of a say in FIDE's activities.
Ejection from FIDE
This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense. The new challenger was
Nigel Short, a British Grandmaster who had defeated Karpov in a qualifying match. The world champion and his challenger decided to play their match outside of FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Garry Kasparov called the
Professional Chess Association (PCA). This is where the great fracture in the lineage of World Champions began.
Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and they played their well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12.5-7.5. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. FIDE organized a World Championship match between the loser of the Candidates final,
Jan Timman, and previous World Champion Karpov, which Karpov won. So Kasparov held the PCA World Chess Championship, and Karpov held the FIDE World Chess Championship.
Kasparov defended his title in 1995 against the
Indian superstar
Viswanathan Anand, which was held at the World Trade Center in New York City, before the PCA collapsed when
Intel, one of the major backers, withdrew its sponsorship. Kasparov won the match by 4 wins to 1 with 13 draws.
Kasparov tried to organise another World Championship match, under yet another organisation, the
World Chess Association (WCA) with
Linares organiser
Luis Rentero.
Alexei Shirov and
Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. The WCA collapsed, however, when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialised.
This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organisation stepped in —
BrainGames.com, headed by
Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.
Losing the title
This match, Kasparov-Kramnik, took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been on Kasparov's team for the 1995
Viswanathan Anand match, and no doubt learned much there. A well-prepared Kramnik surprised Kasparov and won a crucial game 2 against Kasparov's
Grünfeld Defence after the champion missed several drawing chances in an opposite-colour bishop ending. Kasparov made a critical error in game 10 with the
Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As white, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the
Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as black. Kramnik won the match 8.5-6.5, and for the first time in fifteen years Kasparov had no world championship title. He became the first player to lose a world championship match without winning a game since
Lasker lost to
Capablanca in 1921.
After losing the title, Kasparov strung together a number of major tournament victories, and remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation at the 2002 Dortmund
Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.
[5]
Due to these strong results, and status as world #1 in much of the public eye, Kasparov was included in the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by
Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion
Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. However, this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against
Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the
FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the
United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organise a match and that therefore he had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.
Retirement and career in politics
After winning the prestigious
Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on
March 10,
2005 that he would be retiring from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the
Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.
Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books, including both the ''My Great Predecessors'' series (see
below) and a work on the links between decision-making in chess and in other areas of life), and will continue to involve himself in
Russian politics, which he views as "headed down the wrong path."
Post-retirement chess
On
August 22,
2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3 second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4.5/6.
[6]
Politics
Kasparov's political involvement started in the 1980s. He joined the
CPSU in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of
Komsomol. In 1990, however, he left the party, and in May of that year took part in the creation of the
Democratic Party of Russia. In June 1993, Kasparov was involved in the creation of the "Choice of Russia" bloc of parties, and in 1996 he took part in the election campaign of
Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television TV channel
NTV.
[7]
After his retirement from chess in
2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the
United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to "work to preserve
electoral democracy in Russia."
[8] He has vowed to "restore democracy" to Russia by toppling the elected
Russian president Vladimir Putin, of whom he is an outspoken critic.
[9][10][11]
Kasparov was instrumental in setting up
The Other Russia, a coalition including Kasparov's United Civil Front,
Eduard Limonov's
National Bolshevik Party,
Vladimir Ryzhkov's
Russian Republican Party and other organizations which oppose the government of
Vladimir Putin.
The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's democratic opposition parties,
Yabloko and
Union of Right Forces as they are concerned about the inclusion of radical nationalist and left-wing groups in its ranks, such as the
National Bolshevik Party and former members of the
Rodina party, including
Viktor Gerashchenko, a potential presidential candidate. However, regional branches of
Yabloko and the
Union of Right Forces have opted to take part in the coalition. Kasparov says that leaders of these parties are controlled by
Kremlin.
[12]
On
April 10,
2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics" immediately before the attack.
[13] Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since.
[14][15]
Kasparov helped organize the
Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on
March 32007 and
The March of the Dissenters on
March 24,
2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against
Russian President Vladimir Putin and
Saint Petersburg Governor
Valentina Matviyenko's policies.
[16][17]. On
April 14, he was briefly arrested by the Moscow police while heading for a demonstration. He was held for some 10 hours, and then fined and released.
[18]
He was summoned by
FSB for questioning as a suspect in violations of Russian anti-extremism laws
[19]. This law was previously applied for the conviction of
Boris Stomakhin [20][21]
Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general Oleg Kalugin has remarked: "I do not talk in details—-people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal, and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin, and I believe that he is probably next on the list."
[22]
In 1991 he received the Keeper of the Flame award from the
Center for Security Policy for anti-Communist resistance and the propagation of democracy.
In April, 2007 it was asserted
[23] that Garry Kasparov was a board member of the
National Security Advisory Council of
Center for Security Policy[24], a "non-profit, non-partisan national security organization that specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security"
[25]. Kasparov confirmed this and added that he was removed shortly after he became aware of it. He noted that he didn't know about the membership and suggested he was included in the board by an accident because he received the 1991 Keeper of the Flame award from this organization.
[26].
[27]
Ratings achievements
★ Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the #1 rated player.
★ Kasparov had the highest
Elo rating in the world continuously from 1986 to 2005. The only exception is that Kramnik equalled him in the January 1996 FIDE ratings list.
[28] (He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA). At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked #1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.
[29]
★ According to the alternative
Chessmetrics calculations, Kasparov was the highest rated player in the world continuously from February 1985 until October 2004.
[30] He also holds the highest all-time average rating over a 2 (2877) to 20 (2856) year period and is second to only Bobby Fischer's (2881 vs 2879) over a one-year period.
★ In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking
Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785 rating. He has held the record for the highest rating ever achieved, ever since. On the July 1999
FIDE rating list Kasparov reached a 2851
Elo rating, the highest rating ever achieved.
[31]
Olympiads
Kasparov played in a total of eight Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times, and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. His debut was at
La Valletta 1980 as second reserve, scoring 9.5/12, when he became the youngest player ever to play for the USSR in this event, a record which still stands. In 1982, he advanced to second board at
Lucerne, scoring 8.5/11. He did not play in 1984, since the World Championship match was still running at the same time. In 1986, he played first board at
Dubai, again scoring 8.5/11. In 1988, he was again first board at
Thessaloniki, where he made 8.5/10. All four times, the Soviet Union won the team gold medals.
Then, in 1992, he played first board for
Russia at
Manila, scoring 8.5/10. In 1994 at
Moscow, he scored 6.5/10 on first board. In 1996 at
Yerevan, he scored 7/9 on first board. His final Olympiad was
Bled, Slovenia in 2002, where he scored 7.5/9 on first board. Likewise, Russia won the team gold medals all four times.
Other records held
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in fifteen tournaments from 1981 to 1990.
Kasparov won the
Chess Oscar a record eleven times.
Books and other writings
Kasparov has written a number of books on chess. He published a somewhat controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, titled ''Unlimited Challenge''; this book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in the 1980s: ''Garry Kasparov: Life, Games, Career'', and this book has also been updated several times in further editions. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav ''Chess Informant'' series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored ''Batsford Chess Openings'' with British Grandmaster
Raymond Keene, and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Sakharov in the 1980s for British publisher
Batsford; on the
Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the
Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series ''Encyclopedia of Chess Openings''.
In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work ''Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors'' was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions
Wilhelm Steinitz,
Emanuel Lasker,
José Raúl Capablanca and
Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including
Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the
British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering
Max Euwe,
Mikhail Botvinnik,
Vassily Smyslov and
Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering
Tigran Petrosian and
Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers
Samuel Reshevsky,
Miguel Najdorf, and
Bent Larsen (none of these three
World Chess Champions), but focuses primarily on
Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of
Viktor Korchnoi and
Anatoly Karpov, was published in March 2006.
His latest book ''Revolution in the 70s'' (published in March 2007) covers "the openings revolution of the 1970s-1980s" and is the first book in a new series called "Modern Chess Series," which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. He has also recently written ''How Life Imitates Chess'', an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.
★ Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 1: Revolution in the 70s [2007, Everyman Chess]
★ How Life Imitates Chess [2007 - William Heinemann Ltd ]
★ My Great Predecessors Part V [2006, Everyman Chess]
★ My Great Predecessors Part IV [2004, Everyman Chess]
★ My Great Predecessors Part III [2004, Everyman Chess]
★ Checkmate!: My First Chess Book [2004, Everyman Mindsports]
★ My Great Predecessors Part II [2003, Everyman Chess]
★ My Great Predecessors Part I [2003, Everyman Chess]
★ Lessons in Chess [1997, Everyman Chess]
★ Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge [1996, Everyman Chess]
★ Kasparov on the King's Indian [1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
★ Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 [1991, Everyman Chess]
★ The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System [1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
★ The Sicilian Scheveningen [1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
★ Unlimited Challenge [1990, Grove Pr]
★ London-Leningrad Championship Games [1987, Everyman Chess]
★ Child of Change: An Autobiography [1987, Hutchinson]
★ World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 [1986, Everyman Chess]
★ Sicilian E6 and D6 Systems [1986, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
★ Batsford Chess Openings [1986, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
★ The Test of Time [1986, Pergamon]
★ Caro-Kann: Classical 4...Bf5 [1984, B.T. Batsford Ltd]
Chess against computers
Deep Thought, 1989
Kasparov easily defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a 2-game match in 1989.
Deep Blue, 1996
In February 1996,
IBM's chess computer
Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in one game using normal time controls, in
Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparov recovered well, however, gaining three wins and two draws and easily winning the match.
Deep Blue, 1997
Main articles: IBM Deep Blue
In May 1997, an updated version of
Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in
Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1997, Game 6, in a highly publicised six-game match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. A
documentary film was made about this famous match-up entitled .
Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team that could study hundreds of Kasparov's.
After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.
[1] Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM declined and retired Deep Blue.
Deep Junior, 2003
In January 2003, he engaged in a six game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" World Championship, against
Deep Junior.
[32] The engine evaluated three million positions a second.
[33] After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. The final game of the match was televised on ESPN2 and was watched by an estimated 200-300 million people. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon returned by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.
[34] Originally planned as an annual event, the match was not repeated.
X3D Fritz, 2003
In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program
X3D Fritz (which was said to have an estimated rating of 2807), using a virtual board,
3D glasses and a
speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man-Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."
Other
★ Kasparov has been credited with the invention of
Advanced Chess in 1998, a new form of chess in which a human and a computer play together.
★ Kasparov has two European
patent applications: ''EP1112765A4: METHOD FOR PLAYING A LOTTERY GAME AND SYSTEM FOR REALISING THE SAME'' from 1998, and ''EP0871132A1: METHOD OF PLAYING A LOTTERY GAME AND SUITABLE SYSTEM'' from 1995.
★ Kasparov is a supporter of
Anatoly Fomenko's New Chronology.
★ Kasparov gets co-credit for
game design of
Kasparov Chessmate, a computer chess program.
★ Kasparov is a member of the International Council of the New York-based
Human Rights Foundation.
See also
★
Kasparov versus The World
★
List of people who have beaten Garry Kasparov in chess
★
Committee 2008
Notes
1. ''Unlimited Challenge'', an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5
2. The Young King
3. ICC Help: interview
4. World Chess Championship 1982-84 Candidates Matches
5.
6. The Credit Suisse Blitz – in pictures
7. Гарри Каспаров
8. Russian Chess Legend Kasparov to Establish United Civil Front
9. Kasparov leads St Petersburg dissenters' demonstration against
10. Chess champ Kasparov's new gambit: politics
11. Why Putin will stop at nothing to smash the new Russian revolution
12. "Non-partying system"
13. Pictures of the Moscow assault
14. Kasparov manhandled by police at Moscow protest
15. Breaking news: Kasparov assaulted again
16. Anti-Kremlin protesters beaten by police
17. Russian opposition demo quashed
18. Kasparov arrested at Moscow rally
19. Russian intelligence to quiz Kasparov over "inciting extremism"
20.
21. Statement from the Russian-Chechen Friendship Society following its forced closure
22. Seven Questions: A Little KGB Training Goes a Long Way
23. Political Death of Kasparov
24. Center for Security Policy Annual Report 2006
25. The Center's Role in National Security Policy
26. 1991: Keeper of the Flame Award
27. Неудобные вопросы
28. All Time rankings
29. FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players July 2005
30. Summary 1985-2005
31. Garry Kasparov
32. Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003
33. Kasparov: "Intuition versus the brute force of calculation"
34. Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3-3 to draw!
Selected chess games
★
Jaime Sunye Neto vs Garry Kasparov, Graz 1981, Queen's Gambit, Tarrasch Defence (D32), 0-1 Kasparov's favorite combination from the early part of his career.
★
Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov, World Championship match, Moscow 1985, game 16, Sicilian Defence, Taimanov Variation (B44), 0-1 For many years, Kasparov considered this game "his supreme creative achievement." The readers of
Chess Informant voted it the best game of the first 64 issues of that periodical.
★
Garry Kasparov vs Anatoly Karpov, World Championship match, Lyon 1990, game 20, Ruy Lopez, Closed, Flohr-Zaitsev Variation (C92), 1-0 Kasparov temporarily sacrifices his queen in a tactical struggle.
★
Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov, Linares 1993, King's Indian Defence, Saemisch Variation (E86), 0-1 Another beautiful win by Kasparov, as Black, against his "eternal rival", Karpov.
★
Garry Kasparov vs Alexei Shirov, Horgen 1994, Sicilian Defence, Sveshnikov Variation (B33), 1-0 A deep exchange sacrifice leaves Shirov's position passive, and Kasparov is relentless from then on.
★
Garry Kasparov vs Veselin Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999, Pirc Defence (B06), 1-0 When announcing his retirement, Kasparov commented that this game against
Topalov, played at the
Corus tournament in
Wijk aan Zee, was possibly the best of all his games.
External links
★
★
★
'The Other Russia', Civic Coalition for Democracy - Official site
★
Другая Россия - Official site
★
Сайт «Марш несогласных» - March of the Discontented
★
Итоговое заявление участников конференции «Другая Россия» Concluding statement by the participants, www.kasparov.ru
★
'United Civil Front', a civic political movement to ensure Democracy in the Russian Federation , initiated by Garry Kasparov
★
Kasparov Speaks on Retirement Video clip
★
The World Championship of 1985
★
Kasparov's political opinions
★ More about Kasparov's retirement from
''The Week in Chess'' and
Chessbase
★
Interview with the Internet Chess Club, November 22, 1998
★
The Chess Oracle of Kasparov is a game based on the
small world phenomenon, similar to and inspired by the
Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon
★ Kasparov is also a contributing editor of ''
The Wall Street Journal'':
:
★
Chess Mess, on FIDE and the 2006 world chess championship,
Oct 2,
2006
:
★
The Great Game, on retiring to focus on Russian politics,
March 19,
2005
:
★
Fischer's Price, on Bobby Fischer,
July 19,
2004
:
★
Stop the Moral Equivalence, on terrorism,
May 19,
2004
:
★
Putinocracy, on Putin's regime,
March 14,
2004
★
Kasparov’s next move, recent interview, March 24, 2007
:
★
Man vs. Machine, on computer chess,
February 16,
2003
:
★
The War Is Not Yet Won, on war in the Middle East,
August 5,
2002
★
Kasparov vs. Topalov 1999 Multimedia annotated game
★
Karpov vs Kasparov 1985 Multimedia annotated game
★
Sun NeYeto vs. Kasparov 1981 Multimedia annotated game
★
Kasparov vs Shirov 1994 Multimedia annotated game
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