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A 'gang' is a group of individuals that share a common identity, even if that identity consists of little more than their association with one another. In early English usage, it referred to a group of workmen, and later underwent pejoration. Modern reference uses the word gangs as a term for violent groups.
''Gang'' generally carries a connotation, however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms, members may adopt the phrase as a statement of identity or . Gang activities are not restricted to typical organized crime groups,^[1] but may be associated with a general class of behavior in which collective action and support of communal interests and goals serves to achieve social cohesion or solidarity "especially in gangs, cults, unions, political parties or movements, and religious sects."[1]
An article in the ''Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice'' talks of a consensus definition, ''"any durable, street-oriented youth group whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity"''. This definition was developed over 5 years and agreed on by more than 100 gang research scholars in the United States and Europe.^[2] It is a minimalist definition specifically designed to enhance comparative street gang research.

Contents

Today

Classification

References

See also

External Links

Today

In modern usage, ''gang'' often refers to loosely organized groups that control a territory through readiness to use coordinated violence, especially against other gangs. Violence also serves to maintain organization within the gang and to control gang members (Decker and Van Winkle, 1996; Horowitz, 1983; Sanchez-Jankowski, 1991; Yablonsky, 1962).[2]
Gangs are as diverse and dissimilar as the ideologies and belief systems which influence and motivate them.^[3] Extremist and hate groups in some states have acquired the label, as the extremist groups operate very similarly to corporate gangs.^[4] While hierarchy, colors, and turf are not emphasized as much within these extremist groups, symbols, signs, codes, special languages, and group collaboration and participation in patterns of criminal activity, especially crimes against human rights and civil liberties, are as much a part of the gang type behavior as they are to more traditional 'street gangs'.^[5]
'Terrorities' have expanded to include the Internet for some gangs. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, 18th Street and other "web bangers" are among some gangs posting on personal and social networking Web sites taunting other gangs, boasting of illegal exploits, and, according to George W. Knox, director of the National Gang Crime Research Center[3], influencing and recruiting new members.[4] Tod Burke, a criminal justice professor at Radford University in Virginia states: “Gangs already have their own alphabet, their own language, their own hand signals, so why not use the Internet?” Gang members, using home computers communicate with each other using their own coded language to brag about criminal exploits and to organize crimes on the street, including fights with rival gangs.[5]
White Aryan Resistance (WAR) and the World Church of the Creator (WCOTC) are two American-based white-supremacist or neo-fascist groupuscules or gangs who have been quick to exploit the advantages the Internet and the World Wide Web offer for organizing, recruiting, and developing their small, splinter groups of extremists. While the Internet provides these gangs with the opportunity to communicate with a wider audience, the threat of increased influence on disenfranchised and underprivileged youths may be exaggerated.[6] Gang members have also been joining and organizing within the U.S. military and learning military skills in Iraq, a phenomenon an FBI report calls "a threat to law enforcement and national security."^[6]
In environments with few social supports, gangs provide young members a sense of belonging, and protection from other gangs; often, where prospects for gainful employment are poor, they also provide an illegal means of earning a living.

Classification

The dissimilarity between some gangs has prompted the generation of categories to classify gangs based on finances and activities.
''Scavenger gangs'' are characteristically disorganized and often represent the least successful of all the types of gangs. Members of scavenger gangs may be low achievers, and may be prone to violent or erratic behavior. Because these gangs are not well organized, leadership of scavenger gangs may change frequently and without reason. Scavenger gangs often turn to low-level crime, usually committed spontaneously and without planning. If a scavenger gang can become more organized, it may be able to grow into a territorial gang.³
''Territorial gangs'' are typically more organized than scavenger gangs, but their primary purpose is still social. Some may sell drugs, but this is not a defining characteristic of the territorial gang. Territorial gangs will often use violent means to defend their territory; in some cases this helps the gang to bond and reinforces the social structures of the gang. Gang members may be attracted to territorial gangs because they have difficult home lives, or may have poor English.³
''Corporate gangs'' are highly organized conspiracies, constructed for the purpose of marketing drugs and gaining maximum profits. The symbolism and turfs that are significant to territorial and scavenger gangs are meaningless to corporate gangs. Members of corporate gangs are expected to follow a certain etiquette, and severe punishment can be expected for any faux pas. Leadership of a corporate gang requires a higher level of intelligence than other gangs, and bosses in these gangs will often be highly successful career criminals.³

References

1. Executive Speeches Robert S. Mueller, III (Director)
2. Malcolm W. Klein, "The Value of Comparisons in Street Gang Research", ''Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice'', Vol. 21, No. 2, 135-152 (2005), DOI: 10.1177/1043986204272911. Abstract online
3. Not All Gangs are the Same: Types of Youth Gangs Deborah Prothrow-Stith
4. Congressional Testimony - Testimony of Robert S. Mueller, III (Director) Robert S. Mueller, III
5. The Hate Model John R. Schafer, Joe Navarro
6. Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military CBSNews.Com July 28, 2007

See also

★ Gangs in the United States of America

★ Gangs in England

★ Gangs in New Zealand

★ Crip Walk

★ Gang signal

★ Gangster

★ Hooliganism

★ Freemasonry

★ Ku Klux Klan

★ Subculture

★ Vigilante

★ Yardie

★ Organized crime

★ Mafia

★ Gang feud

★ San Luca feud

★ Mexican Drug War

External Links

★ Gang Photos - Pictures of different types of gangs and gang members

★ A Brief History - Gangs in Los Angeles

★ The Day I First Found Love - Ex-gangbangers account of God in his life