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Gallium(III) nitride
General
Systematic name	Gallium(III) nitride
Other names	None Listed.
Molecular formula	GaN
Molar mass	83.7297 g/mol
Appearance	Yellow powder.
CAS number	[25617-97-4]
Properties
Dielectric Constant	5.35
Thermal Conductivity	1.3 W/cm/K
Coefficient of thermal expansion	4x10-6 K-1
Heat Capacity	35.8 J mole-1 K-1 J.Leitner, "High temperature enthalpy and heat capacity of GaN", Thermochimica Acta, Volume 401, Issue 2, 19 May 2003, Pages 169-173]
Density and phase	6.15 g/cm3, solid
Solubility in water	Reacts.
Melting point	>2500°C[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1772878 Harafuji, Tsuchiya and Kawamura, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 2501-2512 (September 1, 2004)
Boiling point	-
Basicity (p''K''b)	N/A
Electronic Properties
Band gap at 300 K	3.43 eV
Electron effective mass	0.2 me
Light hole effective mass	0.3 me
Heavy hole effective mass	0.3-2.2 me
Electron mobility at 300 K	1000 cm²/(V·s)
Hole mobility at 300 K	100 cm²/(V·s)
Structure
Crystal structure	Zinc Blende, Wurtzite
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	None listed.
R-phrases	, , , .
S-phrases	, .
NFPA 704	N/A
Flash point	Non-flammable.
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	''n'', εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Related compounds
Other anions	None listed.
Other cations	None listed.
Related bases	None listed.
Related compounds	BN, InN, AlN, AlAs, InAs, GaSb, AlGaAs, InGaAs, GaAsP, GaAs, GaMe3, AsH3, GaP
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

'Gallium nitride' () is a direct-bandgap semiconductor material of wurtzite crystal structure with a wide (3.4 eV) band gap, used in optoelectronic, high-power and high-frequency devices. It is a binary group III/group V direct bandgap semiconductor. Its sensitivity to ionizing radiation is low (like other group III nitrides), making it a suitable material for solar cell arrays for satellites. Because GaN transistors can operate at much hotter temperatures and work at much higher voltages than GaAs transistors, they make ideal power amplifiers at microwave frequencies.

Contents

Physical properties

Developments

Applications

Safety and toxicity aspects

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Generic

Commercial links

Physical properties

GaN is a very hard, mechanically stable material with large heat capacity.Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, "Crystal Growth and Conductivity Control of Group III Nitride Semiconductors and Their Application to Short Wavelength Light Emitters", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol.36(1997) 5393-5408 In its pure form it resists cracking and can be deposited in thin film on sapphire or silicon carbide, despite the mismatch in their lattice constants. GaN can be doped with silicon (Si) or with oxygen[1] to N-type and with magnesium (Mg) to P-type,Hiroshi Amano, Masahiro Kito, Kazumasa Hiramatsu and Isamu Akasaki, "P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN Treated with Low-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation (LEEBI)", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 28 (1989) L2112-L2114, however the Si and Mg atoms change the way the GaN crystals grow, introducing tensile stresses and making them brittle. Shinji Terao, Motoaki Iwaya, Ryo Nakamura, Satoshi Kamiyama, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki, "Fracture of AlxGa1-xN/GaN Heterostructure —Compositional and Impurity Dependence—", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 40 (2001) L195-L197, GaN crystals are also rich in defects; 100 million to 10 billion per cm².^[1]
GaN based parts are very sensitive to electrostatic discharge.Hajime Okumura, "Present Status and Future Prospect of Widegap Semiconductor High-Power Devices", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 45 (2006) 7565-7586,

Developments

To develop such novel devices and clarify the intrinsic materials properties of nitrides, it is essential to grow high-quality single crystals and control their electrical conductivity. However, high-quality epitaxial GaN is difficult to grow and its conductivity is hard to control. These problems have prevented the development of GaN-based p-n junction blue-light-emitting devices for many years
The high crystalline quality of GaN can be realized by low temperature deposited buffer layer technology.^[2] This high crystalline quality GaN led to the discovery of p-type GaN , p-n junction blue/UV-LEDs and room-temperature stimulated emission Hiroshi Amano, Tsunemori Asahi and Isamu Akasaki, "Stimulated Emission Near Ultraviolet at Room Temperature from a GaN Film Grown on Sapphire by MOVPE Using an AlN Buffer Layer", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 29 (1990) L205-L206 (indispensable for laser action).Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shigetoshi Sota, Hiromitsu Sakai, Toshiyuki Tanaka and Masayoshi Koike, "Stimulated Emission by Current Injection from an AlGaN/GaN/GaInN Quantum Well Device", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol.34(1995) L1517-L1519 This has led to the commercialization of high-performance blue LEDs and long-lifetime violet-laser diodes (LDs), and to the development of nitride-based devices such as UV detectors and high-speed field-effect transistors.
High-brightness GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) completed the range of primary colors, and made applications such as daylight visible full-color LED displays, white LEDs and blue laser devices possible. The first GaN-based high-brightness LEDs were using a thin film of GaN deposited via MOCVD on sapphire. Other substrates used are zinc oxide, with lattice constant mismatch only 2%, and silicon carbide (SiC).
Group III nitride semiconductors are recognized as one of the most promising materials for fabricating optical devices in the visible short-wavelength and UV region. Potential markets for high-power/high-frequency devices based on GaN include microwave radio-frequency power amplifiers (such as used in high-speed wireless data transmission) and high-voltage switching devices for power grids. A potential mass-market application for GaN-based RF transistors is as the microwave source for microwave ovens, replacing the magnetrons currently used. The large band gap means that the performance of GaN transistors is maintained up to higher temperatures than silicon transistors.

Applications

GaN, when doped with a suitable transition metal such as manganese, is a promising spintronics material (magnetic semiconductors).
Nanotubes of GaN are proposed for applications in nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics and biochemical-sensing applications Goldberger et al, Nature 422, 599-602 (10 April 2003)
GaN-based blue laser diodes are used in the Blu-ray disc technology, and in devices such as the Sony PlayStation 3.
The mixture of GaN with In (InGaN) or Al (AlGaN) with a band gap dependent on ratio of In or Al to GaN allows to build Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with colors that can go from red to blue.

Safety and toxicity aspects

The toxicology of GaN has not been fully investigated. The dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of gallium nitride sources (such as trimethylgallium and ammonia) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of MOVPE sources have been reported recently in a review ^[3].

See also

★ Schottky diode

★ Semiconductor devices

★ Molecular-beam epitaxy

★ Epitaxy

References

1. lbl.gov, blue-light-diodes
2. Applied Physics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, pp. 353-355 [2]
3. Journal of Crystal Growth (2004);

Further reading

★ Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano: "Breakthroughs in Improving Crystal Quality of GaN and Invention of the p–n Junction Blue-Light-Emitting Diode" Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 45, No. 12, 2006, pp. 9001-9010.

★ Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano: " Crystal Growth and Conductivity Control of Group III Nitride Semiconductors and Their Application to Short Wavelength Light Emitters" Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 36, 1997, pp. 5393-5408.

★ Shuji Nakamura, Gerhard Fasol, Stephen J. Pearton, ''The Blue Laser Diode : The Complete Story'', Springer; 2nd edition, October 2, 2000, (ISBN 3-540-66505-6)

★ Jacques I. Pankove, T. D. Moustakas, ''Gallium Nitride (GaN) II: Semiconductors and Semimetals'', Academic Press, 1998 (ISBN 0-12-752166-6)

★ Shuji Nakamura, Gerhard Fasol, Stephen J Pearton The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story, Springer Verlag, 2nd Edition (October 2, 2000)

★ UCSB Press release describing Shuji Nakamura's work.

External links

Generic

★ The Cambridge center for galium nitride (GaN).

★ Photonics Sources Group, Tyndall National Institute GaN and other photonics research at the Tyndall National Institute, Ireland.

★ External MSDS Data Sheet.

★ Ioffe data archive

★ National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap page at ONR

★ Nitronex Nitronex is a corporation that is manufacturing GaN on silicon RF power transistors and GaN on silicon epi wafers for sale.

★ Semiconductor Today: Online resource covering compound semiconductors and advanced silicon materials and devices

Commercial links

★ Informative commercial link to Trimethylgallium and other metalorganics.

★ Interactive Vapor Pressure Chart for metalorganics.