(Redirected from Gadir):''This article is about the city in Spain; for other uses, see''
Cadiz (disambiguation).
'Cádiz' is a city and port in southwestern
Spain. It is the capital of the
province of the same name, a province which is one of the eight comprising the
autonomous community of
Andalusia.
Cádiz, the oldest continuously-inhabited city in western Europe, has been a
principal home port of the Spanish Navy since the accession of the
Spanish Bourbons in the
18th century. It is also the site of the
University of Cádiz.
Its peculiar location at the end of a narrow "
peninsula" protruding into the
Bay of Cádiz lends added charm to this ancient city. In actuality, Cádiz is on an island which is separated from the mainland by a larger island, the
Isla de Léon; thus, to reach the mainland from Cádiz, it is necessary to cross a narrow channel to the low-lying Isla de Léon, before crossing another narrow channel to the mainland. This geographical circumstance has played, time and again, a significant part in the city's history, commerce, and culture. Isolated behind its high thick medieval walls on its improbable site in the middle of the bay, Cádiz, on approach from the sea, presents a dramatic and aesthetically appealing view.
Despite its unique site, Cadiz is, in most respects, a typically Andalusian city with a wealth of attractive vistas and well-preserved historical landmarks. The older part of Cádiz, within the remnants of the city walls, is commonly referred to as the Old City (in
Spanish, ''Casco Antiguo''). It is characterized by the antiquity of its various quarters (''barrios''), among them El Populo, La Viña, and Santa Maria, which present a marked contrast to the newer areas of town. While the Old City's street plan consists largely of narrow winding alleys connecting large plazas, newer areas of Cádiz typically have wide avenues and more modern buildings. In addition, the city is dotted by numerous parks where exotic plants, including giant trees supposedly brought to Spain by
Columbus, flourish.
Etymology of the city's name
''Gadir'' (in
Phoenician: '𐤓𐤃𐤂'), the original name given to the outpost established here by the
Phoenicians, means "castle", "fortress", or, more generally, "walled stronghold" or simply "wall". The name is equivalent to the place-name, Agadir, which is common in north Africa. To this day, "agadir" means "wall" in the
Berber language. Gadir became the most important Phoenician enclave on the
Iberian Peninsula.
1813 Map of Cádiz
Later, the city became known by a similar Attic
Greek name, ''Gadeira'', ''. In
Ionic Greek, the name is spelled slightly differently: ''. This spelling appears in the histories written by
Herodotus. Rarely, the name is spelled '', as, for example, in the writings of
Erastosthenes (as attested by
Stephanus of Byzantium).
In the Latín language, the city was known as ''Gades''; in modern
Arabic, it is called 'قادس', ''Qādis''.
Natives of Cádiz are known as ''gaditanos''
Population and demographic trends
According to the
2006 census, the population of Cádiz proper was 130,561, and the population of the entire metropolitan area was estimated to be 629,054. Cádiz is the seventeenth largest Spanish city. However, in recent years, the city has been steadily losing population; it is the only municipality of the
Bay of Cádiz (the ''
comarca'' composed of Cádiz,
Chiclana,
El Puerto de Santa María,
Puerto Real, and
San Fernando), whose population has diminished. Between 1995 and 2006, it lost more than 14,000 inhabitants, a decrease of 9%.
Among the causes of this loss of population is the peculiar geography of Cádiz; the city lies on a narrow spit of land hemmed-in by the sea. Consequently, there is a pronounced shortage of buildable land. The city has very little vacant land, and a high proportion of its housing stock is relatively low in density. (That is to say, many buildings are only two or three stories tall, and they are only able to house a relatively small number of people within their "footprint".) The older quarters of Cádiz are full of buildings that, because of their age and historical significance, are not eligible for
urban renewal. Replacement of these old buildings with high-density apartment projects would allow Cádiz to sustain a higher population.
:::
Source: INE (Spain)
Two other physical factors tend to limit the city's population. It is impossible to increase the amount of land available for building by reclaiming land from the sea; a new national law governing coastal development thwarts this solution. Also, because Cádiz is built on a sandspit, it is a costly proposition to sink foundations deep enough to support the high-rise buildings that would allow for a higher population density. As it stands, the city's ''
skyline'' is not substantially different than it was in medieval times. A seventeenth-century watchtower, the Tavira tower, still commands a panoramic view of the city and the bay despite its relatively modest 45-metre height. (See below.)
Cádiz is the provincial capital with the highest rate of unemployment in Spain. This, too, tends to depress the population level. Young Gaditanos, those between 18 and 30 years of age, have been migrating, to other places in Spain (
Madrid and
Castellón, chiefly), as well as emigrating to other places in Europe and the Americas. The population younger than twenty years old is only 20.58% of the total, and the population older than sixty-five is 21.67%, making Cádiz one of the most aged cities in all of Spain.
Despite these trends, some are cheered by the fact that the other towns and cities surrounding the Bay of Cádiz are growing modestly, absorbing some of the population fleeing the capital. Improvements in roads and railways have allowed people to commute to Cádiz for work more easily. Increasingly, outlying communities, like Puerto Real and San Fernando, are providing bedrooms for Cádiz's workforce. In recent years, Cádiz has become more of a place to work than a place to live.
History
Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, now in the Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. The sarcophagus is thought to have been designed and paid for by a Phoenician merchant and made in Greece with Egyptian influence
The city was originally founded as ''Gadir'' (
Phoenician 'גדר' "walled city") by the
Phoenicians, who used it in their trade with
Tartessos, a city-state believed by archæologists to be somewhere near the mouth of the Guadalquivir River, about thirty kilometres northwest of Cádiz. (Its exact location has never been firmly established.)
Cádiz is regarded as the most ancient city still standing in western
Europe. Traditionally, its founding is dated to
1104 BCE (
Velleius Paterculus' ''Hist. Rom.'' I.2.1-3), although no archaeological strata on the site can be dated earlier than the
9th century BCE. One resolution for this discrepancy has been to assume that Gadir was merely a small seasonal trading post in its earliest days.
Later, the Greeks would know the city as ''Gadira'' or ''Gadeira''. According to Greek legend, Gadir was founded by
Hercules after performing his fabled tenth labor, the slaying of
Geryon, a monstrous warrior-titan with three heads and three torsos joined to a single pair of legs. As late as the early third century BCE, a
tumulus (a large earthen mound) near Cádiz was associated with Geryon's final resting-place.
[1]
Votive statues of Melqert-Hercules from the Islote de Sancti Petri
One of the city's notable features during antiquity was the temple dedicated to the Phoenician god
Melqart. (Melqart was associated with
Hercules by the Greeks.) According to the ''Life of
Apollonius of Tyana'', the temple was still standing at the beginning of the third century CE. Some historians, based in part on this source, believe that the columns of this temple were the origin of the myth of the ''
pillars of Hercules''.
[2]
Around
500 BCE, the city fell under the sway of
Carthage. Cádiz became a base of operations for
Hannibal's conquest of southern
Iberia. However, in
206 BC, the city fell to
Roman forces under
Scipio Africanus. The people of Cádiz welcomed the victors. Under the
Romans, the city was renamed ''Gades'' and flourished as a Roman naval base. By the time of
Augustus, Cádiz was home to more than five hundred ''
equites'' (members of one of the two upper social classes), a concentration of notable citizens rivaled only by
Padua and
Rome itself. It was the principal city of a Roman colony, ''Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana''. However, with the
decline of the Roman Empire, Gades's commercial importance began to fade.
The
5th century overthrow of Roman power in Spain by the
Visigoths saw the destruction of the original city, of which there remain few remnants today. Under
Moorish rule between
711 and
1262, the city was called ''Qādis'' (
Arabic 'قادس'), from which the modern Spanish name, ''Cádiz'', was derived. The Moors were finally ousted by
Alphonso X of
Castile who, in
1262, chased the Moors.
Bombardment of Cádiz, 1634, by Francisco de Zurbarán, in the Prado Museum, Madrid
During the
Age of Exploration, the city experienced a
renaissance.
Christopher Columbus sailed from Cádiz on his second and fourth voyages, and the city later became the home port of the
Spanish treasure fleet. Consequently, the city became a major target of Spain's enemies. The
16th century also saw a series of failed raids by
Barbary corsairs. The greater part of the old town was consumed in the
conflagration of 1569. A raid by the Englishman,
Sir Francis Drake, was repulsed outside the city in April 1587, although he succeeded in torching a portion of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Cádiz. The city suffered another raid in
1596 by the
Earl of Essex and
Lord Charles Howard, who sacked part of the town but were unable to hold the city and port. In the
Anglo-Spanish War Admiral Robert Blake blockaded Cádiz from
1655 to
1657. In the 1702
Battle of Cadiz, the
British attacked again under
Sir George Rooke and
James, Duke of Ormonde, but they were repelled after a costly siege.
In the
18th century, the
sand bars of the river
Guadalquivir forced the Spanish government to transfer the port monopolizing trade with
Spanish America from upriver
Seville to Cádiz on the Atlantic coast. During this time, the city experienced a golden age during which three-quarters of all Spanish trade was with the Americas. It became one of Spain's greatest and most cosmopolitan cities and home to trading communities from many countries, among whom the richest was the Irish community. Many of today's historic buildings in the Old City date from this era.
By the end of the century, however, the city suffered another series of attacks. The British blockade and siege of Cádiz between February, 1797 and April, 1798 was, by most standards, a costly failure.
Nelson, returning from his defeat at
Santa Cruz, bombarded the city in 1800. During
Napoleon's conquest of Europe, Cádiz was one of the few cities in Spain that was able to resist the
French invasion.
Members of the Irish community in
eighteenth-century Cádiz prospered, particularly in the last quarter of that century. Their success was due mainly to their achievement as merchants engaged in the colonial trade. Small in number compared to other immigrant groups, they played a disproportionately prominent role in civic and ecclesiastical life, and as patrons of the arts in their adopted city. Their success stories in Cádiz contrast starkly with the lack of opportunity available to them in
Ireland. Nevertheless, they did maintain vigorous mercantile and dynastic connections with their homeland. Their accomplishments were all the more remarkable in that they were achieved against a background of fierce competition in Europe's most dynamic entrepôt of the day.
[3] It is a connection that continutes to this day.
Cádiz was also the seat of the liberal
Cortes (parliament) that fought against
Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte (also known as
Joseph I of Spain) in the
Peninsular War and where the
Spanish Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed. The citizens again revolted in
1820 to secure a renewal of this constitution; the revolution spread across Spain, leading to the imprisonment of
King Ferdinand VII in the city of Cádiz. French forces
secured the release of Ferdinand in 1823 and suppressed liberalism. In
1868, Cádiz was once again the seat of a revolution, resulting in the eventual abdication and exile of
Queen Isabella II. (The same Cádiz Cortes decided to reinstate the monarchy under King Amadeo I just two years later.)
Map of Cádiz, 1886
In recent years, the city has undergone much reconstruction. Many monuments, cathedrals, and
landmarks have been cleaned and restored, adding to the considerable charm of this ancient city.
Diocese
Main articles: Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta
The diocese of Cadiz y
Ceuta is a
suffragan of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville; that is, it is a diocese within the metropolitan see of Seville. It became a diocese in
1263 after its
Reconquista (reconquest) from the Moors. By the
Concordat of
1753, in which the Spanish crown also gained the rights to make appointments to church offices and to tax church lands, the diocese of Cadiz was merged with the
diocese of Ceuta, a Spanish conclave on the northern coast of Africa, and the diocesan bishop became, by virtue of his office, the Apostolic Administrator of Ceuta.
Historically, the diocese counts among its most famous prelates
Cardinal Juan de Torquemada, a
Dominican theologian and expert on canon law, who took a leading part in the Councils of Basle and Florence, and defended, in his ''Summe de Ecclesiâ'', the direct power of the pope in temporal matters. It is Torquemada who is most closely associated with the fifteenth-century
Spanish Inquisition.
Map of the central city
Major landmarks
Among the many landmarks of historical and scenic interest in Cadiz, a few stand out. The city can boast of an unusual cathedral of various architectural styles, a magnificent theatre, an attractive old municipal building, an eighteenth-century watchtower, a vestige of the ancient city wall, an ancient Roman theatre, and electrical pylons of an eye-catching modern design carrying cables across the Bay of Cadiz.
Landmark Buildings
The cathedral
Cádiz Cathedral
One of Cádiz's most famous landmarks is its cathedral. It sits on the site of an older cathedral, completed in
1260, which burned down in
1596. The reconstruction, which was not started until
1776, was supervised by the
architect Vicente Acero, who had also built the Granada Cathedral. Acero left the project and was succeeded by several other architects. As a result, this largely
baroque-style cathedral was built over a period of 116 years, and, due to this drawn-out period of construction, the cathedral underwent several major changes to its original design. Though the cathedral was originally intended to be a baroque edifice, it contains
rococo elements, and was finally completed in the
neoclassical style. Its
chapels have many paintings and relics from the old cathedral and monasteries from throughout Spain.
El Gran Teatro Falla
The Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theatre)
The original ''Gran Teatro'' was constructed in
1871 by the architect García del Alamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August,
1881. The current theatre was built between
1884 and
1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro. The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of construction was Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside was covered in red
bricks and is of a
neo-Mudejar or
Moorish revival style. Following renovations in the
1920s, the theatre was renamed the ''Gran Teatro Falla'', in honor of composer
Manuel de Falla, who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period of disrepair in the
1980s, the theatre has since undergone extensive renovation.
The Tavira tower
In the 18th century, Cádiz had more than 160 towers from which local merchants could look out to sea for arriving merchant ships. These towers often formed part of the merchants' houses. The ''Torre Tavira'', named for its original owner, stands as the tallest remaining watchtower. It has a ''
cámara oscura'', a room that uses the principal of the
pinhole camera (and a specially-prepared convex lens) to project panoramic views of the Old City onto its interior walls. (Also see the article titled ''
Widow's walk''.)
The Admiral's House
The ''Casa del Almirante'' is a palatial house, adjacent to the Plaza San Martín in the Barrio del Pópulo, which was constructed in
1690 with the proceeds of the lucrative trade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the admiral of the
Spanish treasure fleet, the so-called
Fleet of the Indies, Don
Diego de Barrios. The exterior is sheathed in exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in the workshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master,
García Narváez. The colonnaded portico, the grand staircase under the cupola, and the hall on the main floor are architectural features of great nobility and beauty. The shield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony.
The Plazas
The old town of Cadiz is one of the most densely populated urban areas in Europe, and is packed with narrow streets. The old town benefits though from five striking plazas, which are enjoyed by citizens and tourists alike. These are Plaza de Mina, Plaza San Antonio, Plaza de Candelaria, Plaza de San Juan de Dios and Plaza de España.
Plaza de Mina
Located in the heart of the old town, Plaza de Mina, (the most beautiful of the Cadiz plazas) was developed in the first half of the nineteenth century. Previously, the land occupied by the plaza was the orchard of the convent of San Francisco. The plaza, was converted into a plaza in 1838 by the architect Torcuato Benjumeda and (later) Juan Daura, with its trees being planted in 1861. It was then redeveloped again in 1897, and has remained virtually unchanged since. It is named after General
Francisco Espoz y Mina, a hero of the war of independence.
Manuel de Falla y Matheu was born in Number 3 Plaza de Mina, where a plaque bears his name. The plaza also contains several statues, one of these is a bust of José Macpherson (a pioneer in the development of
petrography,
stratigraphy and
tectonics) who was born in number 12 Plaza de Mina in 1839. The Museum of Cadiz, is to be found at number 5 Plaza de Mina, and contains many objects from Cadiz's 3000 year history as well as works by artists such as
Peter Paul Rubens. The houses which face the plaza, many of which can be classified as
neo-classical architecture or built in the style of
Isabelline Gothic, were originally occupied by the Cadiz
bourgeoisie.
Plaza San Antonio
In the 19th century Plaza San Antonio was considered to Cadiz’s main square. It is a beautiful square, surrounded by a number of mansions built in
neo-classical architecture or
Isabelline Gothic style, once occupied by the Cadiz upper classes. San Antonio church, originally built in 1669, is also situated in the plaza,
The plaza was built in the 18th century, and on 19 March 1812 the Spanish
Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed here, leading to the plaza to be named Plaza de la Constitución, and then later Plaza San Antonio, after the hermit San Antonio.
Plaza de Candelaria
Plaza de Candelaria is named after the Candelaria convent, situated in the square until it was demolished in 1873, when its grounds were redeveloped as a plaza. The plaza is notable for a statue in its centre of
Emilio Castelar, president of the first Spanish republic, who was born in a house facing the square. A plaque situated on another house, states that the Irish-Spanish adventurer and former dictator of Chile also lived in the square.
Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall
Construction of this plaza began in the 15th century on lands reclaimed from the sea. With the demolition of the City walls in 1906 the plaza increased in size and a statue of the Cadiz politician Segismundo Moret was unveiled. Overlooking the plaza, the ''
Ayuntamiento'' is the
town hall of Cádiz's ''Old City''. The structure, constructed on the bases and location of the previous
Consistorial Houses (
1699), was built in two stages. The first stage began in
1799 under the direction of architect
Torcuato Benjumeda in the
neoclassical style. The second stage was completed in
1861 under the direction of
García del Alamo, in the
Isabelline Gothic (in Spanish, "Gótico Isabelino" or, simply, the "Isabelino") style. Here, in
1936, the flag of
Andalusia was hoisted for the first time.
The old town hall
Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812
Plaza de España is a large square close to the port. It is dominated by the ''Monument to the
Constitution of 1812'', which came into being as a consequence of the demolition of a portion of the old city wall. The plaza is an extension of the old
Plazuela del Carbón. The goal of this demolition was to create a grand new city square to mark the hundredth anniverary of the liberal constitution, which was proclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide a setting for a suitable memorial. The work is by the architect,
Modesto Lopez Otero, and of the sculptor,
Aniceto Marinas. The work began in
1912 and finished in
1929.
Monument to the Constitution of 1812
The lower level of the monument represents a chamber and an empty presidential armchair. The upper level has various inscriptions surmounting the chamber. On each side are bronze figures representing peace and war. In the center, a
pilaster rises to symbolize, in allegorical terms, the principals expressed in the 1812 constitution. At the foot of this pilaster, there is a female figure representing Spain, and, to either side, scuptural groupings representing agriculture and citizenship.
The City Walls
The old city wall
''Las Puertas de Tierra'' originated in the
16th century, although much of the original work has disappeared. Once consisting of several layers of walls, only one of these remain today. By the
20th century it was necessary to remodel the entrance to the Old City to accommodate modern traffic. Today, the two side-by-side arches cut into the wall serve as one of the primary entrances to the city.
Las puertas de tierra
The fortress of Candelaria
The ''Baluarte de la Candelaria'' (fortress or stronghold of
Candlemas) is a military fortification. Taking advantage of a natural elevation of land, it was constructed in 1672 at the initiative of the governor,
Diego Caballero de Illescas. Protected by a seaward-facing wall that had previously served as a seawall, Candelaria's cannons were in in a position to command the channels approaching the port of Cádiz. In more recent times, the edifice has served as a headquarters for the corps of military engineers and as the home to the army's
homing pigeons, birds used to carry written messages over hostile terrain. Thoroughly renovated, it is now used as a cultural venue. There has been some discussion of using it to house a maritime museum, but, at present, it is designated for use as a permanent exposition space.
Roman Cadiz (Gades)
The Roman theatre
In 1980, in the El Pópulo district of Cádiz, there was a fire in some old warehouses belonging to a company called Vigorito, SA, causing catastrophic damage. In the aftermath of the fire, an exciting discovery was made: the remains of an ancient Roman theatre. The fire had destroyed the warehouses revealing a layer of construction that was judged to be the foundations of some medieval buildings; the foundations of these buildings had been built, in turn, upon much more ancient stones, hand-hewn limestone of a Roman character. Systematic excavations, which still continue, have revealed a largely in-tact Roman theatre.
The theatre, constructed by order of
Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor) during the first century BCE, is the second largest Roman theatre in the world, surpassed only by the theater of
Pompeii, south of
Rome.
Cicero, in "Epistulae ad Familiares" (Letters to his friends), wrote of its use by Balbo for personal propaganda.
According to archaeologists, this discovery confirms the greatness of the Roman city of
Gades. The ancient city had a population even greater than the 80,000 people who lived in Cádiz during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, when the city dominated trans-
Atlantic commerce, and it was one of the most prosperous cities of the Roman empire.
Others
The pylons of Cádiz
''The
Pylons of Cádiz'' are
electricity pylons of unusual design, one on either side of the
Bay of Cádiz, used to support huge electric-power cables. The pylons are 158
metres high and designed for two
circuits. The very unconventional construction consists of a narrow
frustum steel framework with one crossbar at the top of each one for the insulators.
Beaches
La Caleta beach
Cádiz, situated on a peninsula
[1], is home to some of Spain's most beautiful beaches.
''La Playa de
la Caleta'' is the best-loved beach of Cádiz. It has always been in Carnival songs, due to its unequalled beauty and its proximity to the ''Barrio de la Viña''. It is the beach of the Old City, situated between two castles, San Sebastian and Santa Catalina. It is around four hundred meters long and thirty meters wide at low tide. Also, the James Bond movie, ''
Die Another Day'', was filmed here. (It was supposed to be Cuba.)
''La Playa de la Victoria'', in the newer part of Cádiz, is the beach most visited by
tourists and natives of Cádiz. It is about three kilometers long, and it has an average width of fifty meters of sand. The moderate
swell and the absence of rocks allow family bathing. It is separated from the city by an avenue; on the landward side of the avenue, there are many shops and restaurants.
''La Playa de Santa María del Mar'' or ''Playita de las Mujeres'' is a small beach in Cádiz, situated between La Playa de Victoria and La Playa de la Caleta. It features excellent views of the old district of Cádiz.
Satellite view of Cádiz
Carnival
The Carnival of Cádiz is one of the best known
carnivals in the world. Throughout the year, carnival-related activities are almost constant in the city; there are always rehearsals, public demonstrations, and
contests of various kinds.
Map of Cádiz showing its location within the province of Cádiz
The city of Cádiz is often noted for having the most humorous people in Spain. Consequently, the central themes of the carnival are sharp
criticisms, often of a political nature, clever
plays on words, and the off-beat imagination displayed in revelers' costumes, which, unlike in carnival venues elsewhere in the world, do not emphasis the glamourous or scandalous.
A chorus singing in the Carnival of Cádiz
The Carnival of Cádiz is famous for the satirical groups called ''chirigotas'', who perform comical musical pieces. Typically, a chirigota is composed of seven to twelve performers who sing, act and improvise accompanied by
guitars,
kazoos, a bass drum, and a variety of noise-makers. Other than the chirigotas, there are many other groups of performers: choruses; ensembles called ''comparsas'', who sing in close harmony much like the
barbershop quartets of
African-American culture or the
mariachis of Mexico; ''cuartetos'', comprised of four (or sometimes three) performers alternating dramatic parodies and humorous songs; and ''romanceros'',
storytellers who recite tales in verse. These diverse spectacles turn the city into a colorful and popular open-air theater for two entire weeks in February.
The ''Concurso Oficial de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas'' (the official association of carnival groups) sponsors a contest in the the ''Gran Teatro Falla'' (see above) each year where chirigotas and other performers compete for prizes. This is the climactic event of the Cádiz carnival.
Sister cities
Sister cities of Cádiz are:
★
EEUU
(
USA)
★
Francia
(
France)
★
Argentina
(
Argentina)
★
colombia
(
Colombia)
★
España
(
Spain)
★
España
(
Spain)
★
España
(
Spain)
★
Cuba
(
Cuba)
★
Medway,
UK
★
Uruguay
(
Uruguay)
★
España
(
Spain)
★
EEUU
(
USA)
★
Marruecos
(
Morocco)
★
España
(
Spain)
★
Sahara Occidental
(
Western Sahara)
References
1. ''Life of Apollonius of Tyana'', v.5.
2. From the ''Life of Apollonius of Tyana'': " ... the pillars in the temple were made of gold and silver smelted together so as to be of one color, and they were over a cubit high, of square form, resembling anvils; and their capitals were inscribed with letters which were neither Egyptian nor Indian nor of any kind which he could decipher. But Apollonius, since the priests would tell him nothing, remarked: 'Heracles of Egypt does not permit me not to tell all I know. These pillars are ties between earth and ocean, and they were inscribed by Heracles in the house of the Fates, to prevent any discord arising between the elements, and to save their mutual affection for one another from violation.'"
3. O'Flanagan P. and J. Walton, The Irish Community at Cádiz during the Late Eighteenth Century, Chapter 16 in Clarke, H., Prunty, J. and Hennessy, M. (eds) (2004) Surveying Ireland's Past, multidisciplinary essays in honour of Anngret Simms, Geography Publications, Dublin, pp. 353-383.
See also
★
Battle of Cadiz
★
Cádiz Club de Futbol
★
Costa de la Luz
Sources and external links
★
Official City of Cádiz Homepage
★
Official University of Cádiz Homepage
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